论组织、领导传销活动罪
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摘要
近年来,打着“迅速致富”旗号的传销活动已蔓延至全国各地,多少传销者被骗的倾家荡产、血本无归。更有甚者在走投无路的情况下,被迫走上了犯罪的道路。传销在给人民人身财产安全造成损害的同时也对经济秩序、社会发展造成了严重影响。虽然国家出台了系列政策措施予以遏制传销活动,但其仍然发展迅猛,呈现愈演愈烈的发展势头。
为了有效的打击传销活动,2009年2月28日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第七次会议通过的《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(七)》,在二百二十四条之后增设一条组织、领导传销活动罪,据此,组织、领导传销活动罪从非法经营罪里分离出来,作为一个单独的罪名存在。这一新罪名的设立,不仅为我国打击非法传销活动提供了更加坚实的法律依据,同时也标志着我国传销立法进入了新的阶段。
为了对组织、领导传销活动罪有较为全面的认识,本文主要从传销及其入罪根据、犯罪构成、司法认定、惩治传销犯罪的思考四部分对组织、领导传销活动罪进行了分析：
第一部分从传销及其社会危害性入手,通过对传销概念、传销与直销活动、非法经营活动的区别,所造成社会危害性的阐述,推论出组织、领导传销活动应当入罪的结论,并对入罪根据进行相关的分析,认为组织、领导传销活动应当由刑法规制,且独立成罪。
第二部分详细阐述了组织、领导传销活动罪的犯罪构成。结合对现有理论观点的评析,得出本罪的客体为社会主义市场经济秩序和公民财产所有权；客观方面表现为组织、领导传销活动,骗取财物,扰乱经济社会秩序的行为；主体上本罪只能由自然人构成,单位不能成为本罪主体。重点分析组织者、领导者的认定；主观上行为人只能是直接故意,且必须以违法性认识为基础。
第三部分论述组织、领导传销活动罪的司法认定。主要包括以下几方面：第一,组织、领导传销活动罪与相关罪名(如非法经营罪、集资诈骗罪、合同诈骗罪、非法吸收公众存款罪)的区分；第二,组织、领导传销活动罪的共犯形态、停止形态及罪数形态。
第四部分是惩治组织、领导传销活动罪的思考。针对传销活动发展的现状,笔者认为单靠一个法律条文的设立不足以对传销犯罪彻底打击,应当结合社会各方力量,充分发挥舆论作用,加大对房屋出租、外来人员的管理力度,建立各方协作配合机制,形成共同打击传销范围的机制。同时立法上也应当做相应的完善,建议将传销活动中的积极参加者纳入刑法的打击范围,其次加大现有刑罚尺度,包括适当增加自由刑罚的尺度,增设没收财产刑,甚至可增设“非法设立传销组织罪”,以保障对传销犯罪的打击力度。
In recent years, under the cover of "fast enriching", multi-level marketing is spreading everywhere of our nation. Countless of people are forced to do things illegally when they are bankrupt after being cheated. This kind of crime is not only pernicious to citizen's property and personal security, but also is harmful to the sequence of economy, the development of the society. Although there are series of policies published to limit it, the multi-level marketing still develop rapidly, more and more critical.
In order to attack crime of multi-level marketing effectively, in Feb28. 2009, Amendment? to the Criminal Law was passed by the seventh session of the NPC Standing Committee, the Crime of Organization or Leader of Multi-level Marketing is separated from the Crime of Illegal Operation, as an independent accusation in the Criminal Law, which after the article224. This independence article means a new course of the legislation about multi-level marketing, at the same time, it is the original strong reason for attacking the crime of multi-level marketing.
In order to learn the Crime of Organization or Leadership of Multi-level Marketing, this thesis will introduce from the multi-level marketing and its damages, the criminal constitution, the judicial recognition and the punishment of this crime.
The first part is the damages of the crime, though the display of the definition of multi-marketing and its detriment, though compare the difference among the crime of organization or leadership of multi-level marking, direct sale and illegal operation activities. draw a conclusion that the crime of organization and multi-marketing should be punished. Then analyzed the reason of it.
The second part is said about the constitution of the crime, gathering the extant viewpoints, ensure that the criminal objects are the socialism market economy order, the order of social control and citizen's ownership of personal properties; The object of criminal behavior focus on the borderline of legal and illegal, whether nonfeasance can be the criminal and the level of "serious details"; Analyzing though the commit of person and unit, the principal part of multi-level marketing is individual, based on that, pay attention to the definition of organizer and leader; the subjective elements of this crime is direct intention, in addition, knowledge about illegal deeds are necessary.
The third part of this crime is the judicial recognition. Include that:(1),the difference between the direct sale and multi-marketing.(2),the difference between the relative crimes (Crime of Fund Raising, Illegal Operation, Illegal Pooling of Public Deposits) and the crime of organization or leading of multi-marketing.(3),the complicity,quantity and cease of the crime of organization or leading of multi-marketing.
The last part is talking about the punishment of this crime. According to the recent situation of multi-marketing, A piece of article in the criminal law can not attack the crime effectively. Societal strength should be transferred, such as the management of land renting and the extraneous. Linking all the strength together. At the same time, the legislation of multi-marketing should be completed. The thesis makes some own suggestions. First, involving the energetic participates into the extent of crime, enhance the level of hit. Second, strength the punishments, such as increasing confiscation of property, even adding "Crime of Establish Multi-level Marketing Organization" to ensure the attacking to the crime.
为了有效的打击传销活动,2009年2月28日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第七次会议通过的《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(七)》,在二百二十四条之后增设一条组织、领导传销活动罪,据此,组织、领导传销活动罪从非法经营罪里分离出来,作为一个单独的罪名存在。这一新罪名的设立,不仅为我国打击非法传销活动提供了更加坚实的法律依据,同时也标志着我国传销立法进入了新的阶段。
为了对组织、领导传销活动罪有较为全面的认识,本文主要从传销及其入罪根据、犯罪构成、司法认定、惩治传销犯罪的思考四部分对组织、领导传销活动罪进行了分析：
第一部分从传销及其社会危害性入手,通过对传销概念、传销与直销活动、非法经营活动的区别,所造成社会危害性的阐述,推论出组织、领导传销活动应当入罪的结论,并对入罪根据进行相关的分析,认为组织、领导传销活动应当由刑法规制,且独立成罪。
第二部分详细阐述了组织、领导传销活动罪的犯罪构成。结合对现有理论观点的评析,得出本罪的客体为社会主义市场经济秩序和公民财产所有权；客观方面表现为组织、领导传销活动,骗取财物,扰乱经济社会秩序的行为；主体上本罪只能由自然人构成,单位不能成为本罪主体。重点分析组织者、领导者的认定；主观上行为人只能是直接故意,且必须以违法性认识为基础。
第三部分论述组织、领导传销活动罪的司法认定。主要包括以下几方面：第一,组织、领导传销活动罪与相关罪名(如非法经营罪、集资诈骗罪、合同诈骗罪、非法吸收公众存款罪)的区分；第二,组织、领导传销活动罪的共犯形态、停止形态及罪数形态。
第四部分是惩治组织、领导传销活动罪的思考。针对传销活动发展的现状,笔者认为单靠一个法律条文的设立不足以对传销犯罪彻底打击,应当结合社会各方力量,充分发挥舆论作用,加大对房屋出租、外来人员的管理力度,建立各方协作配合机制,形成共同打击传销范围的机制。同时立法上也应当做相应的完善,建议将传销活动中的积极参加者纳入刑法的打击范围,其次加大现有刑罚尺度,包括适当增加自由刑罚的尺度,增设没收财产刑,甚至可增设“非法设立传销组织罪”,以保障对传销犯罪的打击力度。
In recent years, under the cover of "fast enriching", multi-level marketing is spreading everywhere of our nation. Countless of people are forced to do things illegally when they are bankrupt after being cheated. This kind of crime is not only pernicious to citizen's property and personal security, but also is harmful to the sequence of economy, the development of the society. Although there are series of policies published to limit it, the multi-level marketing still develop rapidly, more and more critical.
In order to attack crime of multi-level marketing effectively, in Feb28. 2009, Amendment? to the Criminal Law was passed by the seventh session of the NPC Standing Committee, the Crime of Organization or Leader of Multi-level Marketing is separated from the Crime of Illegal Operation, as an independent accusation in the Criminal Law, which after the article224. This independence article means a new course of the legislation about multi-level marketing, at the same time, it is the original strong reason for attacking the crime of multi-level marketing.
In order to learn the Crime of Organization or Leadership of Multi-level Marketing, this thesis will introduce from the multi-level marketing and its damages, the criminal constitution, the judicial recognition and the punishment of this crime.
The first part is the damages of the crime, though the display of the definition of multi-marketing and its detriment, though compare the difference among the crime of organization or leadership of multi-level marking, direct sale and illegal operation activities. draw a conclusion that the crime of organization and multi-marketing should be punished. Then analyzed the reason of it.
The second part is said about the constitution of the crime, gathering the extant viewpoints, ensure that the criminal objects are the socialism market economy order, the order of social control and citizen's ownership of personal properties; The object of criminal behavior focus on the borderline of legal and illegal, whether nonfeasance can be the criminal and the level of "serious details"; Analyzing though the commit of person and unit, the principal part of multi-level marketing is individual, based on that, pay attention to the definition of organizer and leader; the subjective elements of this crime is direct intention, in addition, knowledge about illegal deeds are necessary.
The third part of this crime is the judicial recognition. Include that:(1),the difference between the direct sale and multi-marketing.(2),the difference between the relative crimes (Crime of Fund Raising, Illegal Operation, Illegal Pooling of Public Deposits) and the crime of organization or leading of multi-marketing.(3),the complicity,quantity and cease of the crime of organization or leading of multi-marketing.
The last part is talking about the punishment of this crime. According to the recent situation of multi-marketing, A piece of article in the criminal law can not attack the crime effectively. Societal strength should be transferred, such as the management of land renting and the extraneous. Linking all the strength together. At the same time, the legislation of multi-marketing should be completed. The thesis makes some own suggestions. First, involving the energetic participates into the extent of crime, enhance the level of hit. Second, strength the punishments, such as increasing confiscation of property, even adding "Crime of Establish Multi-level Marketing Organization" to ensure the attacking to the crime.
引文
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[2]冯章.我直销我致富[M].内蒙古：内蒙古人民出版社,2005.7.
[3]赵新河邓小云.认定组织、领导传销活动罪的若干问题[J].新中国刑法60年巡礼,2009.1193.
[4]马韵梅.试论我国的传销立法问题[J].湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006,(3)：2.
[5]张伟燕.多层次直销与我国的法律规制[J].法制与社会,2008,(1)：118.
[6]艾丽伟.多层次直销的规范问题研究[D].上海海事大学硕士学位论文,2004.29.
[7]王小青.组织、领导传销活动罪解析[J].中国检察官,2009,(5)：6.
[8]雷建斌.组织、领导传销活动罪的理解与运用[J].中国工商管理研究,2009,(6)：10.
[9]杨春洗苗生明.论刑法法益[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1996,(6)：12.
[10]黄飞勇.论《刑法修正案(七)》对传销犯罪的立法规定[J].法制与经济,2009,(8)：55.
[11]李希慧.刑法总论[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008.109.
[12]赵斌包海勇.我国的传销犯罪[J].中国刑事警察,2006,(6)：41.
[13]贾宇.论组织、领导传销活动罪[J].人民检察,2010,(5)：9.
[14]张浩.非法传销揭秘[M].北京：东方出版社,2005.57.
[15]高铭暄马克昌.刑法学[M].北京：北京大学出版社高等教育出版社,2007.390.
[16]傅跃建胡晓景.论组织、领导传销罪的主体范围[J].新中国刑法60年巡礼,2009.1184.
[17]刑曼媛朱芸.论刑法中的组织行为[J].中国刑事法杂志,2001,(6)：41.
[18]黄贵.纳入刑法调整范围的传销行为浅析[J].经济与法,2010,(7)：96.
[19]潘星丞.论刑法规制传销的“双轨制模式”—对《刑法修正案(七)》第4条的误解及澄清[J].新中国刑法60年巡礼,2009.1172.
[20]高铭暄赵秉志黄晓亮袁彬.《刑法修正案(七)》罪名之研析(上)[N]. 法制日报,2009,(3).
[21]姜德鑫.传销行为的犯罪化问题探析[J].政治与法律,2009,(8)：53.
[22]黄太云.刑法修正案(七)内容解读[J].人民检察,2009,(6)：5.
[23]贝文倩.组织、领导传销活动罪解析[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文,2010.20.
[24]子华.关于多层次直销的几个根本问题[J].经贸世界,2005,(8)：42.
[25]程永明叶劲.公安机关打击传销活动的难题与对策[J].浙江警官学院学报,2009,(6)：63.
[26]张明楷.刑法学(第三版)[M].北京：法律出版社,2007.131.
[27]董文蕙.论组织、领导传销活动罪—兼解读《刑法修正案(七)》第四条[J].宁夏大学学报(人文科学社会版),2009,(7)：118.
[28]李明.关于组织、领导非法传销罪的几个疑难问题分析[J].湖北社会科学,2009,(2)：174.
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