粘土矿物对细菌吸附研究方法的建立及其影响因素的研究
摘要
微生物-矿物的相互作用是地球上广泛存在的一种相互作用。对环境中营养元素和污染物质的转化等具有重要的影响；土壤矿物是土壤的骨架，粘土矿物是土壤中最具活性的颗粒，细菌作为土壤中种类最多、数量最大的一类微生物，它与粘土矿物的相互作用对土壤物理、化学以及生物学过程都具有极其重要的影响。为此，本文以土壤中的主要粘土矿物(高岭石、蒙脱石、针铁矿)和土壤中最常见的细菌(芽孢杆菌、假单孢菌)为材料，建立了细菌在三种粘土矿物表面吸附的测定方法；同时研究了影响粘土矿物对细菌吸附的因素，取得的主要结果如下：
1．采用三种蛋白质测定方法对细菌悬液中细菌细胞的蛋白质量进行了测定。结果表明：不管采用那种蛋白质测定方法测定，细菌悬液中细菌细胞的蛋白质量与细菌细胞数量呈极显著正相关(r_(Lowry)=0.9914~(**)；r_(Bradford)=0.9719~(**)；r_(Ninhydrin)=0.9553~(**))。因此，细菌细胞的数量可以用细菌细胞的蛋白质量来表征。
2．Nycodenz分离液可以有效的分离被矿物吸附的细菌细胞与未被矿物吸附的游离态细菌细胞。但Nycodenz分离液对三种蛋白质测定方法测定细菌细胞蛋白质量的结果均有干扰，而对考马斯亮蓝法的影响最小。因此，在研究粘土矿物与细菌的相互作用时，测定细菌细
Interaction between microorganisms and soil minerals widely exists in the earth, which plays a great role in transmutation of nutrient element and organic pollutants in environment including water, soil and gas environment. Soil mineral plays a great role in soil, clay mineral are a active particles. Bacteria are most number in microorganisms. Interaction between microorganisms and clay minerals play a large role in soil physics, chemistry and biology. In the present paper, we selected clay minerals including kaolinite, smectite, and goethite and bacteria including Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas putida as the material to establish the method for study the interaction between bacteria and clay minerals and to study the effects of ambient factors on interaction between bacteria and clay minerals. The main results are as follows:
1. Three methods for determining of concentration of proteins were used to determine the concentration of proteins in solution containing bacteria. As a result: Relationships between the concentration of proteins and the number of bacteria were established, which showed the relationship between the concentration of proteins and the number of bacteria was linear. Therefore, the number of bacteria in solution was used to replace by the concentration of proteins.
1．采用三种蛋白质测定方法对细菌悬液中细菌细胞的蛋白质量进行了测定。结果表明：不管采用那种蛋白质测定方法测定，细菌悬液中细菌细胞的蛋白质量与细菌细胞数量呈极显著正相关(r_(Lowry)=0.9914~(**)；r_(Bradford)=0.9719~(**)；r_(Ninhydrin)=0.9553~(**))。因此，细菌细胞的数量可以用细菌细胞的蛋白质量来表征。
2．Nycodenz分离液可以有效的分离被矿物吸附的细菌细胞与未被矿物吸附的游离态细菌细胞。但Nycodenz分离液对三种蛋白质测定方法测定细菌细胞蛋白质量的结果均有干扰，而对考马斯亮蓝法的影响最小。因此，在研究粘土矿物与细菌的相互作用时，测定细菌细
Interaction between microorganisms and soil minerals widely exists in the earth, which plays a great role in transmutation of nutrient element and organic pollutants in environment including water, soil and gas environment. Soil mineral plays a great role in soil, clay mineral are a active particles. Bacteria are most number in microorganisms. Interaction between microorganisms and clay minerals play a large role in soil physics, chemistry and biology. In the present paper, we selected clay minerals including kaolinite, smectite, and goethite and bacteria including Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas putida as the material to establish the method for study the interaction between bacteria and clay minerals and to study the effects of ambient factors on interaction between bacteria and clay minerals. The main results are as follows:
1. Three methods for determining of concentration of proteins were used to determine the concentration of proteins in solution containing bacteria. As a result: Relationships between the concentration of proteins and the number of bacteria were established, which showed the relationship between the concentration of proteins and the number of bacteria was linear. Therefore, the number of bacteria in solution was used to replace by the concentration of proteins.
引文
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2 唐志燕，龚国淑，刘萍，等．成都市郊区土壤芽孢杆菌的初步研究[J]．西南农业大学学报，2005，27(2)：188～192
3 Doran J.W., Coleman D.C., Stewart B.A.. Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment[M]. Soil Science Society of America, Inc., American Society of gronomy, Inc.Madison,Wisconsin,USA, 1994,137～156
4 Abbott L.K., Murphy D.V.. Soil Biological Fertility[M]. Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003,59～110
5 张建梅，杨凤华，陆丽华．微生物在环境污染治理中的应用[J]．通化师范学院学报，2004，25(8)：44～47
6 刘月英，傅锦坤，李仁忠，等．细菌吸附pb~(2+)的研究[J]．微生物学报，2000，40(5)：535～539
7 Kurek E., Francis A.J.. Immobilization of cadmium by microbial Estracelluar products [J]. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol,1991,20: 106～111
8 李清彪，吴涓，杨宏泵．白腐真菌菌丝球形成的物化条件及对锚的吸附[J]．环境科学，1999，20(1)：33～38
9 严国安，谭智群．藻类进化污水的研究及进展[J]．环境科学进展，1995，3(13)：45～53
10 沈德中．污染环境的生物修复[M]．化学工业出版社，2002．3月第1版：55
11 李桂花，李保国．大肠杆菌在饱和砂土中的运移及其模拟[J]．土壤学报，2003，40(5)：783～786
12 Huang P M，1987．赵红挺译．矿物学研究对土壤科学和环境科学的推动作用[J]．土壤学进展，1991，19(5)：24～28
13 陈文新，胡正嘉．土壤和环境微生物学[M]．北京农业大学出版社，1996，23～24
19 李宪臻．放线菌降解纤维素机理的研究[J]．见：国家自然科学基金资助生命科 学项目摘要汇编：微生物科学学科，1997，57～61
15 黄建国．外生菌根活化土壤无效钾的研究[J]．见：国家自然科学基金资助生命科学项目摘要汇编：微生物学学科，1997，48～52
16 裘荣庆．微生物冶金的研究和应用现状[J]．微生物学通报，1995，(5)：237～45
17 郑士民编．自氧微生物[M]．北京：科学出版社，1983，159～184
18 王恩德．环境资源中的微生物技术[M]．北京：冶金工业出版社，1997，134～165
19 钟惠芳．微生物脱除煤炭中有机硫的研究[J]．见：国家自然科学基金资助生命科学项目摘要汇编：微生物学学科，1994，49～51
20 李福德．微生物净化回收核工业废水中钚-239的研究[J]．见：国家自然科学基金资助生命科学项目摘要汇编：微生物学学科，1994，23～28
21 李世普，阎玉华．β-TCP陶瓷的降解机理和代谢途径研究[J]．中国科学基金，1999，13(2)：99～100
22 吴涓，李清彪，邓旭，等．白腐真菌吸附铅的研究[J]．微生物学报，1998，39(1)：87～90
23 赵毓梅，赵五红，李秋营，等．大气总悬浮颗粒物的肺毒性及抗毒性试验研究[J]．环境与健康，1998，(1)：1～4
24 Huang Q.Y., Wu J.M., Chen W.L., etal. Adsorption of Cadmium by soil colloids and minerals in presence of Rhizobia pedosphere[J]. 2000, 10 (4) :299～307
25 连宾．硅酸盐细菌GY92对伊利石的释钾作用[J]．矿物学报，1998，18(2)：234～238
26 佚名，黄开飞，译．铝土矿的生物选矿-用多粘杆菌除钙和铁[J]．国外选矿快报，1997，22(280)：5～8
27 张捷，李升峰，周淆，等．细菌、真菌对作用的影响研究及其意义[J]．中国岩溶，1997，16(4)：362～369
28 Henry L.E.. Geomicrbiology[M]. Marcela Decker, Inc. New york, 1981, 1～3
29 Devouard B., Posfei M., Hua X., etal. Magnetite from magnetotactic bacteria:size distributions and twinning[J]. Am. Miner, 1998, 83 (12) : 1387～1398
30 Fortin D., Ferris E.G., Scott S.D.. Formation of Fe-silicatess and Fe-oxides on bacterial surfaces in samples collected near hydrothermal vents on the southern Explorer Ridge in the northeat pacific Ocean[J]. Am.Miner,1998, 83 (12) : 1399～1408
31 Barker W.W., Welch S.A., Chu S., etal. Experimental observation of the effects of bacteria on aluminosillicate weathering[J].Am.Miner, 1998, 83 (12) :1551～1564
32 Baughman G.L., Paris D.F.. Microbial bioconcentration of organic pollutants from aquatic systems-critical review[J].Crit. Rev.Microbiol, 1981, 8: 205～228
33 Tormn A.E.. Advances in biochemical engineering[J]. Biochemical Engineering Symposium proceedings,1997, 32 (6) : 1～37
34 Beveridge T.J.. Interaction concentration and mineralization of environmental metal irons by bacterial surface[J]. Abstracts of 17th IMA,IMA Logo,1998: A45
35 Sherriff B.L., Brown D.A.. Iron mineral reactions mediated by environmental bacterial consortium[J]. Abstracts of 17th IMA,IMA Logo,1998: A45
36 Vali H.. Biomineralization by the smallest know nano-organisms in blood: implications for pathogenic disease. Abstracts of 17th IMA,IMA Logo,1998 :A45
37 Hara K.. Effect of fluoride on human salivary amylase activity[J]. Fluorride, 1995, 28 (2) :71～74
38 Berkeley C.W., Lynch J.M., MeIling J., etal. Microbial adhesion to Surfaces [M]. Ellis Horwood,1980. Chapt2～5
39 Ward J.B.. The microbial cell surface and adhesion in microbial adhesion to surface[M]. New York,Academic Press, 1980, 47～66
40 Marshall K.C.. Bacterial adhesion in natural environments in microbial adhesion to surface[M]. New York,Aoademic press,1980, 89～110
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