重构钢渣及性能与应用
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摘要
钢渣是炼钢过程中的副产品,钢渣的排放量约占钢产量的15%-20%。钢渣利用率较低,尤其在建材方面。2009年,全国钢渣累计积存量达到3亿吨,大量钢渣弃置堆积,既污染环境又占用大量的土地,同时造成资源的浪费,给生态环境造成巨大的破坏,影响钢铁工业的可持续发展,所以对钢渣进行减量化、资源化和高价值综合利用研究,实现钢渣的高效回收利用,是我国钢铁工业以及建材工业等相关产业面临的重要课题之一。
钢渣的成分非常复杂,通过对钢渣化学分析表明,钢渣含有的矿物与硅酸盐水泥熟料相类似,有C_3S、C_2S和C_4AF等胶凝性矿物,但其含量较少,导致钢渣活性较低,另外由于f-CaO和f-MgO的存在,容易引起钢渣的安定性不良。根据已有的研究可知,钢渣的活性偏低和体积稳定性差是制约其在水泥和混凝土中应用的两个根本原因,为此,本文提出了钢渣重构设计方案,通过添加校正材料(粘土、石灰石)改性,优化性能。实验设计单掺、复掺两种方式,研究了校正材料掺量、工艺条件对重构钢渣性能的影响,确定了最佳校正材料掺量、煅烧温度、保温时间、冷却方式等工艺制度。以最佳工艺制度重构钢渣,研究了重构钢渣作为水泥混合材和混凝土掺和料对水泥和混凝土性能的影响,确定了重构钢渣满足水泥混合材和混凝土掺和料的掺量范围。取得结论如下:
(1)随着煅烧温度的升高,保温时间的延长,重构钢渣性能优化程度增大;另外,急冷与自然冷却相比,急冷后的重构钢渣生成的活性矿物较多。最佳工艺参数为:煅烧温度为1280℃,保温时间为60min,冷却方式为风冷。
(2)重构钢渣的力学性能随着校正材料掺量的增加呈现先增高后降低的规律,说明校正材料掺量存在一个最佳值,使得重构钢渣生成较多C_4AF、C_2S等胶凝性矿物,提高其活性,改善其体积安定性。单掺粘土重构钢渣最佳配比为粘土6%,钢渣94%;单掺石灰石最佳配比为石灰石15%,钢渣85%。
(3)复掺校正材料的最佳配比为:粘土为5%,石灰石为15%,钢渣为80%。与单掺校正材料重构钢渣相比,复掺校正材料重构钢渣的性能有较大的提高,体积安定性得到较大的改善;校正材料的比表面积越大,重构钢渣的性能越优越,活性越高,体积安定性改善越明显。
(4)与掺入等量钢渣相比,掺重构钢渣的普通硅酸盐水泥的抗压强度增强,标准稠度需水量降低,初终凝时间缩短,重构钢渣掺量<50%时,体积安定性合格,能够作为混合材用于水泥中。
(5)与掺入等量钢渣相比,掺重构钢渣的混凝土抗压强度明显增强,抗渗性、抗冻性较好,重构钢渣替代水泥的量≤20%时,能够作为掺合料用于混凝土。
Steel slag is a by-product of steelmaking process, its emission is about 15%-20% of steel output. By 2009, the amount of steel slag was 0.3 billion ton in our country. The accumulation of a large number of steel slag will pollute the environment and takes up a lot of land. As well as it causes tremendous damage to the ecological environment and a waste of resources, further more it hinders the sustainable development. So it is one important issue of iron and steel industry and building material industry in China that it realizes slag reduction, resource utilization and high added value research to make turning waste into treasure. In one word it realizes efficient recycling of steel slag.
The composition of steel slag is very complex. By the chemical analysis, it shows that the steel slag contains minerals which are similar to Portland cement clinker, such as the gelling minerals of C_3S, C_2S and C_4AF. But the quantity of them is very a little which leads to a low activity. And the unsoundness of steel slag is caused by f-CaO and f-MgO. According to existing research we can find that the low activity and unsoundness of the steel slag are the two fundamental reasons for restriction of use in cement and concrete. Therefore, a design method of reconstructed steel slag is put forward in this paper. By adding industry calibration materials (clay, limestone), the properties of reconstructed steel slag were improved. After forming process, samples were put in high-temperature furnaces to reconstruct. Two kinds of experimental method were designed, one for corrected materials single-added, and the other for corrected materials compound-added. It is researched that corrected materials and reconstructed factors effected on the performance of reconstructed steel slag. At last, the optimal temperature, holding time and cooled system were determined. Prepare reconstructed steel slag in the best reconstructed system, and then the application of reconstructed steel slag in the fields of cement and concrete was studied. Through the study of reconstructed steel slag performance, the dosage was determined to meet the requirement of cement and concrete. The conclusions reached are as follows.
(1) The process conditions had important influence on the performance of slag when the reconstructed steel slag was prepared. The results show that the properties of reconstructed steel slag become better with temperature increased and holding time prolonged. The optimal process system as follows: temperature was 1280℃, holding time was 60min, and cooling style was air cooling.
(2) With the corrected quantity increased, the mechanical properties of reconstructed steel slag became elevated first, and then decreased. That exists an optimum value, makes reconstructed steel slag with more C_4AF, the activity and soundness of reconstructed steel slag were improved. The research shows that the best content of clay was 6% and slag was 94% and the best content of limestone was 15%, and slag was 85%.
(3) The best ratio for corrected materials was 5% clay, 15% limestone and 80% steel slag. Compared with the reconstructed steel slag doped with single corrected material, the performance and volume stability of reconstructed steel slag doped with mixed corrected materials were both improved greatly. So mixed corrected materials were chosen for the use of cement and concrete. Meanwhile, the effect of fineness on the performance of steel slag was studied. The results showed that the greater the surface area of corrected materials, the better performance of reconstructed steel slag. The activity was increased and the soundness was also improved.
(4) Compared with incorporation of equivalent steel slag, The compressive strength of ordinary Portland cement could be improved as incorporation of reconstructed steel slag, the water consumption of cement for normal consistency was reduced, the initial and final setting time of cement was shorten. When the amount of reconstructed steel slag is <50%, the soundness of cement was qualified. So it can meet the basic requirements of cement need.
(5) Researches were carried out on the application of reconstructed steel slag on concrete. As the replacement mass fraction of reconstructed steel slag≤20%, the concrete curing compressive strength of all ages didn’t significantly lower. Reconstructed steel slag grinded played a role of filling, which improved the pore structure and impermeability of concrete.
钢渣的成分非常复杂,通过对钢渣化学分析表明,钢渣含有的矿物与硅酸盐水泥熟料相类似,有C_3S、C_2S和C_4AF等胶凝性矿物,但其含量较少,导致钢渣活性较低,另外由于f-CaO和f-MgO的存在,容易引起钢渣的安定性不良。根据已有的研究可知,钢渣的活性偏低和体积稳定性差是制约其在水泥和混凝土中应用的两个根本原因,为此,本文提出了钢渣重构设计方案,通过添加校正材料(粘土、石灰石)改性,优化性能。实验设计单掺、复掺两种方式,研究了校正材料掺量、工艺条件对重构钢渣性能的影响,确定了最佳校正材料掺量、煅烧温度、保温时间、冷却方式等工艺制度。以最佳工艺制度重构钢渣,研究了重构钢渣作为水泥混合材和混凝土掺和料对水泥和混凝土性能的影响,确定了重构钢渣满足水泥混合材和混凝土掺和料的掺量范围。取得结论如下:
(1)随着煅烧温度的升高,保温时间的延长,重构钢渣性能优化程度增大;另外,急冷与自然冷却相比,急冷后的重构钢渣生成的活性矿物较多。最佳工艺参数为:煅烧温度为1280℃,保温时间为60min,冷却方式为风冷。
(2)重构钢渣的力学性能随着校正材料掺量的增加呈现先增高后降低的规律,说明校正材料掺量存在一个最佳值,使得重构钢渣生成较多C_4AF、C_2S等胶凝性矿物,提高其活性,改善其体积安定性。单掺粘土重构钢渣最佳配比为粘土6%,钢渣94%;单掺石灰石最佳配比为石灰石15%,钢渣85%。
(3)复掺校正材料的最佳配比为:粘土为5%,石灰石为15%,钢渣为80%。与单掺校正材料重构钢渣相比,复掺校正材料重构钢渣的性能有较大的提高,体积安定性得到较大的改善;校正材料的比表面积越大,重构钢渣的性能越优越,活性越高,体积安定性改善越明显。
(4)与掺入等量钢渣相比,掺重构钢渣的普通硅酸盐水泥的抗压强度增强,标准稠度需水量降低,初终凝时间缩短,重构钢渣掺量<50%时,体积安定性合格,能够作为混合材用于水泥中。
(5)与掺入等量钢渣相比,掺重构钢渣的混凝土抗压强度明显增强,抗渗性、抗冻性较好,重构钢渣替代水泥的量≤20%时,能够作为掺合料用于混凝土。
Steel slag is a by-product of steelmaking process, its emission is about 15%-20% of steel output. By 2009, the amount of steel slag was 0.3 billion ton in our country. The accumulation of a large number of steel slag will pollute the environment and takes up a lot of land. As well as it causes tremendous damage to the ecological environment and a waste of resources, further more it hinders the sustainable development. So it is one important issue of iron and steel industry and building material industry in China that it realizes slag reduction, resource utilization and high added value research to make turning waste into treasure. In one word it realizes efficient recycling of steel slag.
The composition of steel slag is very complex. By the chemical analysis, it shows that the steel slag contains minerals which are similar to Portland cement clinker, such as the gelling minerals of C_3S, C_2S and C_4AF. But the quantity of them is very a little which leads to a low activity. And the unsoundness of steel slag is caused by f-CaO and f-MgO. According to existing research we can find that the low activity and unsoundness of the steel slag are the two fundamental reasons for restriction of use in cement and concrete. Therefore, a design method of reconstructed steel slag is put forward in this paper. By adding industry calibration materials (clay, limestone), the properties of reconstructed steel slag were improved. After forming process, samples were put in high-temperature furnaces to reconstruct. Two kinds of experimental method were designed, one for corrected materials single-added, and the other for corrected materials compound-added. It is researched that corrected materials and reconstructed factors effected on the performance of reconstructed steel slag. At last, the optimal temperature, holding time and cooled system were determined. Prepare reconstructed steel slag in the best reconstructed system, and then the application of reconstructed steel slag in the fields of cement and concrete was studied. Through the study of reconstructed steel slag performance, the dosage was determined to meet the requirement of cement and concrete. The conclusions reached are as follows.
(1) The process conditions had important influence on the performance of slag when the reconstructed steel slag was prepared. The results show that the properties of reconstructed steel slag become better with temperature increased and holding time prolonged. The optimal process system as follows: temperature was 1280℃, holding time was 60min, and cooling style was air cooling.
(2) With the corrected quantity increased, the mechanical properties of reconstructed steel slag became elevated first, and then decreased. That exists an optimum value, makes reconstructed steel slag with more C_4AF, the activity and soundness of reconstructed steel slag were improved. The research shows that the best content of clay was 6% and slag was 94% and the best content of limestone was 15%, and slag was 85%.
(3) The best ratio for corrected materials was 5% clay, 15% limestone and 80% steel slag. Compared with the reconstructed steel slag doped with single corrected material, the performance and volume stability of reconstructed steel slag doped with mixed corrected materials were both improved greatly. So mixed corrected materials were chosen for the use of cement and concrete. Meanwhile, the effect of fineness on the performance of steel slag was studied. The results showed that the greater the surface area of corrected materials, the better performance of reconstructed steel slag. The activity was increased and the soundness was also improved.
(4) Compared with incorporation of equivalent steel slag, The compressive strength of ordinary Portland cement could be improved as incorporation of reconstructed steel slag, the water consumption of cement for normal consistency was reduced, the initial and final setting time of cement was shorten. When the amount of reconstructed steel slag is <50%, the soundness of cement was qualified. So it can meet the basic requirements of cement need.
(5) Researches were carried out on the application of reconstructed steel slag on concrete. As the replacement mass fraction of reconstructed steel slag≤20%, the concrete curing compressive strength of all ages didn’t significantly lower. Reconstructed steel slag grinded played a role of filling, which improved the pore structure and impermeability of concrete.
引文
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