有限元模拟NdFeB永磁环脉冲充磁的研究
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摘要
本文采用计算机模拟与实验相结合的方法，利用有限元分析软件ANSYS对NdFeB稀土永磁磁环脉冲充磁(包括辐射充磁和六对十二极充磁)过程中的初始电压、磁场分布、铁芯材料选择、线圈匝数及绕法、外层磁轭、磁场的轴向分布等影响因素展开了系统的研究，并结合实验结果进行证实。
减小初始电压可降低磁化电流的峰值，增加电容可延长磁化电流的持续时间，因此，减小初始电压和增加电容可以从很大程度上消除涡流的影响，提高电流的有效值。在满足磁体磁化场均匀度的前提下，电压应选择满足饱和磁化场的最小值。对于辐射充磁，最低电压可选在1550V；对于十二极充磁，最低电压在1000V。铁芯工作点应处于饱和区，以保证磁环磁化均匀，同时，为降低能量损耗，外加电压和电流应处于最低点。就所选用的材料来说，硅钢由于电阻率高，受感应电流影响小，内部磁力线扩散速度快，能在较小电压下进入饱和工作区，所以选择硅钢作为铁芯；纯铁由于磁导率较高，导磁性能好，所以选择纯铁作为磁轭，有利于导磁。
在辐射充磁过程中，线圈总匝数相同的情况下，应选择层数较多、每层匝数较少的线圈；但应用中从减小所用电压和电流考虑，每层匝数要跟铁芯磁化饱和电压相适应。选择与磁环外径相同尺寸的线圈，这时，产生的电感较小，涡流也较小，磁场能够较容易渗透至铁芯中心，将铁芯磁化饱和。
在六对十二极充磁过程中，较粗铜线的峰值电流大，能较早进入饱和区，磁力线分布均匀，电压和发热量减小。但粗铜线也增加了实际绕线操作的难度，在实践中，对实验所用的六对十二极线圈，φ1mm铜线为最佳铜线尺寸。磁轭的增加减小了所充磁体磁性能(如表磁)峰值大小，但可以增加峰值宽度，更好的满足电机矩形波的要求。实验中，采用纯铁磁轭，在同样的表磁下，波形宽度是未采用磁轭的1.67倍。磁环应放于夹具的轴向中间部分，有利于发挥铁芯轴向中间部分磁场强度强且均匀的优点。由计算得到，轴向长度为磁环高度的1.2-1.5倍为最佳。
本论文采用理论分析方法研究充磁实践过程中的规律，对生产实践磁环的充磁设计具有一定的指导意义。
The impulse magnetization for NdFeB permanent ring magnets including radialhomopolar and twelve-pole magnetization is studied in this paper using finite-elementanalytic software ANSYS combining the experiment. The factors are systematicallydiscussed containing the initial voltage, the distribution of magnetizing field, the corematerial, the number of coil, the twist way and yoke based on the finite-elementanalysis and the experimental results.
The results show that the decrease of initial voltage can reduce the peakmagnetizing current, and at the same time, the increasing capacitance can also prolongcontinuous time of magnetizing current. Therefore, the adverse effect of eddy currentcan be greatly reduced through decreasing the initial voltage and increasing thecapacitance. On the conditions that the saturation magnetic field intensity ishomogeneous, initial voltage should be selected a minimum value. For example, it isproper that the initial voltage is selected to be 1550v for radial homopolarmagnetization and 1000v for the twelve-pole magnetization. The core should work inthe saturation area to ensure the uniformity of magnetized ring magnet. In order todecrease power loss, the initial voltage and magnetizing current should be minimumvalues. Using silicon steel with high resistivity as the core benefits achieving fastdissipation of flux lines by decreasing the effect of eddy current. On the contrary,using the iron with high permeability as the yoke can get the good magneticconductibility.
During the radial homopolar magnetization, it would preferred to use the coilwith more layers and less tunas on one layer on the condition of the same total coil turns. However, in order to reduce the voltage and the current, the turns on one layershould fit the voltage of saturation magnetization of the core. In the experiment ofradial homopolar magnetization, the coil with 4 turns and 8 layers can fulfil therequirement of saturation magnetization with small voltage and current. When the coilhas the same diameter with the ring magnet, producing little inductance and eddycurrent are reduced and the core can be easily magnetized due to the permeation to thecenter of the magnetic filed.
During the twelve-pole magnetization, the thicker copper wire produces thebigger current and the homogeneous distribution of flux lines, which makes the coreenter the saturation area easily. However, it is difficult to achieve the coil from thethicker copper wire in practice. The copper wire withφ1mm is the best selection inthe experiments of twelve-pole magnetization coil. Using yoke can reduce magneticcharacteristic, for example, the surface magnetic field strength, but increase the widthof peak value, which can satisfy the requirement of rectangular waveform for themotor applications. In the experiments, the waveform with a yoke is 1.67 times widerthan that without yoke at the same surface field strength. The ring magnet should bein the middle of the core in the axial direction where the magnetic field is strong andsymmetrical. The calculated result shows that the core is proper with the height1.2-1.5 times higher than that of ring magnet.
This paper is studying the rules in practical magnetization using theory analysismethod, and it benefits giving the guidance for the practical magnetization of NdFeBpermanent ring magnets.
减小初始电压可降低磁化电流的峰值，增加电容可延长磁化电流的持续时间，因此，减小初始电压和增加电容可以从很大程度上消除涡流的影响，提高电流的有效值。在满足磁体磁化场均匀度的前提下，电压应选择满足饱和磁化场的最小值。对于辐射充磁，最低电压可选在1550V；对于十二极充磁，最低电压在1000V。铁芯工作点应处于饱和区，以保证磁环磁化均匀，同时，为降低能量损耗，外加电压和电流应处于最低点。就所选用的材料来说，硅钢由于电阻率高，受感应电流影响小，内部磁力线扩散速度快，能在较小电压下进入饱和工作区，所以选择硅钢作为铁芯；纯铁由于磁导率较高，导磁性能好，所以选择纯铁作为磁轭，有利于导磁。
在辐射充磁过程中，线圈总匝数相同的情况下，应选择层数较多、每层匝数较少的线圈；但应用中从减小所用电压和电流考虑，每层匝数要跟铁芯磁化饱和电压相适应。选择与磁环外径相同尺寸的线圈，这时，产生的电感较小，涡流也较小，磁场能够较容易渗透至铁芯中心，将铁芯磁化饱和。
在六对十二极充磁过程中，较粗铜线的峰值电流大，能较早进入饱和区，磁力线分布均匀，电压和发热量减小。但粗铜线也增加了实际绕线操作的难度，在实践中，对实验所用的六对十二极线圈，φ1mm铜线为最佳铜线尺寸。磁轭的增加减小了所充磁体磁性能(如表磁)峰值大小，但可以增加峰值宽度，更好的满足电机矩形波的要求。实验中，采用纯铁磁轭，在同样的表磁下，波形宽度是未采用磁轭的1.67倍。磁环应放于夹具的轴向中间部分，有利于发挥铁芯轴向中间部分磁场强度强且均匀的优点。由计算得到，轴向长度为磁环高度的1.2-1.5倍为最佳。
本论文采用理论分析方法研究充磁实践过程中的规律，对生产实践磁环的充磁设计具有一定的指导意义。
The impulse magnetization for NdFeB permanent ring magnets including radialhomopolar and twelve-pole magnetization is studied in this paper using finite-elementanalytic software ANSYS combining the experiment. The factors are systematicallydiscussed containing the initial voltage, the distribution of magnetizing field, the corematerial, the number of coil, the twist way and yoke based on the finite-elementanalysis and the experimental results.
The results show that the decrease of initial voltage can reduce the peakmagnetizing current, and at the same time, the increasing capacitance can also prolongcontinuous time of magnetizing current. Therefore, the adverse effect of eddy currentcan be greatly reduced through decreasing the initial voltage and increasing thecapacitance. On the conditions that the saturation magnetic field intensity ishomogeneous, initial voltage should be selected a minimum value. For example, it isproper that the initial voltage is selected to be 1550v for radial homopolarmagnetization and 1000v for the twelve-pole magnetization. The core should work inthe saturation area to ensure the uniformity of magnetized ring magnet. In order todecrease power loss, the initial voltage and magnetizing current should be minimumvalues. Using silicon steel with high resistivity as the core benefits achieving fastdissipation of flux lines by decreasing the effect of eddy current. On the contrary,using the iron with high permeability as the yoke can get the good magneticconductibility.
During the radial homopolar magnetization, it would preferred to use the coilwith more layers and less tunas on one layer on the condition of the same total coil turns. However, in order to reduce the voltage and the current, the turns on one layershould fit the voltage of saturation magnetization of the core. In the experiment ofradial homopolar magnetization, the coil with 4 turns and 8 layers can fulfil therequirement of saturation magnetization with small voltage and current. When the coilhas the same diameter with the ring magnet, producing little inductance and eddycurrent are reduced and the core can be easily magnetized due to the permeation to thecenter of the magnetic filed.
During the twelve-pole magnetization, the thicker copper wire produces thebigger current and the homogeneous distribution of flux lines, which makes the coreenter the saturation area easily. However, it is difficult to achieve the coil from thethicker copper wire in practice. The copper wire withφ1mm is the best selection inthe experiments of twelve-pole magnetization coil. Using yoke can reduce magneticcharacteristic, for example, the surface magnetic field strength, but increase the widthof peak value, which can satisfy the requirement of rectangular waveform for themotor applications. In the experiments, the waveform with a yoke is 1.67 times widerthan that without yoke at the same surface field strength. The ring magnet should bein the middle of the core in the axial direction where the magnetic field is strong andsymmetrical. The calculated result shows that the core is proper with the height1.2-1.5 times higher than that of ring magnet.
This paper is studying the rules in practical magnetization using theory analysismethod, and it benefits giving the guidance for the practical magnetization of NdFeBpermanent ring magnets.
引文
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[5] 刘力真，何玉林．强场脉冲充磁退磁装置[J]．宇航计测技术，2003，23(3)：58-60
[6] 王旭波，曲选辉．注射成形钕铁硼粘结磁体研究的现状及前景[J]．粉末冶金材料科学与工程，2002，7(2)：114-118
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