畅销小说翻译中的文化操控及文化霸权
摘要
作为大众文化的一种主要形式,畅销小说在人们日常生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。伴随着全球化浪潮以及各国间日益频繁的经济文化交流,畅销小说的流通也不仅仅局限于一个国家或地区。一本在本国畅销的小说并不一定能在他国畅销。因而,如何让一本畅销小说在另一个不同文化背景下的社会受到读者的好评,就涉及到小说翻译的方方面面。《狼图腾》自2004年由长江文艺出版社出版以来就受到广泛好评,并长期居中国畅销书排行版榜首。该作品英译本由著名汉学家葛浩文所译,自2008年发行后也成为了英语国家的畅销书。有鉴于此,本文试图在翻译操控理论及文化霸权理论框架内,对《狼图腾》英译本加以分析。
翻译研究的文化转向为翻译研究提供了新方法,翻译不仅仅是语言间的转换更是一种文化现象,文学翻译实践活动与特定社会环境中的意识形态,权力紧密相关。本文试图通过对《狼图腾》英译本的研究来探讨畅销小说翻译中的文化操控及文化霸权。本文首先探讨了《狼图腾》英译本中的文化操控,从赞助人的权力,译者的干涉策略以及读者认同三个方面发掘《狼图腾》英译本成功的原因。其次,本文进一步发掘畅销小说翻译中文化操控中的文化霸权因素,其中,文化逆差及翻译中英美国家的我族中心主义都充分反应了翻译中的文化霸权。
通过研究发现,《狼图腾》英译本的成功可以归结于赞助人,译者以及读者对译本意识形态以及诗学层面的操控。赞助人对译本的选择及对译者的要求,以及译者翻译策略的选择均以目的语读者为取向,因而能够满足目的语读者的期待视野,获得广大西方读者的认可。与此同时,《狼图腾》英译本的成功实质上是英美文化霸权的体现。译本的选取及翻译策略的选择是为了迎合西方读者的阅读习惯,因而给《狼图腾》刻上了英语价值观的印记。意识形态及诗学对原文文本的操控导致了译文文本的变异,其译文的诗学形式与原作己大不相同。有鉴于此,为有效抵制文化霸权,我们应当积极构建民族文化意识,提倡异化翻译以保存自己的文化特色。
Bestsellers, as a main form of contemporary popular culture, play a more and more important role in people’s daily life. Due to the development of globalization and intensified intercultural communication, the circulation of bestsellers should not be confined to a certain region. However, a book which is a bestseller in its own country may not achieve the status of bestseller in other countries. To make a bestseller well accepted in other countries is closely related to translation.
Jiang Rong’s novel Lang Tuteng immediately rose to fame after its publication in 2004 and becomes a bestseller in China. And the English version of Lang Tuteng, translated by Howard Goldblatt, also becomes a bestseller in English speaking countries after its publication in 2008. Accordingly, the present thesis tries to make a tentative study on the bestselling translation Wolf Totem within the framework of Manipulation Theory and Cultural Hegemony of Postcolonial School in translation.
Cultural studies in translation provide new approaches to translation studies. So translation is no longer viewed as a simple transformation between languages but more a cultural phenomenon which is closely related to ideology, and power in a given society at a given time. In view of this, this thesis tries to explore the cultural manipulation and hegemony in bestselling translation with a case study on Wolf Totem. The present thesis first discusses the cultural manipulation in Wolf Totem. From the perspective of patronage’s power, translator’s interference, and reader’s identification, the author tries to explore the reasons for English translated version Wolf Totem’s success. Then, this thesis further develops the underlying reason for cultural manipulation in bestselling translation, that is, Cultural Hegemony. The imbalance in cultural communication and ethnocentrism in translation both reveal Cultural Hegemony in bestselling translation.
This research shows that Wolf Totem’s success can attribute to the manipulation of patronage, translator and readers’identification under the constraints of ideology and poetics. Patronage’s selection of Lang Tuteng and translator’s selection of translation strategies in Wolf Totem are target reader-oriented, therefore Wolf Totem could well satisfy western readers’expectation. But meanwhile, Wolf Totem’s success reveals Cultural Hegemony in translation. Since the selection of Lang Tuteng by the patronage, the translation strategies adopted by the translator are catering for western readers’taste and reading habit, hence Wolf Totem is inscribed with English-language values. The ideological and poetical manipulation on Lang Tuteng results in variation in Wolf Totem and the poetics of the translated version are different from the original version. In addition, in order to fight against Cultural Hegemony in translation, translators should construct our own national culture and advocate foreignizing translation so as to preserve the characteristics and cultural identities of the Chinese.
翻译研究的文化转向为翻译研究提供了新方法,翻译不仅仅是语言间的转换更是一种文化现象,文学翻译实践活动与特定社会环境中的意识形态,权力紧密相关。本文试图通过对《狼图腾》英译本的研究来探讨畅销小说翻译中的文化操控及文化霸权。本文首先探讨了《狼图腾》英译本中的文化操控,从赞助人的权力,译者的干涉策略以及读者认同三个方面发掘《狼图腾》英译本成功的原因。其次,本文进一步发掘畅销小说翻译中文化操控中的文化霸权因素,其中,文化逆差及翻译中英美国家的我族中心主义都充分反应了翻译中的文化霸权。
通过研究发现,《狼图腾》英译本的成功可以归结于赞助人,译者以及读者对译本意识形态以及诗学层面的操控。赞助人对译本的选择及对译者的要求,以及译者翻译策略的选择均以目的语读者为取向,因而能够满足目的语读者的期待视野,获得广大西方读者的认可。与此同时,《狼图腾》英译本的成功实质上是英美文化霸权的体现。译本的选取及翻译策略的选择是为了迎合西方读者的阅读习惯,因而给《狼图腾》刻上了英语价值观的印记。意识形态及诗学对原文文本的操控导致了译文文本的变异,其译文的诗学形式与原作己大不相同。有鉴于此,为有效抵制文化霸权,我们应当积极构建民族文化意识,提倡异化翻译以保存自己的文化特色。
Bestsellers, as a main form of contemporary popular culture, play a more and more important role in people’s daily life. Due to the development of globalization and intensified intercultural communication, the circulation of bestsellers should not be confined to a certain region. However, a book which is a bestseller in its own country may not achieve the status of bestseller in other countries. To make a bestseller well accepted in other countries is closely related to translation.
Jiang Rong’s novel Lang Tuteng immediately rose to fame after its publication in 2004 and becomes a bestseller in China. And the English version of Lang Tuteng, translated by Howard Goldblatt, also becomes a bestseller in English speaking countries after its publication in 2008. Accordingly, the present thesis tries to make a tentative study on the bestselling translation Wolf Totem within the framework of Manipulation Theory and Cultural Hegemony of Postcolonial School in translation.
Cultural studies in translation provide new approaches to translation studies. So translation is no longer viewed as a simple transformation between languages but more a cultural phenomenon which is closely related to ideology, and power in a given society at a given time. In view of this, this thesis tries to explore the cultural manipulation and hegemony in bestselling translation with a case study on Wolf Totem. The present thesis first discusses the cultural manipulation in Wolf Totem. From the perspective of patronage’s power, translator’s interference, and reader’s identification, the author tries to explore the reasons for English translated version Wolf Totem’s success. Then, this thesis further develops the underlying reason for cultural manipulation in bestselling translation, that is, Cultural Hegemony. The imbalance in cultural communication and ethnocentrism in translation both reveal Cultural Hegemony in bestselling translation.
This research shows that Wolf Totem’s success can attribute to the manipulation of patronage, translator and readers’identification under the constraints of ideology and poetics. Patronage’s selection of Lang Tuteng and translator’s selection of translation strategies in Wolf Totem are target reader-oriented, therefore Wolf Totem could well satisfy western readers’expectation. But meanwhile, Wolf Totem’s success reveals Cultural Hegemony in translation. Since the selection of Lang Tuteng by the patronage, the translation strategies adopted by the translator are catering for western readers’taste and reading habit, hence Wolf Totem is inscribed with English-language values. The ideological and poetical manipulation on Lang Tuteng results in variation in Wolf Totem and the poetics of the translated version are different from the original version. In addition, in order to fight against Cultural Hegemony in translation, translators should construct our own national culture and advocate foreignizing translation so as to preserve the characteristics and cultural identities of the Chinese.
引文
Barnstone, Willis. The Poetic of Translation: History, Theory, Practice. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993.
Bassnett, Susan & Andre Lefevere. eds. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theory. Shanghai: Shang Hai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Jiang, Rong. Wolf Totem. Trans. Howard Goldblatt. New York: The Pengguin Press, 2008.
Hartim, Basil. Communication Across Cultures—Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
He, Xianbin. Translation as Manipulated by Power Relations. Xiamen:Xiamen University Press,2005.
Hermans, Theo. Translation in Systems Description and System-oriented Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
---. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation. London: Worcester, 1985.
Hornby, Mary Snell. Translation Studies An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Kantan, David. Translating cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004a.
---. Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004b.
Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies Theories and applications. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
---. Text book of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Nida, Eugen A. language and culture. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Oxford Advanced Learner’s English—Chinese Dictionary (6 ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Robinson, Douglas. Translation and Empire: Postcolonial Theories Explained. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2007.
Simon, Sherry &Paul St, Pierre. eds. Changing the Terms: Translating in the Postcolonial Era. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1997.
Shuttleworth, Mark & Moira, Cowie. Dictionary of Tanslation Studies. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Sutherland, John. Bestsellers—A Very Short Introduction. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2009.
---. Bestsellers: Popular Fiction of the 1970s. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981. Venuti, Lawrence. The Scandals of Translation. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
---. The Translator’s Invisibility. A History of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
---. Rethinking, Subjectiviy, Ideology. London and New York: Routledge, 1992. 卜昌伟.《狼图腾》中国首发.京华时华,2008-03-18.
丁尘馨,应妮.专访《狼图腾》作者姜戎“我身上有狼性也有羊性”.新闻周刊, 2004-06-14:58-59.
董晶晶.论译者文化身份对葛浩文翻译的影响.湖南:中南大学, 2008.
郭建中.异化与归化:道德态度与话语策略—韦努蒂《译者的隐形》第二版评述.中国翻译,2009(2):34-38.
---.韦努蒂访谈录.中国翻译,2008(3):43-46.
姜戎.狼图腾.湖北:长江文艺出版, 2004
季进.我译故我在-葛浩文访谈录.当代作家评论:2009(6):45-56.
兰月.我国图书版权贸易的现状及思考.出版与印刷, 2006(3):10-12
李长江,吴艳萍.从《狼图腾》的翻译析译者主体性.文学艺术,2010(1): 238-239.
李根芳.英美畅销书与台湾的文化记忆.文化研究月报,2007a (第七十五期): 12-25.
李根芳.翻译类畅销书在台湾地区的文化政治.翻译与跨文化交流:转向与拓展首届海峡两岸翻
译与跨文化交流讨会论文集.胡庚申.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2007b: 176-190.
李洪琳.蒙古狼在异域的适应与选择-葛浩文英译《狼图腾》探析.湖北:华中师范大学, 2009.
李红满.翻译研究的后殖民视角.四川外语学院学报, 2003(1): 105-109.
李建军.假言叙事与修辞病象-三评《狼图腾》.小说评论, 2005(3)39-44.
刘斯斯.《狼图腾》创海外版权交易最高值.中国投资,2008(10): 106-109.
刘拥军.推动畅销书的五大力量.出版广角, 2002(10): 18-21.
潘文国.译入与译出—谈中国译才从事汉籍英译的意义.中国翻译, 2004(2): 40-43.2
裴永刚.《狼图腾》是如何‘图腾’的—《狼图腾》编辑出版案例解析.编辑学刊, 2007(6): 60-64.
曲如晓,韩丽丽.中国图书版权贸易发展的问题与对策.研究与探讨,2010(8):35-39.
舒晋瑜.十问葛浩文(汉学家).中华读书报, 2005.08.31(第013版).
孙艺风,仲伟合.翻译研究关键词.北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2004.
田德蓓.论译者的身份.”中国翻译,2000(6):20-24.
伍旭升.中外畅销书解密.广州:广州出版社,1993.
王大来,张景华.论文化转型与翻译的定位.四川外国语学院学报, 2002(3): 103-106.
王东风.一只看不见的手-论意识形态对翻译实践的操纵.中国翻译,2003(9):16-23.
谢天振.当代国外翻译理论.天津:南开大学出版社, 2008.
杨柳.翻译的诗学变脸.中国翻译,2009(6):42-47.
张德让.论译语文化与文本选择.外语教学, 2001(5): 67-70.
张文红.“畅销书”概念内涵及衡量标准探析.北京印刷学院学报,2009(6):29-32.
张耀平.拿汉语读,用英文写.中国翻译,2005(2):75-77.
赵金凤.“文化霸权”与翻译.江苏外语教学研究,2010(1):61-65.
周百义,章雪峰.《狼图腾》走向世界启示.中国编辑,2006(6):40-44.
“Authoritative German sinologist looks at contemporary Chinese literature with a different eye.”2006. 30 May 2010.. “Bestsellers.”Wikipedia. 5 June 2010 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestseller.
“Jinag Rong’s Wolf Totem:The year of the wolf. 2009.”The Independent Books. 20 June 2010..
Goldblatt, Howard.“The Writing Life.”Washington Post. 28 April 2002. 5 May 2010..
Liu Jun.“Faithful to the Original.”China Daily. 19 May 2008. 12 May2010.
“2007 Man Asian Literary Prize.”Man Asian Literary Prize Winner Announced. 2007. 20 May 2010..
顾湘.“中国文学普通欠缺个人文化—专访汉学家、《狼图腾》英译者葛浩文.”外滩画报. 2008-03-27. 2010-12-20 < http://www.bundpic.com/link.php?linkid=3898 >.
Bassnett, Susan & Andre Lefevere. eds. Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theory. Shanghai: Shang Hai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Jiang, Rong. Wolf Totem. Trans. Howard Goldblatt. New York: The Pengguin Press, 2008.
Hartim, Basil. Communication Across Cultures—Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
He, Xianbin. Translation as Manipulated by Power Relations. Xiamen:Xiamen University Press,2005.
Hermans, Theo. Translation in Systems Description and System-oriented Approaches Explained. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
---. The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation. London: Worcester, 1985.
Hornby, Mary Snell. Translation Studies An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Kantan, David. Translating cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004a.
---. Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004b.
Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies Theories and applications. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
---. Text book of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Nida, Eugen A. language and culture. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Oxford Advanced Learner’s English—Chinese Dictionary (6 ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Robinson, Douglas. Translation and Empire: Postcolonial Theories Explained. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2007.
Simon, Sherry &Paul St, Pierre. eds. Changing the Terms: Translating in the Postcolonial Era. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1997.
Shuttleworth, Mark & Moira, Cowie. Dictionary of Tanslation Studies. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
Sutherland, John. Bestsellers—A Very Short Introduction. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2009.
---. Bestsellers: Popular Fiction of the 1970s. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981. Venuti, Lawrence. The Scandals of Translation. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
---. The Translator’s Invisibility. A History of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
---. Rethinking, Subjectiviy, Ideology. London and New York: Routledge, 1992. 卜昌伟.《狼图腾》中国首发.京华时华,2008-03-18.
丁尘馨,应妮.专访《狼图腾》作者姜戎“我身上有狼性也有羊性”.新闻周刊, 2004-06-14:58-59.
董晶晶.论译者文化身份对葛浩文翻译的影响.湖南:中南大学, 2008.
郭建中.异化与归化:道德态度与话语策略—韦努蒂《译者的隐形》第二版评述.中国翻译,2009(2):34-38.
---.韦努蒂访谈录.中国翻译,2008(3):43-46.
姜戎.狼图腾.湖北:长江文艺出版, 2004
季进.我译故我在-葛浩文访谈录.当代作家评论:2009(6):45-56.
兰月.我国图书版权贸易的现状及思考.出版与印刷, 2006(3):10-12
李长江,吴艳萍.从《狼图腾》的翻译析译者主体性.文学艺术,2010(1): 238-239.
李根芳.英美畅销书与台湾的文化记忆.文化研究月报,2007a (第七十五期): 12-25.
李根芳.翻译类畅销书在台湾地区的文化政治.翻译与跨文化交流:转向与拓展首届海峡两岸翻
译与跨文化交流讨会论文集.胡庚申.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2007b: 176-190.
李洪琳.蒙古狼在异域的适应与选择-葛浩文英译《狼图腾》探析.湖北:华中师范大学, 2009.
李红满.翻译研究的后殖民视角.四川外语学院学报, 2003(1): 105-109.
李建军.假言叙事与修辞病象-三评《狼图腾》.小说评论, 2005(3)39-44.
刘斯斯.《狼图腾》创海外版权交易最高值.中国投资,2008(10): 106-109.
刘拥军.推动畅销书的五大力量.出版广角, 2002(10): 18-21.
潘文国.译入与译出—谈中国译才从事汉籍英译的意义.中国翻译, 2004(2): 40-43.2
裴永刚.《狼图腾》是如何‘图腾’的—《狼图腾》编辑出版案例解析.编辑学刊, 2007(6): 60-64.
曲如晓,韩丽丽.中国图书版权贸易发展的问题与对策.研究与探讨,2010(8):35-39.
舒晋瑜.十问葛浩文(汉学家).中华读书报, 2005.08.31(第013版).
孙艺风,仲伟合.翻译研究关键词.北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2004.
田德蓓.论译者的身份.”中国翻译,2000(6):20-24.
伍旭升.中外畅销书解密.广州:广州出版社,1993.
王大来,张景华.论文化转型与翻译的定位.四川外国语学院学报, 2002(3): 103-106.
王东风.一只看不见的手-论意识形态对翻译实践的操纵.中国翻译,2003(9):16-23.
谢天振.当代国外翻译理论.天津:南开大学出版社, 2008.
杨柳.翻译的诗学变脸.中国翻译,2009(6):42-47.
张德让.论译语文化与文本选择.外语教学, 2001(5): 67-70.
张文红.“畅销书”概念内涵及衡量标准探析.北京印刷学院学报,2009(6):29-32.
张耀平.拿汉语读,用英文写.中国翻译,2005(2):75-77.
赵金凤.“文化霸权”与翻译.江苏外语教学研究,2010(1):61-65.
周百义,章雪峰.《狼图腾》走向世界启示.中国编辑,2006(6):40-44.
“Authoritative German sinologist looks at contemporary Chinese literature with a different eye.”2006. 30 May 2010.
“Jinag Rong’s Wolf Totem:The year of the wolf. 2009.”The Independent Books. 20 June 2010.
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