舰载飞机弹射起飞动态性能研究
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摘要
弹射起飞作为目前舰载飞机的主流起飞技术,具有其突出的优点和广阔的应用前景,已经被各国海军相继应用,而目前我国在理论和试验各方面对弹射起飞技术的研究还很不够成熟。因此,分析舰载飞机弹射起飞时的动力学响应并进行系统而深入的研究具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。
本文首先简要阐述了舰载飞机的起飞过程,分别对弹射起飞和滑跃起飞过程及其特点做了分析。采用了舰载飞机弹射起飞过程中使用斜甲板的方式,并对该方式的可实施性进行了定性分析。对弹射起飞过程进行合理简化,并据此建立了飞机在起飞过程不同阶段的数学模型,同时,给出了描述跃飞甲板斜坡形状的实用工程计算方法以及起飞过程中每个阶段的动力学方程。
研究了ADAMS/Aircraft模块中全机模型建立过程和三维跑道建立方法。以某型舰载飞机为例,创建了一个包括机身、前起落架缓冲支柱、主起落架缓冲支柱、前起落架机轮和主起落架机轮五大系统的全机装配模型。最后,对已建立好的飞机模型进行仿真,定量讨论了不同弹射力、甲板出口角和起飞质量对弹射起飞性能和起落架强度的影响。分析表明斜甲板的使用使得通过弹射起飞的舰载飞机有了更好的起飞性能,更容易达到安全起飞要求,为舰载飞机斜板弹射综合起飞方式提供理论基础和仿真分析数据。
Catapult take-off as the mainstream of the current carrier-based aircraft take-off technology, with its outstanding advantages and broad application prospects, has been applied in succession of States Navy. At present, all our theoretical and experimental in technological research of catapult take off is not mature. Therefore, there is important theoretical significance and practical value in engineering in the analysis of the dynamic response of carrier-based aircraft catapult take-off and in-depth study. The main content of this paper is as follows:
First, the process of carrier-based aircraft take-off is briefly described in this paper, and the processes with its characteristics of catapult and ski-jump take off are analyzed respectively. The way of using ramp deck in catapult take-off is proposed in this paper. And then, the enforceability of this way is qualitatively analyzed. Secondly, the process of Catapult take-off is simplified reasonably. Accordingly, the mathematical model of take-off process at different stages of the aircraft is established, while the practical engineering calculation methods of describing the shape of ramp deck and the dynamic equations of take-off process for each phase is given.
Then in this paper the method of building airframe subsystem, front landing gear subsystem, rear landing gear subsystem, front landing gear tire subsystem and rear landing gear tire subsystem and three-dimensional runway is studied. Based on a certain type carrier-based aircraft, aircraft model is built. At last the process of ski-jump takeoff is simulated. The effects of Ejection force, angle of attack, and aircraft mass, are discussed quantitatively. Analysis showed that the use of Ramp deck can make the carrier-based aircraft catapult take-off have a better take-off performance, an Easier way to meet the requirements of safely take-off. The results provide theoretical basis and simulation analysis of data for the way of catapult/ Ramp deck take off of carrier-based aircraft.
本文首先简要阐述了舰载飞机的起飞过程,分别对弹射起飞和滑跃起飞过程及其特点做了分析。采用了舰载飞机弹射起飞过程中使用斜甲板的方式,并对该方式的可实施性进行了定性分析。对弹射起飞过程进行合理简化,并据此建立了飞机在起飞过程不同阶段的数学模型,同时,给出了描述跃飞甲板斜坡形状的实用工程计算方法以及起飞过程中每个阶段的动力学方程。
研究了ADAMS/Aircraft模块中全机模型建立过程和三维跑道建立方法。以某型舰载飞机为例,创建了一个包括机身、前起落架缓冲支柱、主起落架缓冲支柱、前起落架机轮和主起落架机轮五大系统的全机装配模型。最后,对已建立好的飞机模型进行仿真,定量讨论了不同弹射力、甲板出口角和起飞质量对弹射起飞性能和起落架强度的影响。分析表明斜甲板的使用使得通过弹射起飞的舰载飞机有了更好的起飞性能,更容易达到安全起飞要求,为舰载飞机斜板弹射综合起飞方式提供理论基础和仿真分析数据。
Catapult take-off as the mainstream of the current carrier-based aircraft take-off technology, with its outstanding advantages and broad application prospects, has been applied in succession of States Navy. At present, all our theoretical and experimental in technological research of catapult take off is not mature. Therefore, there is important theoretical significance and practical value in engineering in the analysis of the dynamic response of carrier-based aircraft catapult take-off and in-depth study. The main content of this paper is as follows:
First, the process of carrier-based aircraft take-off is briefly described in this paper, and the processes with its characteristics of catapult and ski-jump take off are analyzed respectively. The way of using ramp deck in catapult take-off is proposed in this paper. And then, the enforceability of this way is qualitatively analyzed. Secondly, the process of Catapult take-off is simplified reasonably. Accordingly, the mathematical model of take-off process at different stages of the aircraft is established, while the practical engineering calculation methods of describing the shape of ramp deck and the dynamic equations of take-off process for each phase is given.
Then in this paper the method of building airframe subsystem, front landing gear subsystem, rear landing gear subsystem, front landing gear tire subsystem and rear landing gear tire subsystem and three-dimensional runway is studied. Based on a certain type carrier-based aircraft, aircraft model is built. At last the process of ski-jump takeoff is simulated. The effects of Ejection force, angle of attack, and aircraft mass, are discussed quantitatively. Analysis showed that the use of Ramp deck can make the carrier-based aircraft catapult take-off have a better take-off performance, an Easier way to meet the requirements of safely take-off. The results provide theoretical basis and simulation analysis of data for the way of catapult/ Ramp deck take off of carrier-based aircraft.
引文
[1]陈传铮.航母舰载机(上) [J].现代舰船, 2005, (11): 42~47.
[2]王培安.从油压弹射器、蒸汽弹射器到磁悬浮弹射器--舰载机起飞方式将实现重大飞跃[J].科技与国力, 2001, (4): 48~48.
[3]马世强.漫谈舰载机的最佳起飞方式[J].科技与国力, 2002, (1): 99~103.
[4]曲东才.航母舰载机是如何起飞的[J].现代兵器, 1998, (11): 30~32.
[5]王嵩.舰载机的起飞[J].军事大观, 2005, (9) :63~64.
[6] J E Ramsey, W R Dixon. Carrier suitability tests of the model A-6A aircraft[R].Naval air test center, 1967.
[7] Lucas C B. Catapult criteria for a carrier-based aircraft[R]. AD702814. 1968.
[8] Joseph C.Eppel, Gordon, James L.Martin. Flight investigation of the use of a nose gear jump strut to reduce takeoff ground roll distance of STOL aircraft[R]. Ames research center, 1994.
[9] James J. Optimum performance parameters for ski-jump operations of USAF fighter aircraft[R]. AD-A148532, 1968.
[10] JW Fozard. Ski jump-a great leap for tactical airpower. [R].AIAA 790696.
[11] Lourdes G Birckelbaw, Ski jump takeoff performance predictions for a mixed-flow, remote-lift STOVL aircraft. [R]. NASA-TM-103866, 1992.
[12] Gregory Imhof, William Schork. Using simulation to optimize ski jump ramp profiles for STOVL aircraft [R]. AIAA-2000-4285.
[13]金长江,洪冠新.舰载机弹射起飞及拦阻着舰动力学问题[J].航空学报, 1990,11(12): 534~542.
[14]林国峰,何植岱.舰载飞机弹射起飞过程中的几个问题[J].飞行力学, 1991, 33(3): 31~39.
[15]郑本武.舰载飞机弹射起飞性能和影响因素分析[J].飞行力学, 1992, 10(3): 27~33.
[16]严家中,冯家波.舰载飞机弹射起飞自动控制上升的飞行特性[J].飞行力学, 1996, 14(1): 41~47.
[17]金银军,王立新.舰载飞机的滑跳起飞过程及其数学描述[J],飞行力学, 1994, 12(3): 45~52.
[18]胡孟权,林国华.舰载机滑跃起飞斜板形状的优化研究[J].飞行力学, 1997, 15(2): 52~56.
[19]金长江,车军.斜板滑跳起飞动力学特性研究[J].北京航空航天大学学报, 1997, 23(3):356~361.
[20]王维军,屈香菊.斜板滑跳起飞动力学特性研究[J].北京航空航天大学学报, 2008,34(8):887~890.
[21]孙师友,屈香菊.舰载机斜板/弹射综合起飞的性能收益和关键问题[J].飞机设计, 2008, 28(5). 15~18.
[22]马世强.舰载机拖索弹射起飞过程受力详解[J].航空知识, 2006, (10): 99~103.
[23]海猎隼.国产舰载机采用前轮拖曳弹射可行性探讨[J].兵器大观, 2007, (4): 48~48.
[24] P Shrikant Rao, Amitabh Saraf. Performance analusis and control design for ski-jump take off. [R]. AIAA 2003-5412.
[25] Roger J Furey, Short takeoff performance using a gravity assist ski jump. [R].ADA 1264561, 1983.
[26] EN Kuznetsov, RP Schumaker, RC Ferraglio. Tensile ski-jump ramp for aircraft takeoff[R]. AIAA 85-0802.
[27]《飞机设计手册》总编委会编.飞机着陆系统设计,飞机设计手册[M].北京:航空工业出版社, 2002.
[28]航空工业部科学技术委员会.飞机起落架强度设计指南[M].四川:四川科学技术出版社, 1989.
[29]励缨,温玮,金长江.舰载飞机逃逸复飞动力学特性研究[J].飞行力学, 1994.
[30]曲东才.现代航母舰载机起飞方式浅析[J].舰船论证参考, 2001, (3): 31~36.
[31]张鑫.舰载机拦阻着舰动力学分析及仿真[D].西安:西北工业大学, 2007.
[32]魏小辉.飞机起落架着陆动力学分析及减震技术研究[D].南京:南京航空航天大学, 2005.
[33]许维进,范天国.舰载飞机采用滑跳起飞技术的可行性[J].飞机设计, 1993, 2: 1~9.
[34]曲东才,周胜明.舰载机起飞技术研究[J].航空科学技术, 2004, (4):25~29.
[35] Jaquis R E. Catapult criteria for a carrier-based airplane[R]. AD702814.
[36] Senn Page, Luter Melvin. Review of the carrier approach criteria for carrier-based aircraft - phase I: final report[R]. ADA411068, 2002.
[37] Thomas Rudowsky, Stephen Cook, Marshall Hynes. Review of the carrier approach caiteria for carrier-based aircraft—Phase I; final report[R]. NAWCAPAX/TR-2002/71.
[38] LIU Weiwei, QU Xiangju. Modeling of carrier-based aircraft ski jump take-off based on tensor[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2005, 18(4): 326~335.
[39]刘湘一,胡国才.微下冲气流对飞机滑跃起飞的影响[J].海军航空工程学院学报. 2007, 22(5): 505~508.
[40]马世强.美俄舰载机起飞方式优劣谈[J].舰载武器, 2004, (11) : 79~82.
[41]王盟辉,赵波.舰载飞机起降动力学研究[J].飞机设计, 1997(1), 21~33.
[42]张乃平,林国锋,何植岱.地面效应对舰载机起飞特性的影响[J].空气动力学学报, 1992, 10(4): 451~457.
[43]曲东才,周胜明.舰载机起飞技术研究[J].海军航空工程学院学报, 2004,(4): 25~29.
[44]张健.舰载机设计中需考虑的若干问题[J].飞机工程, 2005,2: 9~12.
[45]方平.小车式飞机起落架着陆与滑跑动态性能仿真分析[D].南京:南京航空航天大学, 2003.
[46]诺曼.斯.柯里.起落架设计手册[M].航空工业部出版社.
[47]魏小辉,聂宏.基于降落区概念的飞机起落架着陆动力学分析.航空学报, 2005, 26(1): 8~12.
[48]顾宏斌.飞机地面运行的动力学模型[J].航空学报, 2001, 22(2): 163~167.
[49]聂宏.飞机起落架的缓冲性能分析与设计及其寿命计算方法[D].南京:南京航空航天大学, 1990.
[50]严重中,刘航.舰载飞机弹射滑跑起飞特性计算[J].飞行力学, 1996, 14(3): 50~55.
[51]贾忠湖,高永,韩维.航母纵摇对舰载机弹射起飞的限制研究[J].飞行力学, 2002, 20(2): 19~21.
[52]王钱生.舰载机总体设计主要关键技术概述[J].飞机设计, 2005, (2): 6~10.
[53]郑建荣,程超,王登峰,李承德. ADAMS中三维虚拟路面的实现[J].汽车工程, 2006, 28(2): 163~166.
[54]郑建荣. ADAMS—虚拟样机技术入门与提高[M].机械工业出版社, 2002,1.
[55]李军,邢俊文,覃文洁. ADAMS实例教程[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社, 2002.
[56]王国强,张进平,马若丁.虚拟样机技术及其在ADAMS上的实践[M],西安:西北工业大学出版社, 2002, 3.
[2]王培安.从油压弹射器、蒸汽弹射器到磁悬浮弹射器--舰载机起飞方式将实现重大飞跃[J].科技与国力, 2001, (4): 48~48.
[3]马世强.漫谈舰载机的最佳起飞方式[J].科技与国力, 2002, (1): 99~103.
[4]曲东才.航母舰载机是如何起飞的[J].现代兵器, 1998, (11): 30~32.
[5]王嵩.舰载机的起飞[J].军事大观, 2005, (9) :63~64.
[6] J E Ramsey, W R Dixon. Carrier suitability tests of the model A-6A aircraft[R].Naval air test center, 1967.
[7] Lucas C B. Catapult criteria for a carrier-based aircraft[R]. AD702814. 1968.
[8] Joseph C.Eppel, Gordon, James L.Martin. Flight investigation of the use of a nose gear jump strut to reduce takeoff ground roll distance of STOL aircraft[R]. Ames research center, 1994.
[9] James J. Optimum performance parameters for ski-jump operations of USAF fighter aircraft[R]. AD-A148532, 1968.
[10] JW Fozard. Ski jump-a great leap for tactical airpower. [R].AIAA 790696.
[11] Lourdes G Birckelbaw, Ski jump takeoff performance predictions for a mixed-flow, remote-lift STOVL aircraft. [R]. NASA-TM-103866, 1992.
[12] Gregory Imhof, William Schork. Using simulation to optimize ski jump ramp profiles for STOVL aircraft [R]. AIAA-2000-4285.
[13]金长江,洪冠新.舰载机弹射起飞及拦阻着舰动力学问题[J].航空学报, 1990,11(12): 534~542.
[14]林国峰,何植岱.舰载飞机弹射起飞过程中的几个问题[J].飞行力学, 1991, 33(3): 31~39.
[15]郑本武.舰载飞机弹射起飞性能和影响因素分析[J].飞行力学, 1992, 10(3): 27~33.
[16]严家中,冯家波.舰载飞机弹射起飞自动控制上升的飞行特性[J].飞行力学, 1996, 14(1): 41~47.
[17]金银军,王立新.舰载飞机的滑跳起飞过程及其数学描述[J],飞行力学, 1994, 12(3): 45~52.
[18]胡孟权,林国华.舰载机滑跃起飞斜板形状的优化研究[J].飞行力学, 1997, 15(2): 52~56.
[19]金长江,车军.斜板滑跳起飞动力学特性研究[J].北京航空航天大学学报, 1997, 23(3):356~361.
[20]王维军,屈香菊.斜板滑跳起飞动力学特性研究[J].北京航空航天大学学报, 2008,34(8):887~890.
[21]孙师友,屈香菊.舰载机斜板/弹射综合起飞的性能收益和关键问题[J].飞机设计, 2008, 28(5). 15~18.
[22]马世强.舰载机拖索弹射起飞过程受力详解[J].航空知识, 2006, (10): 99~103.
[23]海猎隼.国产舰载机采用前轮拖曳弹射可行性探讨[J].兵器大观, 2007, (4): 48~48.
[24] P Shrikant Rao, Amitabh Saraf. Performance analusis and control design for ski-jump take off. [R]. AIAA 2003-5412.
[25] Roger J Furey, Short takeoff performance using a gravity assist ski jump. [R].ADA 1264561, 1983.
[26] EN Kuznetsov, RP Schumaker, RC Ferraglio. Tensile ski-jump ramp for aircraft takeoff[R]. AIAA 85-0802.
[27]《飞机设计手册》总编委会编.飞机着陆系统设计,飞机设计手册[M].北京:航空工业出版社, 2002.
[28]航空工业部科学技术委员会.飞机起落架强度设计指南[M].四川:四川科学技术出版社, 1989.
[29]励缨,温玮,金长江.舰载飞机逃逸复飞动力学特性研究[J].飞行力学, 1994.
[30]曲东才.现代航母舰载机起飞方式浅析[J].舰船论证参考, 2001, (3): 31~36.
[31]张鑫.舰载机拦阻着舰动力学分析及仿真[D].西安:西北工业大学, 2007.
[32]魏小辉.飞机起落架着陆动力学分析及减震技术研究[D].南京:南京航空航天大学, 2005.
[33]许维进,范天国.舰载飞机采用滑跳起飞技术的可行性[J].飞机设计, 1993, 2: 1~9.
[34]曲东才,周胜明.舰载机起飞技术研究[J].航空科学技术, 2004, (4):25~29.
[35] Jaquis R E. Catapult criteria for a carrier-based airplane[R]. AD702814.
[36] Senn Page, Luter Melvin. Review of the carrier approach criteria for carrier-based aircraft - phase I: final report[R]. ADA411068, 2002.
[37] Thomas Rudowsky, Stephen Cook, Marshall Hynes. Review of the carrier approach caiteria for carrier-based aircraft—Phase I; final report[R]. NAWCAPAX/TR-2002/71.
[38] LIU Weiwei, QU Xiangju. Modeling of carrier-based aircraft ski jump take-off based on tensor[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2005, 18(4): 326~335.
[39]刘湘一,胡国才.微下冲气流对飞机滑跃起飞的影响[J].海军航空工程学院学报. 2007, 22(5): 505~508.
[40]马世强.美俄舰载机起飞方式优劣谈[J].舰载武器, 2004, (11) : 79~82.
[41]王盟辉,赵波.舰载飞机起降动力学研究[J].飞机设计, 1997(1), 21~33.
[42]张乃平,林国锋,何植岱.地面效应对舰载机起飞特性的影响[J].空气动力学学报, 1992, 10(4): 451~457.
[43]曲东才,周胜明.舰载机起飞技术研究[J].海军航空工程学院学报, 2004,(4): 25~29.
[44]张健.舰载机设计中需考虑的若干问题[J].飞机工程, 2005,2: 9~12.
[45]方平.小车式飞机起落架着陆与滑跑动态性能仿真分析[D].南京:南京航空航天大学, 2003.
[46]诺曼.斯.柯里.起落架设计手册[M].航空工业部出版社.
[47]魏小辉,聂宏.基于降落区概念的飞机起落架着陆动力学分析.航空学报, 2005, 26(1): 8~12.
[48]顾宏斌.飞机地面运行的动力学模型[J].航空学报, 2001, 22(2): 163~167.
[49]聂宏.飞机起落架的缓冲性能分析与设计及其寿命计算方法[D].南京:南京航空航天大学, 1990.
[50]严重中,刘航.舰载飞机弹射滑跑起飞特性计算[J].飞行力学, 1996, 14(3): 50~55.
[51]贾忠湖,高永,韩维.航母纵摇对舰载机弹射起飞的限制研究[J].飞行力学, 2002, 20(2): 19~21.
[52]王钱生.舰载机总体设计主要关键技术概述[J].飞机设计, 2005, (2): 6~10.
[53]郑建荣,程超,王登峰,李承德. ADAMS中三维虚拟路面的实现[J].汽车工程, 2006, 28(2): 163~166.
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