光电式陀螺静平衡测试仪设计
|
摘要
陀螺转子是惯性导航系统中的关键部件,转子的好坏直接影响整个系统的工作性能。在众多影响因素中,陀螺转子的静不平衡量不仅会引起振动、降低工作性能,同时也会加速旋转零件的磨损,缩短工作寿命。随着我国航天事业的发展,对陀螺的寿命、精度和可靠性要求也越来越高,迫切需要一种高精度的陀螺转子静不平衡量测试方法,测量出不平衡力矩的大小和方向,根据平衡机测出的数据对转子的不平衡量进行校正,以改善转子相对于轴线的质量分布,使转子旋转时产生的振动或作用于轴承上的振动力减少到允许的范围之内。因此,静平衡测试仪在航天领域中有着至关重要的作用。
在介绍和分析现有的静平衡测试方法之后,决定采用精密机械感应机构与光电测量相结合的方式来测量,兼顾机械感应机构灵敏度高和光电测量精度高的特点。其中,机械结构以刀口支承为基础,光电部分采用光电式准直光管来实现。
在机械感应部分,本文详细介绍托架体组件、起升部组件、底座部组件的功能特点及设计要求。在保证测量功能的同时,设计出粗细双刀口结合测量的方式,并增加缓冲阻尼结构,以减少刀口的磨损,另外,机械灵敏度也可根据需要进行调节。
光电测量部分采用光电准直光管来实现,在了解自准直仪工作原理的基础上,本文对影响自准直测量精度的成像器件、光源和分划板,分别进行比较选择,确定合适的类型。
最后,本文详细地说明仪器的装调规范和使用注意事项,通过对整体仪器的误差分析,验证设计满足要求。
The gyroscope is a key component in navigation system, rotor's quality affect directly on the whole system's operating performance. In the numerous influencing factors, gyro rotor's static imbalance can not only cause vibration, reduce the operating performance, but also accelerate the gyral parts' abrasion and shorten the working lifespan. With the development of spaceflight technology in our country, the request of rotor's lifespan, precision and reliability is getting higher and higher, we exigently need a method with high precision to measure gyroscope's static imbalance, including magnitude and direction, according that carry on the adjustment to the rotor to improve the quality distribution relative to its center axes, and then the vibration which caused by rotor's circumrotating and the force which act on bearing will be reduced to the permission range. Therefore, the testing instrument for static balance has an extremely important function in astronautics.
After introducing and analyzing the ever exist methods of static balance measurement, we decide to use precise machinery combined with photoelectric measurement to accomplish the measure task, which have both the machinary's high sensitivity and photoelectric measurement’s high precision. Thereinto, the mechanism is based on knife edge supporting structure, and the photoelectric part uses the autocollimator to accomplish the task.
In the part of machinery, this paper has a detailed introduction about frame part, raising part and pedestal part, including their function, characteristics and the design requirements, while guaranteed the measure function, we figured out to use a pair of knives with thick edge and a pair of knives with thin edge together, and add damping structure to reduce knives' abrasion, besides, the mechanical sensitivity can also be adjusted according to need.
Photoelectric measurement part uses collimator to realize, after understanding the collimator work principle, this article separately compared some types of several components which will influence the measuring accuracy, including imaging device, light source and division board, finally determined the appropriate type.
In the end, this article has a detailed description of criterion for the equipment assembly and adjustment and matters need attention, through the error analysis of the whole instruments, confirmed that the design satisfied the request.
在介绍和分析现有的静平衡测试方法之后,决定采用精密机械感应机构与光电测量相结合的方式来测量,兼顾机械感应机构灵敏度高和光电测量精度高的特点。其中,机械结构以刀口支承为基础,光电部分采用光电式准直光管来实现。
在机械感应部分,本文详细介绍托架体组件、起升部组件、底座部组件的功能特点及设计要求。在保证测量功能的同时,设计出粗细双刀口结合测量的方式,并增加缓冲阻尼结构,以减少刀口的磨损,另外,机械灵敏度也可根据需要进行调节。
光电测量部分采用光电准直光管来实现,在了解自准直仪工作原理的基础上,本文对影响自准直测量精度的成像器件、光源和分划板,分别进行比较选择,确定合适的类型。
最后,本文详细地说明仪器的装调规范和使用注意事项,通过对整体仪器的误差分析,验证设计满足要求。
The gyroscope is a key component in navigation system, rotor's quality affect directly on the whole system's operating performance. In the numerous influencing factors, gyro rotor's static imbalance can not only cause vibration, reduce the operating performance, but also accelerate the gyral parts' abrasion and shorten the working lifespan. With the development of spaceflight technology in our country, the request of rotor's lifespan, precision and reliability is getting higher and higher, we exigently need a method with high precision to measure gyroscope's static imbalance, including magnitude and direction, according that carry on the adjustment to the rotor to improve the quality distribution relative to its center axes, and then the vibration which caused by rotor's circumrotating and the force which act on bearing will be reduced to the permission range. Therefore, the testing instrument for static balance has an extremely important function in astronautics.
After introducing and analyzing the ever exist methods of static balance measurement, we decide to use precise machinery combined with photoelectric measurement to accomplish the measure task, which have both the machinary's high sensitivity and photoelectric measurement’s high precision. Thereinto, the mechanism is based on knife edge supporting structure, and the photoelectric part uses the autocollimator to accomplish the task.
In the part of machinery, this paper has a detailed introduction about frame part, raising part and pedestal part, including their function, characteristics and the design requirements, while guaranteed the measure function, we figured out to use a pair of knives with thick edge and a pair of knives with thin edge together, and add damping structure to reduce knives' abrasion, besides, the mechanical sensitivity can also be adjusted according to need.
Photoelectric measurement part uses collimator to realize, after understanding the collimator work principle, this article separately compared some types of several components which will influence the measuring accuracy, including imaging device, light source and division board, finally determined the appropriate type.
In the end, this article has a detailed description of criterion for the equipment assembly and adjustment and matters need attention, through the error analysis of the whole instruments, confirmed that the design satisfied the request.
引文
1 (日)明石和彦等著.金荣民等译.动平衡试验.吉林人民出版,1980:8-9
2李丙乐,王厚生.陀螺转子的称重静平衡实验研究.工程设计学报.2006,13(5):332-335
3 (美)Earl L. Schnoebelen, Rock Island.动态和静态平衡机.美国国家专利1940序号335167:3-8
4王汉英,张再实,徐锡林.转子平衡技术与平衡机.机械工业出版社,1988
5孙延添.刚性转子现场动平衡理论分析与实验研究.清华大学硕士学位论文.2005:3-8
6苏力.光电自准直小角度测量系统设计.西安理工大学硕士学位论文.2007:2-5
7张善锺主编.精密仪器结构设计手册.机械工业出版社,1993
8刘勇.双线阵CCD光电自准直系统的研究.西安理工大学硕士学位论文.2005:10-12
9王雯倩,刘国栋,浦昭邦,陈世哲.利用面阵CCD测量小角度的研究.半导体光电.2004,25(2):134-136
10国家计量总局教育处教材编写组编著.质量计量基础.技术标准出版社,1982:67-68
11李栋.陀螺转子动平衡机的研制.合肥工业大学硕士学位论文.2006:6-14
12 (日)三轮修三,下村玄.旋转机械的平衡.机械工业出版社,1998:5-6
13李鸿儒.天平式轴向质心仪.气象水文海洋仪器.2003:46-47
14张琳.天平式静平衡机的数学建模.弹箭与制导学报.2006,27(2):265-267
15张琳,杨涛,王佳民.半液浮陀螺浮子的静平衡方法研究.弹箭与制导学报.2006,27(3):74-76
16曾肃伟,李国锋.基于光电自准直仪的直线运动误差测量与分析.机械研究与应用.2006,19(4):48-49
17苏力.光电自准直小角度测量系统设计.西安理工大学硕士学位论文.2007:3-5
18刘勇.双线阵CCD光电自准直系统的研究.西安理工大学硕士学位论文.2005:7-8
19张继友,范天全,曹学东.光电自准直仪研究现状与展望.计量技术.2004,7:27-29
20王建林,朱明武,崔秀华.一种新颖单线阵CCD双坐标自准直仪.仪器仪表学报.2002,21(3):229-232
21苏波,王继龙,王云才.线阵CCD驱动电路的研究.山西师范大学学报(自然科学版)16(1),2002.3:13-18
22 P.Seitz. Optical super-resolution using solid-state camera and digital signal processing [J]. Optical Engineering. 1987,27(7):23-25
23 Ge Zhaoxiang, Li Xiangning. Two-dimension real-time photoelectric autocollimator with double high sensitivity. SPIE. 1999,3898
24 Ge Zongtao, Takeda Mitsuo. A high precision 2-D angle measurement interferometer. SPIE. 2002,4778
25 Jean Pierre. Sub Pixel accuracy location estimation from digital signals. Optical Engineering[J],1992,131(1):2465-2467
26 Jie Yuan,XingWu. Long CCD area based autocollimator of precision small angle measurement[J]. Review of Scientic Instrument. 2003,74(3):1362-1365
27 Hao Jiuyu, Li Huimin. A new intelligent static balance test-classifier[J]. Journal of Electronic Measurement and Instrument 1997,11(3):44-48
28杨祖泽.校准平行光管的新方法及其原理.四川测绘.1997,20(1):17-20
29蒋本和等.用激光准直及CCD检测的小角度测量系统.激光与红外.1998,28(4):233-234
30付跃刚,王成伟等.用五棱镜法校准平行光管的探讨.长春光学精密机械学院学报.2002,25(1):11-13
31黄业绪.高精度液浮陀螺系统的设计研究.西北工业大学硕士学位论文.2005:25-28
32蒋怀伟,尹志强,关胜晓.一种基于单片机的新型线阵CCD电路.电子设计应用.2003,3(1):42-45
33李翰山,王泽民,雷志勇等.基于CPLD的高速线阵TDICCD驱动电路设计.计算机测量与控制.2007,15(1):135-138
34李翰山,雷志勇,李静.高速线阵CCD信号采集电路设计.西安工业学院学报,2006,26(2):136-140
35张玲.静平衡的实用计算法.甘肃冶金.2005,27(1):61-62
36林敏,李栋,周立.激光去重对动力调谐陀螺转子质量的影响.导航控制.2003,2(1):142-145
37 E. P. Lyvers and O. R. Mitchell, et al. Subpixel measurements using a moment-based edge operator[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1989,11(12):1293-1308
38 Sakamoto T, Nakanishi C, Hase T. Software pixel interpolation for digital still camera suitable for a 32-bit MCU. IEEE Trans Electronics,1998,44(4):1342-1352
39 Kuo Kuotang, Chen Saugee. Fast integrated algorithm and implementations for the interpolation and color correction of CCD-sensed color signals. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Circuit and System. Monterey,4:225-228
40 Li Qi, Feng Huajun,Xu Zhihai. A color interpolation algorithm of CCD based on green componets. J. Optoelectronics Laser. 2001,12(8):842-844(in Chinese)
41 Pan Shi and Erik Stijns. New Optical Method for Measuring Small-Angle Rotations. Appl.Opt. 1988,27(20):4342-4344
42 Akira Toyama. Present State of Precision Angle Measurement Technique in Japan. Bulletin of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering 1981,15(1):1-6
43 Rosefild, A.C.kak. Digital Picture Processing. New York. Academic Press, 1982:58-60
44 W.Turky. Nonlinear Method of Smoothing Data. In conf Rec, Eason. 1974:673
45 H.Stark Image Recovery Theory and Application. Academic Press,1987:39-123
46 Li Huimin,Hao Jiuyu,Zhang Lianhong. Study on stability of the intelligent static balance test-classifier[J]. Journal of Tianjin University,1998,31(2):244-248
47 Tian Yanling, Guo Lizhong, Zhao Yanqin et al. Method of measuring the static balance about gyroscope rotor[J].Avigation Testing Technology,2003,23(1):21-23
48 Mohamed, AM, Busch-Vishniac. Imbalance compensation and automatic balancing in magnetic bearing systems using the Q-parameterization theory. American Control Conference, 1994 Volume 3:2952-2957
49 Chao P.C.P., Cheng-Kuo Sung, Chun-Lung Huang. Precision repositioning of the balancing ball in an auto-balancer system via a fuzzy speed regulator equipped with a sliding-mode observer. Control Systems Technology, IEEE Transactions on Volume 13, Issue 6 Nov.2005:1107-1118
50 Thelen D, Burkert W.G.. How to achieve lower tolerances in production balancing machines. Electrical Insulation Conference and ElectricalManufacturing & Coil Winding Technology Conference, 2003. Proceedings 23-25 Sept.2003:339-342
2李丙乐,王厚生.陀螺转子的称重静平衡实验研究.工程设计学报.2006,13(5):332-335
3 (美)Earl L. Schnoebelen, Rock Island.动态和静态平衡机.美国国家专利1940序号335167:3-8
4王汉英,张再实,徐锡林.转子平衡技术与平衡机.机械工业出版社,1988
5孙延添.刚性转子现场动平衡理论分析与实验研究.清华大学硕士学位论文.2005:3-8
6苏力.光电自准直小角度测量系统设计.西安理工大学硕士学位论文.2007:2-5
7张善锺主编.精密仪器结构设计手册.机械工业出版社,1993
8刘勇.双线阵CCD光电自准直系统的研究.西安理工大学硕士学位论文.2005:10-12
9王雯倩,刘国栋,浦昭邦,陈世哲.利用面阵CCD测量小角度的研究.半导体光电.2004,25(2):134-136
10国家计量总局教育处教材编写组编著.质量计量基础.技术标准出版社,1982:67-68
11李栋.陀螺转子动平衡机的研制.合肥工业大学硕士学位论文.2006:6-14
12 (日)三轮修三,下村玄.旋转机械的平衡.机械工业出版社,1998:5-6
13李鸿儒.天平式轴向质心仪.气象水文海洋仪器.2003:46-47
14张琳.天平式静平衡机的数学建模.弹箭与制导学报.2006,27(2):265-267
15张琳,杨涛,王佳民.半液浮陀螺浮子的静平衡方法研究.弹箭与制导学报.2006,27(3):74-76
16曾肃伟,李国锋.基于光电自准直仪的直线运动误差测量与分析.机械研究与应用.2006,19(4):48-49
17苏力.光电自准直小角度测量系统设计.西安理工大学硕士学位论文.2007:3-5
18刘勇.双线阵CCD光电自准直系统的研究.西安理工大学硕士学位论文.2005:7-8
19张继友,范天全,曹学东.光电自准直仪研究现状与展望.计量技术.2004,7:27-29
20王建林,朱明武,崔秀华.一种新颖单线阵CCD双坐标自准直仪.仪器仪表学报.2002,21(3):229-232
21苏波,王继龙,王云才.线阵CCD驱动电路的研究.山西师范大学学报(自然科学版)16(1),2002.3:13-18
22 P.Seitz. Optical super-resolution using solid-state camera and digital signal processing [J]. Optical Engineering. 1987,27(7):23-25
23 Ge Zhaoxiang, Li Xiangning. Two-dimension real-time photoelectric autocollimator with double high sensitivity. SPIE. 1999,3898
24 Ge Zongtao, Takeda Mitsuo. A high precision 2-D angle measurement interferometer. SPIE. 2002,4778
25 Jean Pierre. Sub Pixel accuracy location estimation from digital signals. Optical Engineering[J],1992,131(1):2465-2467
26 Jie Yuan,XingWu. Long CCD area based autocollimator of precision small angle measurement[J]. Review of Scientic Instrument. 2003,74(3):1362-1365
27 Hao Jiuyu, Li Huimin. A new intelligent static balance test-classifier[J]. Journal of Electronic Measurement and Instrument 1997,11(3):44-48
28杨祖泽.校准平行光管的新方法及其原理.四川测绘.1997,20(1):17-20
29蒋本和等.用激光准直及CCD检测的小角度测量系统.激光与红外.1998,28(4):233-234
30付跃刚,王成伟等.用五棱镜法校准平行光管的探讨.长春光学精密机械学院学报.2002,25(1):11-13
31黄业绪.高精度液浮陀螺系统的设计研究.西北工业大学硕士学位论文.2005:25-28
32蒋怀伟,尹志强,关胜晓.一种基于单片机的新型线阵CCD电路.电子设计应用.2003,3(1):42-45
33李翰山,王泽民,雷志勇等.基于CPLD的高速线阵TDICCD驱动电路设计.计算机测量与控制.2007,15(1):135-138
34李翰山,雷志勇,李静.高速线阵CCD信号采集电路设计.西安工业学院学报,2006,26(2):136-140
35张玲.静平衡的实用计算法.甘肃冶金.2005,27(1):61-62
36林敏,李栋,周立.激光去重对动力调谐陀螺转子质量的影响.导航控制.2003,2(1):142-145
37 E. P. Lyvers and O. R. Mitchell, et al. Subpixel measurements using a moment-based edge operator[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1989,11(12):1293-1308
38 Sakamoto T, Nakanishi C, Hase T. Software pixel interpolation for digital still camera suitable for a 32-bit MCU. IEEE Trans Electronics,1998,44(4):1342-1352
39 Kuo Kuotang, Chen Saugee. Fast integrated algorithm and implementations for the interpolation and color correction of CCD-sensed color signals. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Circuit and System. Monterey,4:225-228
40 Li Qi, Feng Huajun,Xu Zhihai. A color interpolation algorithm of CCD based on green componets. J. Optoelectronics Laser. 2001,12(8):842-844(in Chinese)
41 Pan Shi and Erik Stijns. New Optical Method for Measuring Small-Angle Rotations. Appl.Opt. 1988,27(20):4342-4344
42 Akira Toyama. Present State of Precision Angle Measurement Technique in Japan. Bulletin of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering 1981,15(1):1-6
43 Rosefild, A.C.kak. Digital Picture Processing. New York. Academic Press, 1982:58-60
44 W.Turky. Nonlinear Method of Smoothing Data. In conf Rec, Eason. 1974:673
45 H.Stark Image Recovery Theory and Application. Academic Press,1987:39-123
46 Li Huimin,Hao Jiuyu,Zhang Lianhong. Study on stability of the intelligent static balance test-classifier[J]. Journal of Tianjin University,1998,31(2):244-248
47 Tian Yanling, Guo Lizhong, Zhao Yanqin et al. Method of measuring the static balance about gyroscope rotor[J].Avigation Testing Technology,2003,23(1):21-23
48 Mohamed, AM, Busch-Vishniac. Imbalance compensation and automatic balancing in magnetic bearing systems using the Q-parameterization theory. American Control Conference, 1994 Volume 3:2952-2957
49 Chao P.C.P., Cheng-Kuo Sung, Chun-Lung Huang. Precision repositioning of the balancing ball in an auto-balancer system via a fuzzy speed regulator equipped with a sliding-mode observer. Control Systems Technology, IEEE Transactions on Volume 13, Issue 6 Nov.2005:1107-1118
50 Thelen D, Burkert W.G.. How to achieve lower tolerances in production balancing machines. Electrical Insulation Conference and ElectricalManufacturing & Coil Winding Technology Conference, 2003. Proceedings 23-25 Sept.2003:339-342