人工心脏经皮传能系统变压器性能的研究
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摘要
随着人工心脏向小型化、耐用性强及低阻力的发展,使得其有可能像人工心脏起搏器一样在将来得以广泛应用。最初的电动人工心脏固定在患者腹腔内,通过从胸部引出的导线与体外的电池组相连,极易造成致命感染。采用无接触传能技术的经皮传能系统(Transcutaneous Energy Transmission System以下简称TETS)为人工心脏供电,没有导线穿透皮肤,既可以防止感染引起的并发症,又大大改善了做移植手术病人的生活质量。
TETS的传输效率由三部分组成:从直流到高频交流的逆变效率;从次级输出端到负载端的变换效率;感应耦合环节的功率传输效率。其中系统无接触变压器部分的设计和优化是提高系统效率的关键。本文以TETS无接触变压器为研究对象,对系统的主要特点、工作原理、发展现状、研究难点等进行了研究。通过分析TETS变压器的互感模型,建立了TETS的系统等效电路模型。
应用有限元软件分析了影响变压器耦合的主要因素,主要包括有无铁芯,以及线圈的形状、结构、尺寸。本文重点研究了一种耦合系数较高、体积小、适于植入体内的线圈结构,并且分析了线圈尺寸对系统耦合效率的影响,为优化线圈结构提供了依据,从而进一步提高了系统的传输效率。
本文比较分析了变换器的无功补偿方法,并从输出阻抗的角度对TETS等效电路及系统的无功补偿进行分析。仿真结果表明当输出一定功率时,对系统进行无功补偿能减小对系统供电电源的要求。
最后设计了一种左心辅助装置(Left Ventricular Assist Device简称LVAD)的经皮传能变压器,并对其二次整流电路部分进行了仿真。
With the development on miniaturization、durability and low-resistance of the artificial heart, it might be used as widely as the artificial pacemaker. The original electric artificial heart is connected with the battery by the wires which will penetrate the skin. It has highly fatal infection. Using Transcutaneous Energy Transmission System (TETS) drive the artificial heart, there aren’t any wire penetrates into the skin, which can prevent infection complications. This way is more comfortable and has greatly improved the life quality of the patients.
In order to improve the efficiency of energy transfer system, the design and optimization of the contactless transformer are the keys to improve the system efficiency. In this paper, the contactless transformer of TETS has been researched. The working principle of the system, the development of the TETS and the difficulties on research are explained. By analyzing the mutual inductance model of TETS transformer, the equivalent circuit model of TETS is established.
The factors affecting the transformer coupling are analyzed by the finite element software. This paper introduces a core type transformer which is suitable for in vivo implantation. The factors which affect the coupling character of this system have been studied. Optimization of this coil structure provides a basis to improve the efficiency of the transmission system. A variety of reactive compensation methods have been introduced. In view of the specific circumstances of TETS, the equivalent circuit has been analyzed, and the output impedance is considered for the system reactive power compensation methods. The simulation results show that when the power output is certain, the system reactive power compensation can be used to reduce the system electric power requirements.
In the end, a transformer and its rectifier circuit for Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) have been designed and simulated.
TETS的传输效率由三部分组成:从直流到高频交流的逆变效率;从次级输出端到负载端的变换效率;感应耦合环节的功率传输效率。其中系统无接触变压器部分的设计和优化是提高系统效率的关键。本文以TETS无接触变压器为研究对象,对系统的主要特点、工作原理、发展现状、研究难点等进行了研究。通过分析TETS变压器的互感模型,建立了TETS的系统等效电路模型。
应用有限元软件分析了影响变压器耦合的主要因素,主要包括有无铁芯,以及线圈的形状、结构、尺寸。本文重点研究了一种耦合系数较高、体积小、适于植入体内的线圈结构,并且分析了线圈尺寸对系统耦合效率的影响,为优化线圈结构提供了依据,从而进一步提高了系统的传输效率。
本文比较分析了变换器的无功补偿方法,并从输出阻抗的角度对TETS等效电路及系统的无功补偿进行分析。仿真结果表明当输出一定功率时,对系统进行无功补偿能减小对系统供电电源的要求。
最后设计了一种左心辅助装置(Left Ventricular Assist Device简称LVAD)的经皮传能变压器,并对其二次整流电路部分进行了仿真。
With the development on miniaturization、durability and low-resistance of the artificial heart, it might be used as widely as the artificial pacemaker. The original electric artificial heart is connected with the battery by the wires which will penetrate the skin. It has highly fatal infection. Using Transcutaneous Energy Transmission System (TETS) drive the artificial heart, there aren’t any wire penetrates into the skin, which can prevent infection complications. This way is more comfortable and has greatly improved the life quality of the patients.
In order to improve the efficiency of energy transfer system, the design and optimization of the contactless transformer are the keys to improve the system efficiency. In this paper, the contactless transformer of TETS has been researched. The working principle of the system, the development of the TETS and the difficulties on research are explained. By analyzing the mutual inductance model of TETS transformer, the equivalent circuit model of TETS is established.
The factors affecting the transformer coupling are analyzed by the finite element software. This paper introduces a core type transformer which is suitable for in vivo implantation. The factors which affect the coupling character of this system have been studied. Optimization of this coil structure provides a basis to improve the efficiency of the transmission system. A variety of reactive compensation methods have been introduced. In view of the specific circumstances of TETS, the equivalent circuit has been analyzed, and the output impedance is considered for the system reactive power compensation methods. The simulation results show that when the power output is certain, the system reactive power compensation can be used to reduce the system electric power requirements.
In the end, a transformer and its rectifier circuit for Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) have been designed and simulated.
引文
[1] 尹邦良.人工心脏的历史及研究现状.中国医师杂志, 2002,4(7):678-680
[2] 陈铭伍.心室辅助装置及人工心脏的研究现状.广西医学, 2005,27(12):1893-1895
[3] DeBakey ME.The odyssey of the artificial heart[J].Artifi Organs, 2000,24:405-411
[4] Karolina M.Zareba.The artificial heart.past, present, and future[J].Med Sci Monit,2002,8(3):72-77
[5] 袁启明.左心支持系统.国外医学生物医学工程分册, 1995,18(1):60
[6] Nishimura T.H,Eguchi.T.A non-invasive rechargeable cardiac pacemaker battery system with a transcutaneous energy transformer.Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,1998:432-435
[7] Zhao L, Foo C.F, Tseng K.J.A new structure transcutaneous transformer for artificial heart system.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics , 1999, 35(5) : 3550-3552
[8] Tsai C, Chen B, Tsai C.Design of wireless transcutaneous energy transmission system for totally artificial hearts.Circuits and Systems,2000,646-649
[9] Gyu Bum Joun, Cho B.H. An energy transmission system for an artificial heart using leakage inductance compensation of transcutaneous transformer.Power Electronics,1998, 13:1013-1022
[10] Diaz J, Lopera J.M, Prieto M.J.Transcutaneous battery charger using a half bridge SRC controlled by resonant current phase.Industrial Electronics Society,2002, 4:2838-2843
[11] 刘维罡,董慧芬.串联谐振逆变器在无接触电能传输技术中的研究与应用.国外电子测量技术, 2004, 23(5):29-32
[12] Ghahary A, Cho B.H.Design of a transcutaneous energy transmission system using a series resonant converter.Power Electronics Specialists Conference,1990,1-8
[13] Nishimura T.H,Eguchi T, Hirachi K.An advanced transcutaneous energy transformer for a rechargeable cardiac pacemaker battery by using a resonant DC to DC converter.Industrial Electronics Control and Instrumentation,1996,1:524-529
[14] 姜华, 席光.心脏泵的研究进展.医疗卫生装备,2006,27(8):33-35
[15] H.Matsuki, M.Shiiki, K.Murakami, etc . Flexible transcutaneous transformer for artificial heart system.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1990,26(5):1548-1550
[16] Matsuki H, Yamakata Y, Chubachi N.Transcutaneous DC.DC converter for totally implantable artificial heart using synchronous rectifier.Magnetics,1996,32(5):5118-5120
[17] Hidetoshi Matsuki.Energy Transfer System Utilizing Amorphous Wires for Implantable Medical Devices.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1995,31(2):1276-1282
[18] Hidekazu Miura, Shinsuke Arai, Fumihiro Sato, etc.A Synchronous rectification using a digital PLL technique for contactless power supplies.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.2005, 41(10):3997-3999
[19] Shinsuke Arai, Hidekazu Miura, tc.Examination of Circuit Parameters for Stable High Efficiency TETS for Artificial Hearts.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2005,41(10): 4170-4172
[20] Hidekazu Miura, Shinsuke Arai,etc.Improvement of the Transcutaneous Energy Transmission System utilizing ferrite cored coils for artificial hearts.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2006,42(10): 3578-3580
[21] H.Masuki, M.hiiki, urakami.Investigation of coil geometry for transcutaneous energy transmission for artificial heart.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.28, NO.5, September 1992
[22] L.Zha0, C.F.Foo, K.J.Tseng, W.K.Chan.Transcutaneous Transformers in Power Supply System for An Artificial Heart.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1998, 348-352
[23] 钱坤喜,曾培,茹伟民,袁海宇.人造心脏泵及心脏瓣膜泵研究[J].中国医疗器械杂志,2005年,04期
[24] Foo Chek Fok, Tseng King Jet and Zhao Lingyin.New structure transcutaneous transformer for totally implantable artificial heart system.Electronics Letters 21st January,I999 Vol.35
[25] 武瑛.新型无接触供电系统的研究:博士学位论文.中科院电工所,2004.8
[26] Hidetoslii Matsuki, Yoshihiko Yaiiiakata,Noriyoshi Chubachi.Transcutaneous DC-DC Converter for Totally Implantable Artificial Heart Using Synchronous Rectifier . IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, 1996, 32(5):5118-5120
[27] Manochehr ,Eghtesadi.Inductive Power Transfer to an Electric Vehicle.Analytical Model.IEEE, 1990, 100-104
[28] Jacobus M.Barnard, Jan A.Ferreira, et al.Sliding Transformers for Linear contactless Power Delivery.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,1997,44(6) : 774-779
[29] J.T.Boys, G.A.Covic and A.W.Green. Stability and Control of Inductively Coupled Power Transfer Systems. IEEEProc.Electr.Power Appl.2001, 47(1):37-43
[30] 赵可斌,陈国雄.电力电子变流技术.上海:上海交通大学出版社,1993, 12: 143- 145
[31] 宋辉淇, 林维明.同步整流技术的特点与分析比较.电源世界,2006:11-14
[32] 吴琼, 陈立剑.轻载下的正激同步整流变换器分析.电源技术应用,2007(3):33-35
[33] 李磊, 秦建伟.新型同步整流器的设计与实现, 电源技术应用,2007(1):14-17
[34] R.Laouamer, M.Brunello, J.P.Ferrieux et al.A Multi.Resonant Converter for Non-Contact Charging with Electromagnetic Coupling.IEEE,792-797
[35] O.H.Stielau, G.A Covic.Design of Loosely Coupled Inductive Power Transfer Systems.IEEE,2000, 85-90
[36] 邱关源.电路.第四版.北京:高等教育出版社,1989.4
[37] 冯慈璋.电磁场.北京:高等教育出版社,1983.10
[38] 武瑛,严陆光,徐善纲.新型无接触能量传输系统.变压器,2003,24(5):1-6
[39] Stielau, O.H.Covic, G.A.Design of loosely coupled inductive power transfer systems. Proc. International conference on power system technology, 2000:85-90
[40] Chwei,Sen Wang,Stielau,O.H.Covic, G.A.Design considerations for a contactless electric vehiclebattery charger.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2005, 52(5):1308.1314
[41] 黄俊,王兆安.电力电子变流技术.第三版.北京:机械工业出版社,1999.10,
[42] H.Matsuki, M.Shiiki ,K.Murakami.Investigation of coil geometry for transcutaneous energy transmission for artificial heart.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1992,28(5):2406-2408
[43] Masaya Watada, Kenji Iwawaki, Tomoyuki Tamada,etc.The development of core type Transcutaneous Energy Transmission System for artificial heart.Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference Shanghai, China, September, 2005:3849-3852
[44] [苏]卡兰塔罗夫,采伊特林.电感计算手册.北京:机械工业出版社,1992.3
[45] 电磁场计算软件帮助Help内容
[46] 孟庆龙,颜威利.电器数值分析.北京:机械工业出版社,1992.10
[47] 汤蕴璆,史乃.电机学.北京:机械工业出版社,1999.4
[48] 梁丽萍,刘玉存,王建华.软磁铁氧体的发展与应用.山西化工,27(2):31-33
[49] 王全保.实用电子变压器.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2003.5
[50] Masaya Watada, Kenji Iwawaki, Setsuo Takatani.The design of core-type Transcutaneous Energy Transmission Systems for artificial heart.The 3Mh Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Busan, Korea ,2004:948-952
[51] 阮新波,严仰光.脉宽调制DC/DC全桥变换器的软开关技术.北京:科学出版社,1999:1-26
[52] Abraham I.pressman 王志强(译).开关电源设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2005
[2] 陈铭伍.心室辅助装置及人工心脏的研究现状.广西医学, 2005,27(12):1893-1895
[3] DeBakey ME.The odyssey of the artificial heart[J].Artifi Organs, 2000,24:405-411
[4] Karolina M.Zareba.The artificial heart.past, present, and future[J].Med Sci Monit,2002,8(3):72-77
[5] 袁启明.左心支持系统.国外医学生物医学工程分册, 1995,18(1):60
[6] Nishimura T.H,Eguchi.T.A non-invasive rechargeable cardiac pacemaker battery system with a transcutaneous energy transformer.Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,1998:432-435
[7] Zhao L, Foo C.F, Tseng K.J.A new structure transcutaneous transformer for artificial heart system.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics , 1999, 35(5) : 3550-3552
[8] Tsai C, Chen B, Tsai C.Design of wireless transcutaneous energy transmission system for totally artificial hearts.Circuits and Systems,2000,646-649
[9] Gyu Bum Joun, Cho B.H. An energy transmission system for an artificial heart using leakage inductance compensation of transcutaneous transformer.Power Electronics,1998, 13:1013-1022
[10] Diaz J, Lopera J.M, Prieto M.J.Transcutaneous battery charger using a half bridge SRC controlled by resonant current phase.Industrial Electronics Society,2002, 4:2838-2843
[11] 刘维罡,董慧芬.串联谐振逆变器在无接触电能传输技术中的研究与应用.国外电子测量技术, 2004, 23(5):29-32
[12] Ghahary A, Cho B.H.Design of a transcutaneous energy transmission system using a series resonant converter.Power Electronics Specialists Conference,1990,1-8
[13] Nishimura T.H,Eguchi T, Hirachi K.An advanced transcutaneous energy transformer for a rechargeable cardiac pacemaker battery by using a resonant DC to DC converter.Industrial Electronics Control and Instrumentation,1996,1:524-529
[14] 姜华, 席光.心脏泵的研究进展.医疗卫生装备,2006,27(8):33-35
[15] H.Matsuki, M.Shiiki, K.Murakami, etc . Flexible transcutaneous transformer for artificial heart system.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1990,26(5):1548-1550
[16] Matsuki H, Yamakata Y, Chubachi N.Transcutaneous DC.DC converter for totally implantable artificial heart using synchronous rectifier.Magnetics,1996,32(5):5118-5120
[17] Hidetoshi Matsuki.Energy Transfer System Utilizing Amorphous Wires for Implantable Medical Devices.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1995,31(2):1276-1282
[18] Hidekazu Miura, Shinsuke Arai, Fumihiro Sato, etc.A Synchronous rectification using a digital PLL technique for contactless power supplies.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.2005, 41(10):3997-3999
[19] Shinsuke Arai, Hidekazu Miura, tc.Examination of Circuit Parameters for Stable High Efficiency TETS for Artificial Hearts.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2005,41(10): 4170-4172
[20] Hidekazu Miura, Shinsuke Arai,etc.Improvement of the Transcutaneous Energy Transmission System utilizing ferrite cored coils for artificial hearts.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2006,42(10): 3578-3580
[21] H.Masuki, M.hiiki, urakami.Investigation of coil geometry for transcutaneous energy transmission for artificial heart.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol.28, NO.5, September 1992
[22] L.Zha0, C.F.Foo, K.J.Tseng, W.K.Chan.Transcutaneous Transformers in Power Supply System for An Artificial Heart.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1998, 348-352
[23] 钱坤喜,曾培,茹伟民,袁海宇.人造心脏泵及心脏瓣膜泵研究[J].中国医疗器械杂志,2005年,04期
[24] Foo Chek Fok, Tseng King Jet and Zhao Lingyin.New structure transcutaneous transformer for totally implantable artificial heart system.Electronics Letters 21st January,I999 Vol.35
[25] 武瑛.新型无接触供电系统的研究:博士学位论文.中科院电工所,2004.8
[26] Hidetoslii Matsuki, Yoshihiko Yaiiiakata,Noriyoshi Chubachi.Transcutaneous DC-DC Converter for Totally Implantable Artificial Heart Using Synchronous Rectifier . IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, 1996, 32(5):5118-5120
[27] Manochehr ,Eghtesadi.Inductive Power Transfer to an Electric Vehicle.Analytical Model.IEEE, 1990, 100-104
[28] Jacobus M.Barnard, Jan A.Ferreira, et al.Sliding Transformers for Linear contactless Power Delivery.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,1997,44(6) : 774-779
[29] J.T.Boys, G.A.Covic and A.W.Green. Stability and Control of Inductively Coupled Power Transfer Systems. IEEEProc.Electr.Power Appl.2001, 47(1):37-43
[30] 赵可斌,陈国雄.电力电子变流技术.上海:上海交通大学出版社,1993, 12: 143- 145
[31] 宋辉淇, 林维明.同步整流技术的特点与分析比较.电源世界,2006:11-14
[32] 吴琼, 陈立剑.轻载下的正激同步整流变换器分析.电源技术应用,2007(3):33-35
[33] 李磊, 秦建伟.新型同步整流器的设计与实现, 电源技术应用,2007(1):14-17
[34] R.Laouamer, M.Brunello, J.P.Ferrieux et al.A Multi.Resonant Converter for Non-Contact Charging with Electromagnetic Coupling.IEEE,792-797
[35] O.H.Stielau, G.A Covic.Design of Loosely Coupled Inductive Power Transfer Systems.IEEE,2000, 85-90
[36] 邱关源.电路.第四版.北京:高等教育出版社,1989.4
[37] 冯慈璋.电磁场.北京:高等教育出版社,1983.10
[38] 武瑛,严陆光,徐善纲.新型无接触能量传输系统.变压器,2003,24(5):1-6
[39] Stielau, O.H.Covic, G.A.Design of loosely coupled inductive power transfer systems. Proc. International conference on power system technology, 2000:85-90
[40] Chwei,Sen Wang,Stielau,O.H.Covic, G.A.Design considerations for a contactless electric vehiclebattery charger.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2005, 52(5):1308.1314
[41] 黄俊,王兆安.电力电子变流技术.第三版.北京:机械工业出版社,1999.10,
[42] H.Matsuki, M.Shiiki ,K.Murakami.Investigation of coil geometry for transcutaneous energy transmission for artificial heart.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1992,28(5):2406-2408
[43] Masaya Watada, Kenji Iwawaki, Tomoyuki Tamada,etc.The development of core type Transcutaneous Energy Transmission System for artificial heart.Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference Shanghai, China, September, 2005:3849-3852
[44] [苏]卡兰塔罗夫,采伊特林.电感计算手册.北京:机械工业出版社,1992.3
[45] 电磁场计算软件帮助Help内容
[46] 孟庆龙,颜威利.电器数值分析.北京:机械工业出版社,1992.10
[47] 汤蕴璆,史乃.电机学.北京:机械工业出版社,1999.4
[48] 梁丽萍,刘玉存,王建华.软磁铁氧体的发展与应用.山西化工,27(2):31-33
[49] 王全保.实用电子变压器.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,2003.5
[50] Masaya Watada, Kenji Iwawaki, Setsuo Takatani.The design of core-type Transcutaneous Energy Transmission Systems for artificial heart.The 3Mh Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Busan, Korea ,2004:948-952
[51] 阮新波,严仰光.脉宽调制DC/DC全桥变换器的软开关技术.北京:科学出版社,1999:1-26
[52] Abraham I.pressman 王志强(译).开关电源设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2005