低温送风系统的射流特性研究
|
摘要
低温送风气流组织是低温送风系统的主要研究课题之一，由于空气调节系统的气流组织仍然存在不少问题有待进一步深入研究，因此低温送风系统的气流组织就更为复杂，需要研究的课题更多。如何确定低温送风系统的射流分离距离?如何避免低温送风出现的吹冷风感，送风口凝露问题?如何选择低温送风空调系统的末端设备等等，都是有待解决的问题，本论文在以下三个方面对低温送风系统的射流特性进行了深入的研究。
(1) 对射流分离距离进行了详细的分析与深入的研究，总结了前人的研究成果，结合低温送风系统的特点，提出了低温送风系统的射流分离距离新的计算公式。这个公式经过实验和工程实例的验证，具有通用性，不但可以适用于低温送风系统，也可以应用到常规空调送风系统。
(2) 分析了射流分离距离对室内环境的影响，也分析了影响射流分离距离的因素，提出了一些可行性建议以避免低温送风系统可能产生的吹冷风感、以及凝露等问题。
(3) 通过对目前低温送风系统的末端设备进行的研究，提出了低温送风系统末端设备的选型方法与原则。并通过量纲分析，分析了在低温送风系统中使用常规送风口的可能性，得出了送风温差和送风口尺寸对阿基米德数影响的关系式。通过工程实例说明了低温送风系统送风口的选型方法。
本文的研究成果可用于低温送风空调系统的设计，对于工程应用也有一定的参考价值，并有助于低温送风系统的推广。
There are many problems for designing air distribution in the cold air distribution system. These problems are hot subjects researched by the HVAC experts worldwide. How to determine the jet separation point in the cold air distribution system? How to avoid the troubles for designing the system? How to select the terminal equipment for the system? This paper is focusing on discussing and resolving those problems.
(1) This paper analyzes and studies on the jet separation point, which are based on the former research findings and in the end brings forward a equation for calculation the distance of the jet separation. These equations are testified by the laboratory experiment and engineering application. Furthermore, these equations can be applied in cold air distribution system as well as traditional systems.
(2) Analyzing the distance of jets separation affects the indoor environment, and analyzing the factors affected the distance of jets separation. The paper brought forward some advises for avoiding the draft and condensation in the cold air distribution.
(3) This paper also refers to the terminal equipments selection in the cold air distribution system, and brings forward some principles for selecting those equipments. This paper analyzes the feasibility for cold air distribution systems when applying with traditional inlets by means of no-dimension. Step by step, the author comes to the conclusion how the supply air temperature difference and the size of outlets affect the Archimedes number. Moreover, the paper also illustrates how to select outlets in the cold air distribution system through engineering examples.
The paper makes active contribution to engineering application of the cold air distribution systems. The use of cold air distribution system should be expanded due to its great energy saving potential and social benefits.
(1) 对射流分离距离进行了详细的分析与深入的研究，总结了前人的研究成果，结合低温送风系统的特点，提出了低温送风系统的射流分离距离新的计算公式。这个公式经过实验和工程实例的验证，具有通用性，不但可以适用于低温送风系统，也可以应用到常规空调送风系统。
(2) 分析了射流分离距离对室内环境的影响，也分析了影响射流分离距离的因素，提出了一些可行性建议以避免低温送风系统可能产生的吹冷风感、以及凝露等问题。
(3) 通过对目前低温送风系统的末端设备进行的研究，提出了低温送风系统末端设备的选型方法与原则。并通过量纲分析，分析了在低温送风系统中使用常规送风口的可能性，得出了送风温差和送风口尺寸对阿基米德数影响的关系式。通过工程实例说明了低温送风系统送风口的选型方法。
本文的研究成果可用于低温送风空调系统的设计，对于工程应用也有一定的参考价值，并有助于低温送风系统的推广。
There are many problems for designing air distribution in the cold air distribution system. These problems are hot subjects researched by the HVAC experts worldwide. How to determine the jet separation point in the cold air distribution system? How to avoid the troubles for designing the system? How to select the terminal equipment for the system? This paper is focusing on discussing and resolving those problems.
(1) This paper analyzes and studies on the jet separation point, which are based on the former research findings and in the end brings forward a equation for calculation the distance of the jet separation. These equations are testified by the laboratory experiment and engineering application. Furthermore, these equations can be applied in cold air distribution system as well as traditional systems.
(2) Analyzing the distance of jets separation affects the indoor environment, and analyzing the factors affected the distance of jets separation. The paper brought forward some advises for avoiding the draft and condensation in the cold air distribution.
(3) This paper also refers to the terminal equipments selection in the cold air distribution system, and brings forward some principles for selecting those equipments. This paper analyzes the feasibility for cold air distribution systems when applying with traditional inlets by means of no-dimension. Step by step, the author comes to the conclusion how the supply air temperature difference and the size of outlets affect the Archimedes number. Moreover, the paper also illustrates how to select outlets in the cold air distribution system through engineering examples.
The paper makes active contribution to engineering application of the cold air distribution systems. The use of cold air distribution system should be expanded due to its great energy saving potential and social benefits.
引文
[1] J. S. Eleson, Kirkpatrick．低温送风设计指南．汪训昌译，北京：中国建筑工程出版社，1997，3～10
[2] F.S. Bauman, Gadgil. Cold air distribution in office buildings: technology assessment for California. ASHRAE Trans, 1991, vol 97(1):1230～1238
[3] Pearson. Ice storage can reduce the construction cost of office buildings. ASHRAE Trans, 1989, vol 95(1):1308～1316
[4] Fields. Operation and cost advantages of a liquid overfeed low temperature air distribution system. ASHRAE Trans, vol 95(2):103～114
[5] Pearson. Ice storage can reduce the construction cost of office buildings. ASHRAE Trans, 1989;vol 95(2):115～126
[6] A. Bhansall, D.C Hittle. Estimated energy consumption and operating cost for ice storage systems with cold air distribution. ASHRAE Trans, 1990, vol 96(1):418～427
[7] Landry, Noble. Case study of cost-effective low-temperature air distribution ice thermal storage. ASHRAE Trans, 1991, vol97(2):854～858
[8] 张永铨，巨永平．冰蓄冷空调讲座(3)空调工程中的蓄冷技术．暖通空调，1996(1)：43～50
[9] 小平．关于国外高层办公楼空调水系统大温差设计的探讨．暖通空调，1996(4)：58～60
[10] 李圣代．冰蓄冷低温送风空调系统的节能特点及应用．节能，1997(8)：17～20
[11] 程建杰，陈汝东．空调系统的优化——冰蓄冷低温送风空调系统．节能，1999(6)：6～9
[12] 殷甲．空调大温差研究(2)空调大温差送风系统设计方法．暖通空调，2000(5)：63～66
[13] 殷平．空调大温差研究(3)空调送风大温差经济分析．暖通空调，2000(6)：75～76
[14] 潘家海，张蓉蓉．冰储冷空调利低温送风技术在建行杭州市分行大楼中的应用．水利电力施工机械，2000，21(1)：33～36
[15] C. E. Dorgan, J.S. Elleson. Cold air distribution, ASHRAE
Trans, 1988, part two: 2008～2025
[16] J.J. Harmon, H.C. Yu. Design considerations for low-temperature air distribution systems. ASHRAE Trans, 1989, part one: 1295～1299
[17] Calvin D. MacCracken. Cold air systems: sleeping giant. Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning, 1994, (4): 59～62
[18] 何广钊．低温送风系统的应用．安装，1995，(6)：6～8
[19] 刘绍基．低温送风技术述评．通风除尘，1998，(2)：29～31
[20] 李念平，孙剑，汤广发．低温送风空调系统对室内空气环境的影响及技术经济初析．湖南大学学报(自然科学版)，1999，(4)：52～57
[21] 王环中，李斌．浅谈低温送风系统空调设计．低温与特气，2001，19(3)：15～17
[22] 张登春．低温送风空调方式的节能分析．建筑热能通风，2000，(4)：65～66
[23] 吴喜平，朱喆．低温送风空调室内气流和舒适度的研究．华东电力，2000，(8)：16～18
[24] J.S Elleson. High-quality air conditioning with cold air distribution. ASHRAE Trans, 1991, vol 97(1):839～842
[25] Berglund. Comfort benefits for summer air conditioning with ice storage. ASHRAE Trans, 1991, vol 97(1): 843～847
[26] Shih Cheng Hu, J.M. Barber. Full-scale thermal.performance tests of alternative diffusers when operating with cold air. ASHRAE Trans, 1998, vol 104(1):262～274
[27] S.C. Hu, Michael Barber. A CFD study for cold air distribution systems. ASHRAE Trans, 1999, vol 105(2):614～628
[28] D.E. Knebel, D.A. John. Cold air distribution application and field evaluation of a nozzle-type diffuser. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(1):1337～1348
[29] C.D. MacCracken. Cold air should be jet mixed, not distributed. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(2):1333～1336
[30] 蔡德源，刘应清．冰蓄冷空调系统低温送风末端装置的研究．重庆建筑大学学报，1997，19(5)：73～77
[31] Hassani, Kirkpatrick. Indoor thermal environment of cold air distribution systems. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(1):1359～1365
[32] P.R. Rose, M.J. Seymour. Use of computer modeling techniques to investigate aspects involved in cold air distribution systems. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(2):1362～1374
[33] Masaki Shioya, Noriyasu Sagara. Thermal comfort aspects of cold air distribution system. ASHRAE Trans,1995, vol 101(1):61～72
[34] 丁涛，李锐．低温送风空调系统送风口特性的研究．制冷与空调，2002，2(5)：31～33
[35] Y. Kashirajima, T. Sugiura, M. Takahashi. Experimental Study of Indoor Thermal Environment for Cold Air Distribution Systems Using Various Air Outlets. ASHRAETrans, 2OO2, vol 108(2):321～326.
[36] 殷平．低温送风系统设计1——舒适感和室内空气品质．暖通空调，2004，34(4)．
[37] G850019-2003．采暖通风及空气调节设计规范．2003
[38] Daniel Int-Hout. Low temperature air thermal comfort and indoor air quality. ASHRAE Journal, 1992, May:34～39
[39] ASBRAE. ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENT. Atlanta: ASHRAE Press, 2002: chrpter 32
[40] 紊流射流．北京：高等教育出版社，1986，20～26
[41] 陆耀庆．供暖通风设计手册．北京：中国建筑工程出版社，1999，810～836
[42] 周谟仁．流体力学和泵与风机．北京：中国建筑工程出版社，1993，321～335
[43] 工业通风设计手册．北京：中国建筑工程出版社，1994，972～983
[44] industry ventilation design guide. Atlanta: Macrown Press, 2002
[45] Grimitlyn, Pozin. Fundamentals of optimizing air distribution in ventilated spaces. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(1):1128～1138
[46] 赵荣义，范存养，薛殿华等．《空气调节》．中国建筑工业出版社．1994，260～296
[47] Z.H. Li, J.S. Zhang. Characteristics of diffuser air jets and airflow in the occupied regions of mechanically ventilated rooms—A literature review. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(1):1119～1126
[48] Zhang, J.S., L.L. Christianson, and G.L. Riskowski. Regional airflow characteristics in a mechanically ventilated room under nonisothermal conditions. ASHRAE Transactions, 1990, vol 96(1):751-759.
[49] Kevin D. Knappmiller, Allan T. Kirkpatrick. Computational determination of the behavior of a cold air ceiling jet in a room with a plume. ASHRAE Trans, 1994, vol 100(1):677～684
[50] P.L. Miller, R.G. Nevins. Roomair distribution with an air distributing ceiling—part one. ASHRAE Trans, 1969, vol 75(2):118～131
[51] P.L. Miller, R.G. Nevins. Room air distibution performance of
ventilating ceilings and core-type circular ceiling diffusers. ASHRAE Trams, 1970, vol 76 (2):186～197
[52] P.L. Miller. Room air distribution performance of four selected outlets. ASHRAE Trans, 1971, vol 77 (1):125～132
[53] P.L. Miller, R.T. Nash. A further analysis of room air distribution performance. ASHRAE Trans, 1972, vol 78(2):168～179
[54] P.L. Miller, R.G. Nevins. An analysis of the performance of room air distibution systems. ASHRAE Trans, 1972, vol 78(1):191～198
[55] M.B. Abu-El-Hassan , Miller. Evaluation of turbulence effect on air distribution performance index(ADPI). ASHRAE Trams, 1996, vol 97(1):322～331
[56] Kevin D. Knappmiller, Allan T. Kirkpatrick Conputational determination of the behavior of a cold air ceiling jet in a room with a plume. ASHRAE Trans,1994, vol.100(1):677～684
[57] Kirkpatrick ,Knappmiller .The ADPI of cold air jets in an enclosure. ASHRAE Trans, 1996, vol 102(2):3～9
[58] 李锐，轩志勇，杨晖．低温送风系统舒适性状况的实验研究．2002年暖通空调年会论文集．北京：中国建筑工程出版社，2002，489～491
[59] J.S. Elleson. Energy use of fan-powered mixing boxes with cold air distribution. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(2):1349～1358
[60] Guoqiang Zhang, J.S. Strom, Svend Morsing. Jet drop models for control of cold air jet trajectories in ventilated livestock buildings. ASAE, 2001,96:254～266
[61] Zhang, JS, Zhang, RH, Li, ZH, et. al. An experimental study of the ventilation performance of cold-air distribution systems. ASHRAE Trans, 1994, Vol 100 (2): 360～372
[62] Fairchild 风口样本.www. fairchildrenindustrial. com, 2001.
[2] F.S. Bauman, Gadgil. Cold air distribution in office buildings: technology assessment for California. ASHRAE Trans, 1991, vol 97(1):1230～1238
[3] Pearson. Ice storage can reduce the construction cost of office buildings. ASHRAE Trans, 1989, vol 95(1):1308～1316
[4] Fields. Operation and cost advantages of a liquid overfeed low temperature air distribution system. ASHRAE Trans, vol 95(2):103～114
[5] Pearson. Ice storage can reduce the construction cost of office buildings. ASHRAE Trans, 1989;vol 95(2):115～126
[6] A. Bhansall, D.C Hittle. Estimated energy consumption and operating cost for ice storage systems with cold air distribution. ASHRAE Trans, 1990, vol 96(1):418～427
[7] Landry, Noble. Case study of cost-effective low-temperature air distribution ice thermal storage. ASHRAE Trans, 1991, vol97(2):854～858
[8] 张永铨，巨永平．冰蓄冷空调讲座(3)空调工程中的蓄冷技术．暖通空调，1996(1)：43～50
[9] 小平．关于国外高层办公楼空调水系统大温差设计的探讨．暖通空调，1996(4)：58～60
[10] 李圣代．冰蓄冷低温送风空调系统的节能特点及应用．节能，1997(8)：17～20
[11] 程建杰，陈汝东．空调系统的优化——冰蓄冷低温送风空调系统．节能，1999(6)：6～9
[12] 殷甲．空调大温差研究(2)空调大温差送风系统设计方法．暖通空调，2000(5)：63～66
[13] 殷平．空调大温差研究(3)空调送风大温差经济分析．暖通空调，2000(6)：75～76
[14] 潘家海，张蓉蓉．冰储冷空调利低温送风技术在建行杭州市分行大楼中的应用．水利电力施工机械，2000，21(1)：33～36
[15] C. E. Dorgan, J.S. Elleson. Cold air distribution, ASHRAE
Trans, 1988, part two: 2008～2025
[16] J.J. Harmon, H.C. Yu. Design considerations for low-temperature air distribution systems. ASHRAE Trans, 1989, part one: 1295～1299
[17] Calvin D. MacCracken. Cold air systems: sleeping giant. Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning, 1994, (4): 59～62
[18] 何广钊．低温送风系统的应用．安装，1995，(6)：6～8
[19] 刘绍基．低温送风技术述评．通风除尘，1998，(2)：29～31
[20] 李念平，孙剑，汤广发．低温送风空调系统对室内空气环境的影响及技术经济初析．湖南大学学报(自然科学版)，1999，(4)：52～57
[21] 王环中，李斌．浅谈低温送风系统空调设计．低温与特气，2001，19(3)：15～17
[22] 张登春．低温送风空调方式的节能分析．建筑热能通风，2000，(4)：65～66
[23] 吴喜平，朱喆．低温送风空调室内气流和舒适度的研究．华东电力，2000，(8)：16～18
[24] J.S Elleson. High-quality air conditioning with cold air distribution. ASHRAE Trans, 1991, vol 97(1):839～842
[25] Berglund. Comfort benefits for summer air conditioning with ice storage. ASHRAE Trans, 1991, vol 97(1): 843～847
[26] Shih Cheng Hu, J.M. Barber. Full-scale thermal.performance tests of alternative diffusers when operating with cold air. ASHRAE Trans, 1998, vol 104(1):262～274
[27] S.C. Hu, Michael Barber. A CFD study for cold air distribution systems. ASHRAE Trans, 1999, vol 105(2):614～628
[28] D.E. Knebel, D.A. John. Cold air distribution application and field evaluation of a nozzle-type diffuser. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(1):1337～1348
[29] C.D. MacCracken. Cold air should be jet mixed, not distributed. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(2):1333～1336
[30] 蔡德源，刘应清．冰蓄冷空调系统低温送风末端装置的研究．重庆建筑大学学报，1997，19(5)：73～77
[31] Hassani, Kirkpatrick. Indoor thermal environment of cold air distribution systems. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(1):1359～1365
[32] P.R. Rose, M.J. Seymour. Use of computer modeling techniques to investigate aspects involved in cold air distribution systems. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(2):1362～1374
[33] Masaki Shioya, Noriyasu Sagara. Thermal comfort aspects of cold air distribution system. ASHRAE Trans,1995, vol 101(1):61～72
[34] 丁涛，李锐．低温送风空调系统送风口特性的研究．制冷与空调，2002，2(5)：31～33
[35] Y. Kashirajima, T. Sugiura, M. Takahashi. Experimental Study of Indoor Thermal Environment for Cold Air Distribution Systems Using Various Air Outlets. ASHRAETrans, 2OO2, vol 108(2):321～326.
[36] 殷平．低温送风系统设计1——舒适感和室内空气品质．暖通空调，2004，34(4)．
[37] G850019-2003．采暖通风及空气调节设计规范．2003
[38] Daniel Int-Hout. Low temperature air thermal comfort and indoor air quality. ASHRAE Journal, 1992, May:34～39
[39] ASBRAE. ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENT. Atlanta: ASHRAE Press, 2002: chrpter 32
[40] 紊流射流．北京：高等教育出版社，1986，20～26
[41] 陆耀庆．供暖通风设计手册．北京：中国建筑工程出版社，1999，810～836
[42] 周谟仁．流体力学和泵与风机．北京：中国建筑工程出版社，1993，321～335
[43] 工业通风设计手册．北京：中国建筑工程出版社，1994，972～983
[44] industry ventilation design guide. Atlanta: Macrown Press, 2002
[45] Grimitlyn, Pozin. Fundamentals of optimizing air distribution in ventilated spaces. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(1):1128～1138
[46] 赵荣义，范存养，薛殿华等．《空气调节》．中国建筑工业出版社．1994，260～296
[47] Z.H. Li, J.S. Zhang. Characteristics of diffuser air jets and airflow in the occupied regions of mechanically ventilated rooms—A literature review. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(1):1119～1126
[48] Zhang, J.S., L.L. Christianson, and G.L. Riskowski. Regional airflow characteristics in a mechanically ventilated room under nonisothermal conditions. ASHRAE Transactions, 1990, vol 96(1):751-759.
[49] Kevin D. Knappmiller, Allan T. Kirkpatrick. Computational determination of the behavior of a cold air ceiling jet in a room with a plume. ASHRAE Trans, 1994, vol 100(1):677～684
[50] P.L. Miller, R.G. Nevins. Roomair distribution with an air distributing ceiling—part one. ASHRAE Trans, 1969, vol 75(2):118～131
[51] P.L. Miller, R.G. Nevins. Room air distibution performance of
ventilating ceilings and core-type circular ceiling diffusers. ASHRAE Trams, 1970, vol 76 (2):186～197
[52] P.L. Miller. Room air distribution performance of four selected outlets. ASHRAE Trans, 1971, vol 77 (1):125～132
[53] P.L. Miller, R.T. Nash. A further analysis of room air distribution performance. ASHRAE Trans, 1972, vol 78(2):168～179
[54] P.L. Miller, R.G. Nevins. An analysis of the performance of room air distibution systems. ASHRAE Trans, 1972, vol 78(1):191～198
[55] M.B. Abu-El-Hassan , Miller. Evaluation of turbulence effect on air distribution performance index(ADPI). ASHRAE Trams, 1996, vol 97(1):322～331
[56] Kevin D. Knappmiller, Allan T. Kirkpatrick Conputational determination of the behavior of a cold air ceiling jet in a room with a plume. ASHRAE Trans,1994, vol.100(1):677～684
[57] Kirkpatrick ,Knappmiller .The ADPI of cold air jets in an enclosure. ASHRAE Trans, 1996, vol 102(2):3～9
[58] 李锐，轩志勇，杨晖．低温送风系统舒适性状况的实验研究．2002年暖通空调年会论文集．北京：中国建筑工程出版社，2002，489～491
[59] J.S. Elleson. Energy use of fan-powered mixing boxes with cold air distribution. ASHRAE Trans, 1993, vol 99(2):1349～1358
[60] Guoqiang Zhang, J.S. Strom, Svend Morsing. Jet drop models for control of cold air jet trajectories in ventilated livestock buildings. ASAE, 2001,96:254～266
[61] Zhang, JS, Zhang, RH, Li, ZH, et. al. An experimental study of the ventilation performance of cold-air distribution systems. ASHRAE Trans, 1994, Vol 100 (2): 360～372
[62] Fairchild 风口样本.www. fairchildrenindustrial. com, 2001.