凝聚炸药起爆过程的电导率研究
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摘要
本文的主要研究内容如下：
1．通过大量实验，结合同轴测试方法和平面测试方法的优点，确定了电导率测试量计的设计形式和装配方式，初步建立了凝聚炸药起爆过程电导率研究的平面测试方法。实验得到的电压波形重复性较好，干扰信号明显减少，较好地反映了炸药冲击起爆过程爆轰产物中导电相的变化情况。实验结果表明，该方法可以用于凝聚炸药起爆过程的电导率研究。
2．运用所建立的平面测试方法得出了不同加载条件下TNT炸药起爆过程和相同加载条件下RHT-906、JO-9159和JB-9014炸药起爆过程的电导率。实验结果表明，TNT、RHT-906和JO-9159炸药起爆过程的电压和电导率的变化趋势是基本一致的，但与JB-9014炸药存在明显的区别。JB-9014炸药冲击起爆过程电压波形的两次快速下降，以及电导率的两个明显峰值区域，可能是爆轰产物膨胀过程中部分炸药继续反应的原因。随着起爆压力的降低，TNT炸药起爆过程的最大电导率减小。在相同冲击加载条件下，RHT-906炸药起爆过程的最大电导率比TNT小。电导率实验结果初步得到了TNT和JO-9159炸药爆炸的化学反应时间，四发TNT的实验结果分别为0.11μs、0.12μs、0.16μs和0.15μs，而JO-9159炸药爆炸的化学反应时间约为0.0875μs。
3．对含铝炸药起爆过程的电导率进行了研究。实验结果表明，RDX中加入铝粉后电导率显著增加，并对含铝炸药中铝粉对电导率的影响机理进行了分析。初步得到了几种炸药起爆过程最大电导率的排列顺序：含铝炸药＞TNT＞RHT-906＞JO-9159＞JB-9014。
4．建立了含铝炸药的爆轰模型。采用三项式点火增长模型，未反应炸药和反应产物均采用JWL状态方程，结合非线性有限元DYNA2D程序，对含铝炸药冲击起爆过程的反应度进行了数值模拟。结果表明，含铝炸药轴线上不同拉格朗日位置的反应度存在一些差异。模拟结果与实验结果进行比较，发现含铝炸药起爆过程的电导率变化与反应度之间具有密切的关系，电导率能够较好地反映含铝炸药的起爆过程。
The main works of this dissertation are as follows:
1. On the basis of many experiments and by extracting the excellence from the scheme of coaxial and planar measurement, the design of the gauge and assembling mode were ascertained, and the experimental measuring method of electrical conductivity was established elementarily. The voltage waveform of the experiments repeated well, and the interference was reduced obviously, which showed the changing process of conductive phase of detonation products well. The method could be used in studying the electrical conductivity in shock initiation process of condensed explosives.
2. The electrical conductivity in the shock initiation process of TNT explosive under different initial shock load and of RHT-906, JO-9159, and JB-9014 explosive under the same condition was recorded by using the scheme of planar measurement established. According to the experimental results, the changing trend of the voltage and electrical conductivity of TNT, RHT-906, JO-9159 was consistent on the whole, which was distinctive obviously with JB-9014. There were two fast decrease of the voltage profile and two obvious peak of the electrical conductivity in the shock initiation process of JB-9014 explosive, perhaps because partial explosive continued reacting in the expansion process of detonation products. The maximum electrical conductivity of TNT decreased with the reduction of initiation pressure. Compared with TNT explosive, the maximum electrical conductivity of RHT-906 explosive was smaller at the same loading condition. The reaction time of TNT explosive detonating was obtained, which was about 0.11μs, 0.12 μs, 0.16μs and 0.15 μs respectively in four experiments, and that of JO-9159 was about 0.0875 μs.
3. The electrical conductivity profile in the shock initiation process of aluminized explosives showed that the maximum value increased obviously with addition of aluminum powder in RDX, and the influence mechanism was analyzed. According to the experimental result, the order of the maximum conductivity was obtained as follows: aluminized explosives > TNT > RHT-906 > JO-9159 > JB-9014.
4. The detonation model of aluminized explosives was established. By Choosing the ignition and growth model of reaction, JWL equation of state of the explosive and detonation products, combined with the calculation method of finite element in DYNA2D, the reaction degree of aluminized explosives in the shock initiation process was simulated. As a result, the reaction degree of different Lagrange position in the axis had some difference. Comparing calculation result with the experiment, there was close relation between the reaction degree and the electrical conductivity in the shock initiation process of aluminized explosives. The electrical conductivity could reflect the initiation process of aluminized explosives well.
1．通过大量实验，结合同轴测试方法和平面测试方法的优点，确定了电导率测试量计的设计形式和装配方式，初步建立了凝聚炸药起爆过程电导率研究的平面测试方法。实验得到的电压波形重复性较好，干扰信号明显减少，较好地反映了炸药冲击起爆过程爆轰产物中导电相的变化情况。实验结果表明，该方法可以用于凝聚炸药起爆过程的电导率研究。
2．运用所建立的平面测试方法得出了不同加载条件下TNT炸药起爆过程和相同加载条件下RHT-906、JO-9159和JB-9014炸药起爆过程的电导率。实验结果表明，TNT、RHT-906和JO-9159炸药起爆过程的电压和电导率的变化趋势是基本一致的，但与JB-9014炸药存在明显的区别。JB-9014炸药冲击起爆过程电压波形的两次快速下降，以及电导率的两个明显峰值区域，可能是爆轰产物膨胀过程中部分炸药继续反应的原因。随着起爆压力的降低，TNT炸药起爆过程的最大电导率减小。在相同冲击加载条件下，RHT-906炸药起爆过程的最大电导率比TNT小。电导率实验结果初步得到了TNT和JO-9159炸药爆炸的化学反应时间，四发TNT的实验结果分别为0.11μs、0.12μs、0.16μs和0.15μs，而JO-9159炸药爆炸的化学反应时间约为0.0875μs。
3．对含铝炸药起爆过程的电导率进行了研究。实验结果表明，RDX中加入铝粉后电导率显著增加，并对含铝炸药中铝粉对电导率的影响机理进行了分析。初步得到了几种炸药起爆过程最大电导率的排列顺序：含铝炸药＞TNT＞RHT-906＞JO-9159＞JB-9014。
4．建立了含铝炸药的爆轰模型。采用三项式点火增长模型，未反应炸药和反应产物均采用JWL状态方程，结合非线性有限元DYNA2D程序，对含铝炸药冲击起爆过程的反应度进行了数值模拟。结果表明，含铝炸药轴线上不同拉格朗日位置的反应度存在一些差异。模拟结果与实验结果进行比较，发现含铝炸药起爆过程的电导率变化与反应度之间具有密切的关系，电导率能够较好地反映含铝炸药的起爆过程。
The main works of this dissertation are as follows:
1. On the basis of many experiments and by extracting the excellence from the scheme of coaxial and planar measurement, the design of the gauge and assembling mode were ascertained, and the experimental measuring method of electrical conductivity was established elementarily. The voltage waveform of the experiments repeated well, and the interference was reduced obviously, which showed the changing process of conductive phase of detonation products well. The method could be used in studying the electrical conductivity in shock initiation process of condensed explosives.
2. The electrical conductivity in the shock initiation process of TNT explosive under different initial shock load and of RHT-906, JO-9159, and JB-9014 explosive under the same condition was recorded by using the scheme of planar measurement established. According to the experimental results, the changing trend of the voltage and electrical conductivity of TNT, RHT-906, JO-9159 was consistent on the whole, which was distinctive obviously with JB-9014. There were two fast decrease of the voltage profile and two obvious peak of the electrical conductivity in the shock initiation process of JB-9014 explosive, perhaps because partial explosive continued reacting in the expansion process of detonation products. The maximum electrical conductivity of TNT decreased with the reduction of initiation pressure. Compared with TNT explosive, the maximum electrical conductivity of RHT-906 explosive was smaller at the same loading condition. The reaction time of TNT explosive detonating was obtained, which was about 0.11μs, 0.12 μs, 0.16μs and 0.15 μs respectively in four experiments, and that of JO-9159 was about 0.0875 μs.
3. The electrical conductivity profile in the shock initiation process of aluminized explosives showed that the maximum value increased obviously with addition of aluminum powder in RDX, and the influence mechanism was analyzed. According to the experimental result, the order of the maximum conductivity was obtained as follows: aluminized explosives > TNT > RHT-906 > JO-9159 > JB-9014.
4. The detonation model of aluminized explosives was established. By Choosing the ignition and growth model of reaction, JWL equation of state of the explosive and detonation products, combined with the calculation method of finite element in DYNA2D, the reaction degree of aluminized explosives in the shock initiation process was simulated. As a result, the reaction degree of different Lagrange position in the axis had some difference. Comparing calculation result with the experiment, there was close relation between the reaction degree and the electrical conductivity in the shock initiation process of aluminized explosives. The electrical conductivity could reflect the initiation process of aluminized explosives well.
引文
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2 R. L. Jameson, S. J. Lukasik, and B. J. Pernick. Electrical Resistivity Measurements in Detonating Composition B and Pentolite [J]. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 35, Pt. 1, No 3, 1964, pp 714-720.
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5 B. Hayes. On the Electrical Conductivity of Detonating High Explosives[C]. Proc. 3rd Symposium (International) on Detonation.
6 B. Hayes. On the Electrical Conductivity in Detonation Products[C]. Proc. 4th Symposium (International) on Detonation. Office of Naval Research, ACR-126: Washington, 1967, pp 595-601.
7 B. Hayes. Electrical Measurement in Reaction Zones of High Explosives[C]. Tenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, the Combustion Institute, 1965, pp 869-874.
8 D. G. Tasker and R. J. Lee. High current Electrical Conduction of Pressed Condensed Detonating Explosives.
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