魔芋甘露寡糖对黄颡鱼的益生功能研究
|
摘要
本研究以黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)为试验鱼,研究不同含量魔宇甘露寡糖对黄颡鱼生长及消化酶活性、非特异性免疫功能、血液生化指标及肠道菌群的影响。实验共分为5组。对照组(C)投喂基础饲料,试验组(KM0.1、KM0.2、KM0.3)在基础饲料的基础上分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%魔芋甘露寡糖(konjac mannanoligosaccharides, Kon-Mos),阳性对照组(M0.3)在基础饲料中添加0.3%酵母甘露寡糖(Yeast cell wall mannanoligosaccharides, Mos),主要研究结果如下：
1.饲料中添加不同浓度Kon-Mos提高了黄颡鱼增重率,在49 d实验期,KM0.2组试验鱼增重率最高,为95.68%。试验组的饵料系数都显著低于对照组(P<0.05),KM0.2组饵料系数最低,为1.63,且显著低于M0.3组。各试验组与对照组相比能显著提高黄颡鱼头肾指数、后肾指数、脾体指数。同时日粮中添加不同含量Kon-Mos能提高黄颡鱼肠道及肝胰脏消化酶活性。肠道中蛋白酶活性随Kon-Mos添加量的增加呈上升的趋势,而脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性随Kon-Mos添加量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势；肝胰脏消化酶活性随着Kon-Mos添加量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,其中KM0.2组消化酶活性最高,显著高于M0.3组(P<0.05)。M0.3组也能促进消化酶活性的升高。本试验结果表明,添加不同含量Kon-Mos及0.3%酵母Mos能促进黄颡鱼肠道及肝胰脏消化酶活性增强,进而促进其生长,且添加0.2%Kon-Mos效果最好。
2.试验14-28 d,KM0.2组血液白细胞吞噬活性显著高于对照组,14 d吞噬百分率PP、吞噬指数PI达到最大值,分别为66.00%、5.24。在整个试验过程中,KM0.3、M0.3组与对照组之间PP、PI均无显著性差异。KM0.2组与对照组相比能显著增强血清溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,在第35 d时LZM活性达到最大值(0.31),第7 d时SOD活性达到最大值(136.67)。KM0.3、M0.3组与对照组SOD活性无显著性差异。
3.投喂不同含量Kon-Mos及0.3%酵母Mos对黄颡鱼血液生化指标的影响,结果表明：试验28-35 d，KM0.2和KM0.3组与对照组相比能显著降低血糖含量(P<0.05),而在整个试验过程中M0.3组血糖含量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)；各试验组血清中谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性有升高的趋势,但未见显著性差异(P>0.05)；试验28-35 d,各试验组血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照组,其中KM0.2组在14-35 d时与对照组差异显著；在整个试验期间,KM0.2组血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其它试验组总胆固醇和甘油三酯也有降低；在整个试验过程中,各试验组血清总蛋白含量高于对照组,其中KM0.2组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)；各试验组血液钙含量有升高的趋势,其中KM0.2组血液钙含量最高,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。
4.日粮中添加不同含量Kon-Mos,黄颡鱼前、中、后肠中双歧杆菌的数量都有所升高,并随Kon-Mos添加剂量的加大呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中KM0.2组与对照组差异显著,M0.3组前、中、后肠双歧杆菌数量也有升高的趋势,但与对照组差异不显著；投喂不同含量Kon-Mos对前、中、后肠大肠杆菌、气单胞菌数量都有不同程度的降低,并随Kon-Mos剂量的加大呈现先降低后升高的趋势,其中KM0.2组与对照组差异显著,M0.3组与对照组差异不显著。
This study was conducted on Pelteobagrus fulvidraco to study the effects of different contents of konjac mannanoligosaccharides on growth performance and digestive enzyme activity, non-specific immune function, biochemical characteristic, and intestinal flora. The experimental fish were divided into five groups. The control group(C) supplemented with basal diet, the treatment groups (KM0.1, KM0.2, KM0.3) were contained 0.1%,0.2%, 0.3% konjac mannanoligosaccharides (Kon-Mos), the positive control group (M0.3) were fed diets with 0.3% Yeast cell wall mannanoligosaccharides (Mos). The results showed that:
1. Fish fed diets with Kon-Mos supplementation for 49 d, had significantly higer relative gain rate, viscera index and lower feed conversion ratio. The relative gain rate in group KM0.2 was highest (95.68%), and feed conversion ratio was lowest (1.63), and significantly lower than the M0.3 group. In our current study, we tested whether the addition of Kon-Mos would effects the digestive enzyme activities of yellow catfish. Fish fed diet containing different levels of Kon-Mos and 0.3% Yeast Mos had greater (P<0.05) protease, lipase and amylase activities in the intestine and hepatopancreas than those fed the basal level of diet. The results presented here show that a supplement.of 0.2 % Kon-Mos diet significantly increased the digestive enzyme activities.
2. Between 14 and 28 day, the phagocytic activity of leukocytes in group KM0.2 were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05), phagocytic percentage (PP) and phagocytic index (PI) reached to the top level on the 14 d, respectively 66.00%,5.24. The phagocytic activity of leukocytes in group KM0.3, M0.3 were not significantly higher than the control group (P>0.05).The lysozyme activity (LZM), blood serum superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in group KM0.2 were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05), LZM reached to the top level on the 35 d, SOD activity reached to the top level on the 7 d, respectively 0.31,136.67. The blood serum SOD activity in group KM0.3, M0.3 were not significantly higher than the control group.
3. In the present study, from 28 to 35 d the blood glucose content in group KM0.2 and KM0.3 were significantly lower than those fed the basal diet (P<0.05), but throughout the course of the experiment, M0.3 were not significantly effect on blood glucose content (P>0.05); Blood serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity were increased trend in fish fed the Kon-Mos and yeast Mos than control, but effect was not significantly; From 28 to 35 d, there were remarkable effect of blood serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity supplemented with treatment diets (P<0.05), and ALP activity was significantly increased by dietary 0.2% Kon-Mos on the experiment from 14 to 35 d; Blood sreum the levels of total cholesterol (CHO) and triglycerides (TG) were lower by dietary treatments than the control, and effects of KM0.2 group were significantly (P<0.05); Fish fed with treatment diets, contents of blood serum total protein (TP) and Calcium (Ca2+) have increased trend, and KM0.2 significantly increased than those fish fed basal diet (P<0.05).
4. The fish fed with diffent Kon-Mos and 0.3% yeast Mos for 49 days, the quantities of Bifidobacterium in the foregut, midgut, and hindgut were higher than control, and the quantities of Bifidobacterium showed a decreasing trend after the first rise in KM0.2 diet. During the experiment, the quantities of Bifidobacterium in group KM0.2 were significant higher than the control group (P<0.05), in group M0.3 were not significantly higher than the control group.The Pelteobagrus fulvidraco fed with diffent levels of Kon-Mos, the quantities of Escherihia coli and Aeromonas were decreased, there was an increasing trend after the first decrease in KM0.2 diet for the quantities of Escherihia coli and Aeromonas in intestinal canal, with the increase in the amount of Kon-Mos added, during the experiment, in group KM0.2 were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05), in group M0.3 were not significantly lower than the control group.
1.饲料中添加不同浓度Kon-Mos提高了黄颡鱼增重率,在49 d实验期,KM0.2组试验鱼增重率最高,为95.68%。试验组的饵料系数都显著低于对照组(P<0.05),KM0.2组饵料系数最低,为1.63,且显著低于M0.3组。各试验组与对照组相比能显著提高黄颡鱼头肾指数、后肾指数、脾体指数。同时日粮中添加不同含量Kon-Mos能提高黄颡鱼肠道及肝胰脏消化酶活性。肠道中蛋白酶活性随Kon-Mos添加量的增加呈上升的趋势,而脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性随Kon-Mos添加量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势；肝胰脏消化酶活性随着Kon-Mos添加量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,其中KM0.2组消化酶活性最高,显著高于M0.3组(P<0.05)。M0.3组也能促进消化酶活性的升高。本试验结果表明,添加不同含量Kon-Mos及0.3%酵母Mos能促进黄颡鱼肠道及肝胰脏消化酶活性增强,进而促进其生长,且添加0.2%Kon-Mos效果最好。
2.试验14-28 d,KM0.2组血液白细胞吞噬活性显著高于对照组,14 d吞噬百分率PP、吞噬指数PI达到最大值,分别为66.00%、5.24。在整个试验过程中,KM0.3、M0.3组与对照组之间PP、PI均无显著性差异。KM0.2组与对照组相比能显著增强血清溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,在第35 d时LZM活性达到最大值(0.31),第7 d时SOD活性达到最大值(136.67)。KM0.3、M0.3组与对照组SOD活性无显著性差异。
3.投喂不同含量Kon-Mos及0.3%酵母Mos对黄颡鱼血液生化指标的影响,结果表明：试验28-35 d，KM0.2和KM0.3组与对照组相比能显著降低血糖含量(P<0.05),而在整个试验过程中M0.3组血糖含量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)；各试验组血清中谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性有升高的趋势,但未见显著性差异(P>0.05)；试验28-35 d,各试验组血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照组,其中KM0.2组在14-35 d时与对照组差异显著；在整个试验期间,KM0.2组血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其它试验组总胆固醇和甘油三酯也有降低；在整个试验过程中,各试验组血清总蛋白含量高于对照组,其中KM0.2组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)；各试验组血液钙含量有升高的趋势,其中KM0.2组血液钙含量最高,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。
4.日粮中添加不同含量Kon-Mos,黄颡鱼前、中、后肠中双歧杆菌的数量都有所升高,并随Kon-Mos添加剂量的加大呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中KM0.2组与对照组差异显著,M0.3组前、中、后肠双歧杆菌数量也有升高的趋势,但与对照组差异不显著；投喂不同含量Kon-Mos对前、中、后肠大肠杆菌、气单胞菌数量都有不同程度的降低,并随Kon-Mos剂量的加大呈现先降低后升高的趋势,其中KM0.2组与对照组差异显著,M0.3组与对照组差异不显著。
This study was conducted on Pelteobagrus fulvidraco to study the effects of different contents of konjac mannanoligosaccharides on growth performance and digestive enzyme activity, non-specific immune function, biochemical characteristic, and intestinal flora. The experimental fish were divided into five groups. The control group(C) supplemented with basal diet, the treatment groups (KM0.1, KM0.2, KM0.3) were contained 0.1%,0.2%, 0.3% konjac mannanoligosaccharides (Kon-Mos), the positive control group (M0.3) were fed diets with 0.3% Yeast cell wall mannanoligosaccharides (Mos). The results showed that:
1. Fish fed diets with Kon-Mos supplementation for 49 d, had significantly higer relative gain rate, viscera index and lower feed conversion ratio. The relative gain rate in group KM0.2 was highest (95.68%), and feed conversion ratio was lowest (1.63), and significantly lower than the M0.3 group. In our current study, we tested whether the addition of Kon-Mos would effects the digestive enzyme activities of yellow catfish. Fish fed diet containing different levels of Kon-Mos and 0.3% Yeast Mos had greater (P<0.05) protease, lipase and amylase activities in the intestine and hepatopancreas than those fed the basal level of diet. The results presented here show that a supplement.of 0.2 % Kon-Mos diet significantly increased the digestive enzyme activities.
2. Between 14 and 28 day, the phagocytic activity of leukocytes in group KM0.2 were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05), phagocytic percentage (PP) and phagocytic index (PI) reached to the top level on the 14 d, respectively 66.00%,5.24. The phagocytic activity of leukocytes in group KM0.3, M0.3 were not significantly higher than the control group (P>0.05).The lysozyme activity (LZM), blood serum superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in group KM0.2 were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05), LZM reached to the top level on the 35 d, SOD activity reached to the top level on the 7 d, respectively 0.31,136.67. The blood serum SOD activity in group KM0.3, M0.3 were not significantly higher than the control group.
3. In the present study, from 28 to 35 d the blood glucose content in group KM0.2 and KM0.3 were significantly lower than those fed the basal diet (P<0.05), but throughout the course of the experiment, M0.3 were not significantly effect on blood glucose content (P>0.05); Blood serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity were increased trend in fish fed the Kon-Mos and yeast Mos than control, but effect was not significantly; From 28 to 35 d, there were remarkable effect of blood serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity supplemented with treatment diets (P<0.05), and ALP activity was significantly increased by dietary 0.2% Kon-Mos on the experiment from 14 to 35 d; Blood sreum the levels of total cholesterol (CHO) and triglycerides (TG) were lower by dietary treatments than the control, and effects of KM0.2 group were significantly (P<0.05); Fish fed with treatment diets, contents of blood serum total protein (TP) and Calcium (Ca2+) have increased trend, and KM0.2 significantly increased than those fish fed basal diet (P<0.05).
4. The fish fed with diffent Kon-Mos and 0.3% yeast Mos for 49 days, the quantities of Bifidobacterium in the foregut, midgut, and hindgut were higher than control, and the quantities of Bifidobacterium showed a decreasing trend after the first rise in KM0.2 diet. During the experiment, the quantities of Bifidobacterium in group KM0.2 were significant higher than the control group (P<0.05), in group M0.3 were not significantly higher than the control group.The Pelteobagrus fulvidraco fed with diffent levels of Kon-Mos, the quantities of Escherihia coli and Aeromonas were decreased, there was an increasing trend after the first decrease in KM0.2 diet for the quantities of Escherihia coli and Aeromonas in intestinal canal, with the increase in the amount of Kon-Mos added, during the experiment, in group KM0.2 were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05), in group M0.3 were not significantly lower than the control group.
引文
1.艾晓杰,韩正康.酶制剂对生长鹅血浆中胰岛素,胰高血糖素及某些生化指标的影响.西南农业大学学报,2000,13(4)：80-83
2.陈晓耘.饥饿对南方鲶幼鱼血液的影响.西南农业大学学报,2000,22(2)：167-169
3.宾石玉,周安国,程培安.寡糖对动物免疫功能的作用.中国兽医学报,2006,26(3)：344-346
4.陈永军,王权,钱应娟,张惠英.甘露寡糖对肉用和蛋用雏鸡免疫器官生长发育的影响.上海畜牧兽医通讯,2002,4：18
5.陈黎,杨艳燕,闫达中.魔芋低聚糖降脂作用的初步研究.中国生化药物杂志,2002,23(4)：181-182
6.蔡雪峰,罗琳,战文斌,曹海宁,高鹏.壳寡糖对虹鳟幼鱼肠道菌群影响的研究.中国海洋大学学报,2006,36(4)：606-610
7.丁贤,林黑着,李卓佳,陈永青.植物提取物对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶及免疫因子的影响研究.热带海洋学报,2008,27(5)：66-72
8.董滢.寡糖的生物学功能及其在畜牧业中的应用.动物营养,2008,5：16-18
9.杜英男,鞠贵春,薛军,孙宝平.果寡糖和甘露寡糖对水貂肠道菌群影响的研究.经济动物学报,2007,11(2)：83-86
10.高启禹.甘露寡糖对大鼠肠道微生态影响的研究.[硕士学位论文].兰州：甘肃农业大学,2005
11.方允中,李文杰.自由基与酶.北京：科学出版社,1994：67-69
12.顾瑞霞,谢继志.乳酸菌与人体保健.北京：科学出版社,1995
13.何键,曾凡坤.饲料中半乳寡糖的益生及抗营养作用.锦阳经济技术高等专科学校学报.,1998,15(2)：30-34
14.何世山,金小军.高温对肉鸡血液生化指标的影响.浙江大学学报,2003,29(3)：311-314
15.胡彩虹,王友明.果寡糖对肥育猪生长及肠道菌群的影响.无锡轻工大学学报,2001,20(6)：568-572
16.胡志鹏.壳寡糖的研究进展.中国生化药物杂志,2003,20(4)：210-212
17.金丽琴,吕建新,袁谦,金晶,陈秀芳.蝉拟青霉对大鼠免疫功能和血液生化指标的影响.温州医学院学报,2001,31(6)：344-346
18.李广,付明哲,刘璐.α-甘露低聚糖对雏鸡免疫器官发育的影响.甘肃农业大学学报,2001,12(4)：383-387
19.李静姬,李国江.糖萜素对雏鸡生长性能和免疫器官的影响.中国畜牧兽医,2005,32(1)：20-22
20.李清,肖调义,毛华明.生物活性肽对鲤鱼血液生理生化指标的影响.长江大学学报,2005,2(5)：27-29
21.李云兰.甘露寡糖对幼建鲤(Cyprinus carpio Var. Jian)肠道菌群和免疫功能的影响.[硕士学位论文].雅安：四川农业大学：2004
22.林浩然.鱼类生理学.广东高等教育出版社,1999
23.罗克.动物免疫器官、免疫细胞与免疫分子.福建畜牧兽医,2005,27(1)：59-68
24.刘爱君,冷向军,李小勤,汪立平,万虎.甘露寡糖对奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis X O.aureus)生长、肠道结构和非特异性免疫的影响.浙江大学学报,2009,35(3)：329-336
25.刘波,谢骏,刘文斌.地衣芽孢杆菌与低聚木糖对异育银鲫消化酶活性、肠道菌群及生长的影响.大连水产学院学报,2006,21(4)：336-340
26.刘光斌,刘兵,张雪峰,瞿明仁,高民,张爱忠,卢德勋.不同水平大豆寡糖(SBOS)对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响.江西农业大学学报,2007,29(6)：871-875
27.刘红.魔芋葡甘聚糖对肥胖及糖尿病小鼠的治疗作用.营养学报,2002,24(4)：437-438
28.刘景龙.地黄寡糖降血糖机制研究.[硕士学位论文].兰州：兰州大学,2009
29.刘树青,江晓路,牟海津.免疫多糖对中国对虾血清溶菌酶、磷酸酶和过氧化物酶的作用.海洋与湖沼,1999,30(3)：378-382
30.聂国兴,明红,郑俊林,宋东蓥.木聚糖酶对尼罗罗非鱼血液生理生化指标的影响.大连水产学院学报,2007,22(5)：361-365
31.盛清凯,姚慧源.低聚糖对肠道菌群的调节机理.动物科学与动物医学,2002,19(2)：35-38
32.邵良平,周伦江,李国平.不同剂量甘露寡糖对鸡细胞免疫和肠道微生态的影响.福建农业大学学报,1999,28(1)：86-89
33.邵良平,周伦江,费政芳.甘露寡糖对仔猪免疫功能和血液抗氧化酶的影响.营养学报,2000(1)：82-84
34.沈文英,寿建昕,金叶飞,祝尧荣,钱伟平.银鲫消化酶的研究.上海水产大学学报,2002,11(3)：193-198
35.孙红梅.饥饿对黄颡鱼血液指标及免疫机能的影响.[硕士学位论文].长春：吉林农业大学动物科技学院,2004
36.唐凌,邝声耀,冯琳.甘露寡糖对水生动物肠道菌群和免疫功能的影响.中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(6)：21-25
37.王红宁,何明清.鲤肠道正常菌群的研究.水生生物学报,1994,18(4)：354-359.
38.王权,陈永军,钱应娟.甘露寡糖对鸡外周血液淋巴细胞免疫功能的影响.中国兽医科技,2002(1)：28-29
39.王文果.魔芋低聚糖营养及应用的研究进展.食品与药品,2006,8(8)：12-14
40.王晓霞,易中华,计成.果寡糖和枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡肠道菌群数量、发酵粪中氨气和硫化氢散发量及营养素利用率的影响.畜牧兽医学报,2006,37(4)：337-341
41.王艳.果寡糖对银鲫非特异性免疫功能及消化酶活性的影响.[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中农业大学,2008
42.王筱兰,欧阳二明,欧阳涟.半乳甘露寡糖对小白鼠食物转化率及钙吸收的影响.南昌大学学报,2004,26(4)：46-48
43.尾崎久雄.鱼类消化生理.上海科学技术出版社,1983
44.武书庚,齐广海.甘露寡糖可取代抗生素.国外畜牧科技,2000, (1)：19-20
45.吴媛媛.木寡糖在肉鸡日粮中的应用效果.[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2006
46.肖明松,王志耕,孙玉军.饲料中添加果寡糖和糖萜素对中华鳖消化酶活力的影响.中国畜牧兽医,2004,31(2)：10-13
47.熊峰.大豆低聚糖和纳豆芽孢杆菌制剂及其组合对肉鸡生长性能、肠道消化酶及菌群平衡的影响.[硕士学位论文].乌鲁木齐：新疆农业大学,2008
48.熊沈学.饲料中添加低聚木糖对异育银鲫增重率、消化酶活性及免疫性能的影响.[硕士学位论文].南京：南京农业大学,2005
49.徐革锋,李永发,贾钟贺.虹鳟、银鲑及其杂交种血液指标的比较研究.大连水产学院学报,2006,21(3)：212-218
50.严文恒.果寡糖与土霉素在育肥猪生产上的比较试验.[硕士学位论文].延吉：延边大学,2007
51.杨海英,杨在宾,杨维仁,李兆勇.益生素和低聚木糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、消化酶活性、血液指标和肠道微生物的影响.中国兽医学报,2009,29(7)：914-919
52.杨曙明.寡糖在动物营养中的进展.动物营养学报,1999,11(1)：1-9
53.杨先乐.鱼类免疫学研究的进展.水产学报,1989,13(3)：271-284
54.杨艳燕,高尚.魔芋低聚糖对小鼠实验性高脂血症防治作用的研究.湖北大学学报,1999,21(4)：386-388
55.杨艳燕,李小明.魔芋低聚糖对小鼠血糖含量和抗氧化能力的影响.中草药,2001,02：142-144
56.岳文斌,车向荣,臧建军.甘露寡糖对断奶仔猪肠道主要菌群和免疫机能的影响.山西农业大学学报,2002,22(2)：97-10
57.袁秉祥,苏艳芳.魔芋甘露聚糖对营养性肥胖大鼠的作用.西北药学杂志,1998,13(4)160-161
58.张丽.壳寡糖的制备及对动物营养功能的研究进展.山东畜牧兽医.2004,6：43-44
59.张红梅.甘露寡聚糖对鲤鱼生长性能及对鱼体各项指标的影响.[硕士学位论文].保定：河北农业大学：2003
60.张名涛,顾宪红,杨琳.原位杂交中具有特异性16sRNA靶定的寡核苷酸探针方法在粪便微生物的定性和定量的研究进展.家畜生态学报,2002,23(4)：37-41
61.张伟芳.异麦芽寡糖对肉仔鸡作用的研究.[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2002
62.张雪峰.外源寡糖在绵羊消化道内的降解、转化、利用和流通规律及其对瘤胃微生物区系、免疫和营养物质消化影响的研究.[博士学位论文].呼和浩特：内蒙古农业大学,2007
63.张迎庆,干信,邹群.魔芋葡甘低聚糖硫酸酯化衍生物的制备及结构分析.药物生物技术,2001,8(4)：200-203
64.赵爱农,罗红.魔芋葡甘聚糖降血糖作用的实验研究.中华实用中西医杂志,2005,18(13)：241-242
65.周映华.甘露寡糖对肉鸡生长性能、肠道微生物及免疫机能影响的研究.[硕士学位论文].长沙：湖南农业大学,2002
66. Alexander J B, Ingram G A. Noncellular nonspecific defence mechanisms of fish. Annual Review of Fish Diseases,1992,38 (2):477-481
67. Andersen F, Lygren B, Maage A. Interaction between two dietary level s of iron and two forms of ascorbic acid and the effect on growth, antioxidant status and some non-specific immune parameters in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Aquaculture,1998,161:437-451
68. Das K M, Tripathi S D. Studies on the digestive enzymes of Ctenopharyngodon idellus Val. Aquaculture,1991,92(1):21-30
69. Davis M E, Maxwel C V, Brown D C, Rodas B Z. Effect of dietary mannanoligosaccharides and (or) Pharmacological addition of copper sulfate on growth Performance and immunocompetence of weanling and growing/finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2002,80:2887-2894
70. Desmet V J, Gerber M, Hoofnagle J H. Classification of chronic hepatitis:diagnosis, grading and staging. Hepatology,1994,19:1513-1520
71. Elliot J B, Tajalli K, Christopher B.The influence of small oligosaccharides on immune system. Carbohydrate Research,2004,339:1673-1678
72. Erickson K L, Mcneill C J, Gershwin M E. Influence of dietary fat concent ration and saturation on immune ontogeny in mice. Journal of Nutrition,1980,110:1555-1572
73. Fernandez F, Hinton M, VanGils B. Dietary mannan-oligosaccharides and their effect on chicken caecal microflora in relation to Salmonella enteritidis colonization. Avian Pathology,2002,31: 49-58
74. Fukata T, Sasai K, Miyamoto T. Inhabitory effects of competitive exclusion and fructooligosaccharide, singly and in combination, on Salmonella colonization of chicks. Journal Food Protect,1999,62:229-233
75. Genciana T, Andrea F, Simona R, Fabio B, Micaela A, Marco S. Bio-Mos:An effective inducer of dicentracin gene expression in European sea bass. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B,2009,153:372-377
76. Gibson G R, Roberfroid M B. Dietary modulation of the colonic microbiota:Introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition,1995,125:1401-1412
77. Guedes C M, Mourao J L, Silva S R, Gomes M J. Effects of age and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on production of volatile fatty acids in the caecum of rabbits. Animal feed science and technology,2008,10 (4):1-7
78. Guigoz Y,Rochat F, Perruisseau-Carrier G,Rochat I, Schiffrin E J. Effects of oligosaccharide on the faecal flora and non-specific immune system in elderly people. Nutrition Research,2002,22: 13-25
79. Hashimoto T, Ohno N, Yadomae T. Subgrouping immunomodulating β-glucans by monitoring IFN-γ and NO syntheses. Drug Development Research,1997,42 (1):35-40
80. Hidaka H, Eida T, Takizawa T. Effect s of oligosaccharides on intestinal flora and human health. Bifidobacteria and Microflora,1986 (5):37-50
81. Hooper LV, Wong M H, Thelin A. Molecular analysis of commenzal host microbial relationships in the intestine. Science,2001,291:881-884
82. Hsu C K, Liao J W, Chung Y C, Hsieh C P, Chan Y C. Xylooligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides affect the intestinal microbiota and precancerous colonic lesion development in rats. Journal of Nutrition,2004,134; 1523-1528
83. Jurgen Z, Bettina M, Tanja P. Intestinal effects of mannanoligosaccharides, trasgalactooligosacc-harides, lactose and lactulose in dogs. Journal of Nutrition,2002,132:1682s-1684s
84. Juskiewizc J, Zdunczyk Z, Jankowski J. Effect of adding mannan-oligosaccharide to the diet on the performance,weight of digestive tract segements,and cecal digesta parameters in young turkeys. Journal animal feed science,2003,12:133-142
85. Kumprecht I, Zobac P, Siske V. Effect of dietary mannanoligosaccharides level on live weight and efficiency of broilers. Poultry Science,1997,76:132
86. Lee S M, Lee J H. Effect of dietary essential fatty acids on growth,body composition and blood chemistry of juvenile starry flounder(Platichthys stellatus). Aquaculture,2003,225:269-281
87. Lermen C L, Lappe R, Crestanim. Effect of different temperature regimes on metabolic and blood parameters of sliver catfish Rhamdia quelen. Aquaculture,2004,239:497-507
88. Manning M J, Grace M F, Secombes C J. Ontogenetic aspects of tolerance and immunity in carp and rainbow trout:studies on the role of the thymus. Developmental and Comparative Immunology,1982 (2):75-82
89. Maria B, Elzbieta B. Effect of non-digestible oligosaccharides on gut microecosystem in rats. Food Research International,2002,35:139-144
90. Martine S A, Joseph G, Hautrast A J. Fate of fructooligosacchatides in human intestine. The British Journal of Nutrition,1996,76:211-222
91. Maxwell C, Friesen F, Kegley E B, Davis E. Effect of Bio-Mos addition with and without Zinc oxide supplementation on performance and immuno-competence in weaning pigs. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA. Report of Alltech Incorporation,2000
92. Neish A S, Gewirtz A T, Zeng H. Prokaryotic regulation of epithelial responses by inhibition of I kappa B-alpha ubiquitination. Science,2000,289:1560-1563
93. Ofek I, Mirelman D, Sharon N. Adherence of Escherichiacoli to human mucosal cells mediated by mannose receptors. Nature (London),1977,265:623-625
94. Paul A I, Ali A S, David R T. Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with a mannan oligosaccharide. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2001,1(12):1186-1192
95. Pryor G S, Royes B, Chapman F A. Mannanoligosaccharides in fish nutrition:effect of dietary supplementation on growth and gastrointestinal villi structure in gulf of Mexico sturgeon. North American journal of aquaculture,2003,65:106-111
96. Rivero-Urgell M, Santamaria-Orleans A. Oligosaccharides:Application in infant food. Early Human Development,2001,65:S43-S52
97. Roberfroid M, Slavin J. Nondigestible oligosaccharides. Critical Reviews in food science and nutrition,2000,40:461-480
98. Savage T F, Cotter P F, Zakrzewska E I. The effect of feeding a mannanoligosaccharide on immunoglobulins, Plasma IgA and bile IgA of wrolstad MW male turkeys. Poulty Science,1996a, 75 (1):143
99. Savage T F, Cotter P F, Zakrzewska E I. The effect of feeding a mannanoligosaccharide on immunoglobulins, Plasma IgG and bile IgA of wrolstad MW male turkeys. Poulty Science,1996b, 75 (1):129
100. Simon M S. Mannanoligosaccharides in poultry nutrition mechanism and benefits. In: Biotechnology in the feed industry professional Alltecs 17th annal symposium. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press,2001,65-77
101. Solange I, M., Ismael M M. Non-digestible oligosaccharides:A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2007,68:587-597
102. Spring P, Privulescu M. Mannanoligosaccharide:its logical role as a natural feed additive for piglet. In:Lyons, T P, and Jacques K A. Alltech's 14th Annual Biotechnology in the feed industry symposium. Symposium proceedings summaries. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, 1998:72-73
103. Spring P, Wenk C, Dawson K A. The effects of dietary mannanoligosaccharides on cecal parameters and the concentrations of enteric bacteria in the ceca of salmonella challenged broiler chicks. Poultry Science,2000,79:205-211
104. Staykov Y, Spring P, Denev S, Sweetman J. Effect of mannan oligosaccharide on the growth performance and immune status of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture International.2007,15:153-161
105. Tanaka R, Takayama H, Morotomi M. Effects of administration of TOS and Bifidobacteria breve 4006 on the human faecal flora. Bifidobacteria and Microflora,1983 (2):17-24
106. Xu B H, Wang Y B, Li J R. Effect of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of allogynogenetic crucian crap (Carassius auratus gibelio). Fish physiology and biochemistry,2009,35:351-357
107. Yasui H, Ohwaki M. Enhancement of immune response in Peyer's patches cells cultured with Bifidobacterium breve. Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74:1187-1195
108. Yoshida T, Kruger R, Inglis V. Augmentation of non-specific protection of African catfish, Claries gariepinus (Burch), by the long-term oral administration of immunostimulants. Journal of Fish Diseases,1995,18:195-198
109. Chung Y C, Hsu C K, Ko C Y, Chan Y C. Dietary intake of xyooligosaccharides improves the intestinal microbiota fecal moisture,and pH value in the elderly. Nutrition Research,2007,27; 756-761
110. Saeed Z N, Mehran H R, Ghobad A T. The effect of Bacillus spp. Bacteria used as probiotics on digestive enzyme acitivity, survival and growth in the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaues indicus. Aquaculture,2005(5):1-9
2.陈晓耘.饥饿对南方鲶幼鱼血液的影响.西南农业大学学报,2000,22(2)：167-169
3.宾石玉,周安国,程培安.寡糖对动物免疫功能的作用.中国兽医学报,2006,26(3)：344-346
4.陈永军,王权,钱应娟,张惠英.甘露寡糖对肉用和蛋用雏鸡免疫器官生长发育的影响.上海畜牧兽医通讯,2002,4：18
5.陈黎,杨艳燕,闫达中.魔芋低聚糖降脂作用的初步研究.中国生化药物杂志,2002,23(4)：181-182
6.蔡雪峰,罗琳,战文斌,曹海宁,高鹏.壳寡糖对虹鳟幼鱼肠道菌群影响的研究.中国海洋大学学报,2006,36(4)：606-610
7.丁贤,林黑着,李卓佳,陈永青.植物提取物对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶及免疫因子的影响研究.热带海洋学报,2008,27(5)：66-72
8.董滢.寡糖的生物学功能及其在畜牧业中的应用.动物营养,2008,5：16-18
9.杜英男,鞠贵春,薛军,孙宝平.果寡糖和甘露寡糖对水貂肠道菌群影响的研究.经济动物学报,2007,11(2)：83-86
10.高启禹.甘露寡糖对大鼠肠道微生态影响的研究.[硕士学位论文].兰州：甘肃农业大学,2005
11.方允中,李文杰.自由基与酶.北京：科学出版社,1994：67-69
12.顾瑞霞,谢继志.乳酸菌与人体保健.北京：科学出版社,1995
13.何键,曾凡坤.饲料中半乳寡糖的益生及抗营养作用.锦阳经济技术高等专科学校学报.,1998,15(2)：30-34
14.何世山,金小军.高温对肉鸡血液生化指标的影响.浙江大学学报,2003,29(3)：311-314
15.胡彩虹,王友明.果寡糖对肥育猪生长及肠道菌群的影响.无锡轻工大学学报,2001,20(6)：568-572
16.胡志鹏.壳寡糖的研究进展.中国生化药物杂志,2003,20(4)：210-212
17.金丽琴,吕建新,袁谦,金晶,陈秀芳.蝉拟青霉对大鼠免疫功能和血液生化指标的影响.温州医学院学报,2001,31(6)：344-346
18.李广,付明哲,刘璐.α-甘露低聚糖对雏鸡免疫器官发育的影响.甘肃农业大学学报,2001,12(4)：383-387
19.李静姬,李国江.糖萜素对雏鸡生长性能和免疫器官的影响.中国畜牧兽医,2005,32(1)：20-22
20.李清,肖调义,毛华明.生物活性肽对鲤鱼血液生理生化指标的影响.长江大学学报,2005,2(5)：27-29
21.李云兰.甘露寡糖对幼建鲤(Cyprinus carpio Var. Jian)肠道菌群和免疫功能的影响.[硕士学位论文].雅安：四川农业大学：2004
22.林浩然.鱼类生理学.广东高等教育出版社,1999
23.罗克.动物免疫器官、免疫细胞与免疫分子.福建畜牧兽医,2005,27(1)：59-68
24.刘爱君,冷向军,李小勤,汪立平,万虎.甘露寡糖对奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis X O.aureus)生长、肠道结构和非特异性免疫的影响.浙江大学学报,2009,35(3)：329-336
25.刘波,谢骏,刘文斌.地衣芽孢杆菌与低聚木糖对异育银鲫消化酶活性、肠道菌群及生长的影响.大连水产学院学报,2006,21(4)：336-340
26.刘光斌,刘兵,张雪峰,瞿明仁,高民,张爱忠,卢德勋.不同水平大豆寡糖(SBOS)对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响.江西农业大学学报,2007,29(6)：871-875
27.刘红.魔芋葡甘聚糖对肥胖及糖尿病小鼠的治疗作用.营养学报,2002,24(4)：437-438
28.刘景龙.地黄寡糖降血糖机制研究.[硕士学位论文].兰州：兰州大学,2009
29.刘树青,江晓路,牟海津.免疫多糖对中国对虾血清溶菌酶、磷酸酶和过氧化物酶的作用.海洋与湖沼,1999,30(3)：378-382
30.聂国兴,明红,郑俊林,宋东蓥.木聚糖酶对尼罗罗非鱼血液生理生化指标的影响.大连水产学院学报,2007,22(5)：361-365
31.盛清凯,姚慧源.低聚糖对肠道菌群的调节机理.动物科学与动物医学,2002,19(2)：35-38
32.邵良平,周伦江,李国平.不同剂量甘露寡糖对鸡细胞免疫和肠道微生态的影响.福建农业大学学报,1999,28(1)：86-89
33.邵良平,周伦江,费政芳.甘露寡糖对仔猪免疫功能和血液抗氧化酶的影响.营养学报,2000(1)：82-84
34.沈文英,寿建昕,金叶飞,祝尧荣,钱伟平.银鲫消化酶的研究.上海水产大学学报,2002,11(3)：193-198
35.孙红梅.饥饿对黄颡鱼血液指标及免疫机能的影响.[硕士学位论文].长春：吉林农业大学动物科技学院,2004
36.唐凌,邝声耀,冯琳.甘露寡糖对水生动物肠道菌群和免疫功能的影响.中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(6)：21-25
37.王红宁,何明清.鲤肠道正常菌群的研究.水生生物学报,1994,18(4)：354-359.
38.王权,陈永军,钱应娟.甘露寡糖对鸡外周血液淋巴细胞免疫功能的影响.中国兽医科技,2002(1)：28-29
39.王文果.魔芋低聚糖营养及应用的研究进展.食品与药品,2006,8(8)：12-14
40.王晓霞,易中华,计成.果寡糖和枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡肠道菌群数量、发酵粪中氨气和硫化氢散发量及营养素利用率的影响.畜牧兽医学报,2006,37(4)：337-341
41.王艳.果寡糖对银鲫非特异性免疫功能及消化酶活性的影响.[硕士学位论文].武汉：华中农业大学,2008
42.王筱兰,欧阳二明,欧阳涟.半乳甘露寡糖对小白鼠食物转化率及钙吸收的影响.南昌大学学报,2004,26(4)：46-48
43.尾崎久雄.鱼类消化生理.上海科学技术出版社,1983
44.武书庚,齐广海.甘露寡糖可取代抗生素.国外畜牧科技,2000, (1)：19-20
45.吴媛媛.木寡糖在肉鸡日粮中的应用效果.[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2006
46.肖明松,王志耕,孙玉军.饲料中添加果寡糖和糖萜素对中华鳖消化酶活力的影响.中国畜牧兽医,2004,31(2)：10-13
47.熊峰.大豆低聚糖和纳豆芽孢杆菌制剂及其组合对肉鸡生长性能、肠道消化酶及菌群平衡的影响.[硕士学位论文].乌鲁木齐：新疆农业大学,2008
48.熊沈学.饲料中添加低聚木糖对异育银鲫增重率、消化酶活性及免疫性能的影响.[硕士学位论文].南京：南京农业大学,2005
49.徐革锋,李永发,贾钟贺.虹鳟、银鲑及其杂交种血液指标的比较研究.大连水产学院学报,2006,21(3)：212-218
50.严文恒.果寡糖与土霉素在育肥猪生产上的比较试验.[硕士学位论文].延吉：延边大学,2007
51.杨海英,杨在宾,杨维仁,李兆勇.益生素和低聚木糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、消化酶活性、血液指标和肠道微生物的影响.中国兽医学报,2009,29(7)：914-919
52.杨曙明.寡糖在动物营养中的进展.动物营养学报,1999,11(1)：1-9
53.杨先乐.鱼类免疫学研究的进展.水产学报,1989,13(3)：271-284
54.杨艳燕,高尚.魔芋低聚糖对小鼠实验性高脂血症防治作用的研究.湖北大学学报,1999,21(4)：386-388
55.杨艳燕,李小明.魔芋低聚糖对小鼠血糖含量和抗氧化能力的影响.中草药,2001,02：142-144
56.岳文斌,车向荣,臧建军.甘露寡糖对断奶仔猪肠道主要菌群和免疫机能的影响.山西农业大学学报,2002,22(2)：97-10
57.袁秉祥,苏艳芳.魔芋甘露聚糖对营养性肥胖大鼠的作用.西北药学杂志,1998,13(4)160-161
58.张丽.壳寡糖的制备及对动物营养功能的研究进展.山东畜牧兽医.2004,6：43-44
59.张红梅.甘露寡聚糖对鲤鱼生长性能及对鱼体各项指标的影响.[硕士学位论文].保定：河北农业大学：2003
60.张名涛,顾宪红,杨琳.原位杂交中具有特异性16sRNA靶定的寡核苷酸探针方法在粪便微生物的定性和定量的研究进展.家畜生态学报,2002,23(4)：37-41
61.张伟芳.异麦芽寡糖对肉仔鸡作用的研究.[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2002
62.张雪峰.外源寡糖在绵羊消化道内的降解、转化、利用和流通规律及其对瘤胃微生物区系、免疫和营养物质消化影响的研究.[博士学位论文].呼和浩特：内蒙古农业大学,2007
63.张迎庆,干信,邹群.魔芋葡甘低聚糖硫酸酯化衍生物的制备及结构分析.药物生物技术,2001,8(4)：200-203
64.赵爱农,罗红.魔芋葡甘聚糖降血糖作用的实验研究.中华实用中西医杂志,2005,18(13)：241-242
65.周映华.甘露寡糖对肉鸡生长性能、肠道微生物及免疫机能影响的研究.[硕士学位论文].长沙：湖南农业大学,2002
66. Alexander J B, Ingram G A. Noncellular nonspecific defence mechanisms of fish. Annual Review of Fish Diseases,1992,38 (2):477-481
67. Andersen F, Lygren B, Maage A. Interaction between two dietary level s of iron and two forms of ascorbic acid and the effect on growth, antioxidant status and some non-specific immune parameters in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Aquaculture,1998,161:437-451
68. Das K M, Tripathi S D. Studies on the digestive enzymes of Ctenopharyngodon idellus Val. Aquaculture,1991,92(1):21-30
69. Davis M E, Maxwel C V, Brown D C, Rodas B Z. Effect of dietary mannanoligosaccharides and (or) Pharmacological addition of copper sulfate on growth Performance and immunocompetence of weanling and growing/finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,2002,80:2887-2894
70. Desmet V J, Gerber M, Hoofnagle J H. Classification of chronic hepatitis:diagnosis, grading and staging. Hepatology,1994,19:1513-1520
71. Elliot J B, Tajalli K, Christopher B.The influence of small oligosaccharides on immune system. Carbohydrate Research,2004,339:1673-1678
72. Erickson K L, Mcneill C J, Gershwin M E. Influence of dietary fat concent ration and saturation on immune ontogeny in mice. Journal of Nutrition,1980,110:1555-1572
73. Fernandez F, Hinton M, VanGils B. Dietary mannan-oligosaccharides and their effect on chicken caecal microflora in relation to Salmonella enteritidis colonization. Avian Pathology,2002,31: 49-58
74. Fukata T, Sasai K, Miyamoto T. Inhabitory effects of competitive exclusion and fructooligosaccharide, singly and in combination, on Salmonella colonization of chicks. Journal Food Protect,1999,62:229-233
75. Genciana T, Andrea F, Simona R, Fabio B, Micaela A, Marco S. Bio-Mos:An effective inducer of dicentracin gene expression in European sea bass. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B,2009,153:372-377
76. Gibson G R, Roberfroid M B. Dietary modulation of the colonic microbiota:Introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition,1995,125:1401-1412
77. Guedes C M, Mourao J L, Silva S R, Gomes M J. Effects of age and mannanoligosaccharides supplementation on production of volatile fatty acids in the caecum of rabbits. Animal feed science and technology,2008,10 (4):1-7
78. Guigoz Y,Rochat F, Perruisseau-Carrier G,Rochat I, Schiffrin E J. Effects of oligosaccharide on the faecal flora and non-specific immune system in elderly people. Nutrition Research,2002,22: 13-25
79. Hashimoto T, Ohno N, Yadomae T. Subgrouping immunomodulating β-glucans by monitoring IFN-γ and NO syntheses. Drug Development Research,1997,42 (1):35-40
80. Hidaka H, Eida T, Takizawa T. Effect s of oligosaccharides on intestinal flora and human health. Bifidobacteria and Microflora,1986 (5):37-50
81. Hooper LV, Wong M H, Thelin A. Molecular analysis of commenzal host microbial relationships in the intestine. Science,2001,291:881-884
82. Hsu C K, Liao J W, Chung Y C, Hsieh C P, Chan Y C. Xylooligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides affect the intestinal microbiota and precancerous colonic lesion development in rats. Journal of Nutrition,2004,134; 1523-1528
83. Jurgen Z, Bettina M, Tanja P. Intestinal effects of mannanoligosaccharides, trasgalactooligosacc-harides, lactose and lactulose in dogs. Journal of Nutrition,2002,132:1682s-1684s
84. Juskiewizc J, Zdunczyk Z, Jankowski J. Effect of adding mannan-oligosaccharide to the diet on the performance,weight of digestive tract segements,and cecal digesta parameters in young turkeys. Journal animal feed science,2003,12:133-142
85. Kumprecht I, Zobac P, Siske V. Effect of dietary mannanoligosaccharides level on live weight and efficiency of broilers. Poultry Science,1997,76:132
86. Lee S M, Lee J H. Effect of dietary essential fatty acids on growth,body composition and blood chemistry of juvenile starry flounder(Platichthys stellatus). Aquaculture,2003,225:269-281
87. Lermen C L, Lappe R, Crestanim. Effect of different temperature regimes on metabolic and blood parameters of sliver catfish Rhamdia quelen. Aquaculture,2004,239:497-507
88. Manning M J, Grace M F, Secombes C J. Ontogenetic aspects of tolerance and immunity in carp and rainbow trout:studies on the role of the thymus. Developmental and Comparative Immunology,1982 (2):75-82
89. Maria B, Elzbieta B. Effect of non-digestible oligosaccharides on gut microecosystem in rats. Food Research International,2002,35:139-144
90. Martine S A, Joseph G, Hautrast A J. Fate of fructooligosacchatides in human intestine. The British Journal of Nutrition,1996,76:211-222
91. Maxwell C, Friesen F, Kegley E B, Davis E. Effect of Bio-Mos addition with and without Zinc oxide supplementation on performance and immuno-competence in weaning pigs. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA. Report of Alltech Incorporation,2000
92. Neish A S, Gewirtz A T, Zeng H. Prokaryotic regulation of epithelial responses by inhibition of I kappa B-alpha ubiquitination. Science,2000,289:1560-1563
93. Ofek I, Mirelman D, Sharon N. Adherence of Escherichiacoli to human mucosal cells mediated by mannose receptors. Nature (London),1977,265:623-625
94. Paul A I, Ali A S, David R T. Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with a mannan oligosaccharide. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2001,1(12):1186-1192
95. Pryor G S, Royes B, Chapman F A. Mannanoligosaccharides in fish nutrition:effect of dietary supplementation on growth and gastrointestinal villi structure in gulf of Mexico sturgeon. North American journal of aquaculture,2003,65:106-111
96. Rivero-Urgell M, Santamaria-Orleans A. Oligosaccharides:Application in infant food. Early Human Development,2001,65:S43-S52
97. Roberfroid M, Slavin J. Nondigestible oligosaccharides. Critical Reviews in food science and nutrition,2000,40:461-480
98. Savage T F, Cotter P F, Zakrzewska E I. The effect of feeding a mannanoligosaccharide on immunoglobulins, Plasma IgA and bile IgA of wrolstad MW male turkeys. Poulty Science,1996a, 75 (1):143
99. Savage T F, Cotter P F, Zakrzewska E I. The effect of feeding a mannanoligosaccharide on immunoglobulins, Plasma IgG and bile IgA of wrolstad MW male turkeys. Poulty Science,1996b, 75 (1):129
100. Simon M S. Mannanoligosaccharides in poultry nutrition mechanism and benefits. In: Biotechnology in the feed industry professional Alltecs 17th annal symposium. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press,2001,65-77
101. Solange I, M., Ismael M M. Non-digestible oligosaccharides:A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2007,68:587-597
102. Spring P, Privulescu M. Mannanoligosaccharide:its logical role as a natural feed additive for piglet. In:Lyons, T P, and Jacques K A. Alltech's 14th Annual Biotechnology in the feed industry symposium. Symposium proceedings summaries. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, 1998:72-73
103. Spring P, Wenk C, Dawson K A. The effects of dietary mannanoligosaccharides on cecal parameters and the concentrations of enteric bacteria in the ceca of salmonella challenged broiler chicks. Poultry Science,2000,79:205-211
104. Staykov Y, Spring P, Denev S, Sweetman J. Effect of mannan oligosaccharide on the growth performance and immune status of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture International.2007,15:153-161
105. Tanaka R, Takayama H, Morotomi M. Effects of administration of TOS and Bifidobacteria breve 4006 on the human faecal flora. Bifidobacteria and Microflora,1983 (2):17-24
106. Xu B H, Wang Y B, Li J R. Effect of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of allogynogenetic crucian crap (Carassius auratus gibelio). Fish physiology and biochemistry,2009,35:351-357
107. Yasui H, Ohwaki M. Enhancement of immune response in Peyer's patches cells cultured with Bifidobacterium breve. Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74:1187-1195
108. Yoshida T, Kruger R, Inglis V. Augmentation of non-specific protection of African catfish, Claries gariepinus (Burch), by the long-term oral administration of immunostimulants. Journal of Fish Diseases,1995,18:195-198
109. Chung Y C, Hsu C K, Ko C Y, Chan Y C. Dietary intake of xyooligosaccharides improves the intestinal microbiota fecal moisture,and pH value in the elderly. Nutrition Research,2007,27; 756-761
110. Saeed Z N, Mehran H R, Ghobad A T. The effect of Bacillus spp. Bacteria used as probiotics on digestive enzyme acitivity, survival and growth in the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaues indicus. Aquaculture,2005(5):1-9