混合动力汽车NiMH蓄电池能量管理系统研究
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摘要
迫于环境污染和石油资源短缺的压力，为实施可持续发展战略，混合动力汽车已成为21世纪汽车工业的发展方向。国内外专家的共识是：混合动力电动汽车不只是电动汽车的一个过渡阶段，而是汽车工业即将面临的一场新的革命。由于混合动力电动汽车的行驶工况十分复杂，对蓄电池的寿命影响很大，而镍氢蓄电池的使用寿命有限。因此，对混合动力电动汽车的动力电池组进行能量管理，是十分必要的。但是电池能量管理系统成本昂贵，电路复杂，而且电池在充放电过程中的化学变化也很复杂，要精确计算和预测电池的荷电状态和剩余能量及寿命是很困难的，到目前为止，这一技术仍在研究发展中。
本文在蓄电池试验的基础上，分析和研究Ni-MH蓄电池充放电特性及其影响因素，建立了电池内阻、电动势模型，提出了安时—能量守恒—开路电压算法（Ah—COE—OCU法）预测蓄电池的剩余能量和荷电状态计算方法，并进行温度、循环使用寿命、自放电等补偿，从而建立了蓄电池的充放电模型。
根据国外各种形式混合动力汽车蓄电池的应用分析，选择了蓄电池的比功率和容量；并进行发动机实验，利用样条插值方法构造了发动机的转矩模型，根据混合动力的控制策略，结合长安羚羊混合动力汽车进行仿真计算，以确定混合动力汽车蓄电池电压。
在蓄电池充放电试验研究、理论分析和参数选择的基础上，进行放电模型的验证，得到了与实际相符的结果；同时，对蓄电池快速充电方法进行比较，应用脉冲分阶段恒流快速充电方法进行蓄电池快速充电控制仿真计算，得到了满意的结果。
进行了混合动力汽车Ni-MH电池管理系统的研究和设计。该系统不仅能够准确监测电池组中各单块电池的工作性能如充放电电流、电压、温度等，具有早期故障诊断和报警功能，防止电池的过充电和过放电，而且能够提供直观的电池组剩余能量值和荷电状态。
Under the pressure of environment pollution and the scarcity of oil source, to be dedicated to the strategy of sustainable development, Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) becomes an important consideration in the twenty-first century in order to get sustainable development of Automobile industry. All specialist in whole world have agreed on this: the application of Hybrid Electric Vehicle will not be a transition phase, but be a new revolution of Automobile industry. Because the service life of NiMH battery is limited and the running circumstances of HEV are considerably complex, which influences the service life of NiMH battery, it is very essential to realize to efficiently manage energy of NiMH battery. But the Battery Management System (BSM) of HEV is very expensive and its circuit is complex, simultaneously, chemical changes are also complex during discharging and charging of NiMH battery, so it is extraordinarily difficult to calculate and estimate an accurate surplus energy and State of Charge of NiMH batteries. Up to now, this technology is still researching and developing.
Based on the experiment of NiMH battery, investigations on characteristics of discharging and charging of NiMH battery, and analysis of influencing factor of NiMH battery, an approach of Ah—COE—OCU has been carried out to estimate an accurate surplus energy and State of Charge of NiMH batteries, and consider the compensation of the temperature, aging and self-discharging etc. After theoretic analysis has been completed, simulations are given to determine parameters of batteries for Changan HEV.
On the basis of the experiment of NiMH battery, theoretic analysis and parameters determined, simulation of NiMH battery discharging has been carried, and simulation results are identical with the practice. Then, the impulse phases quick charging has been applied to process the simulation of quick charging of NiMH battery based on mechanism analysis and theoretic comparison about quick charging of NiMH battery. Simulation results are satisfactory.
At last, researches and designs of the Battery Management System (BSM) of HEV battery are introduced. This system can not only check-up performance (such as the
current of discharging and charging, voltage and temperature) of every battery, and have functions of giving an alarm and trouble diagnosing early to prevent excessive discharging and chargi
ng of the battery, but also provide a direct display of surplus energy and state of charge of NiMH battery of HEV.
本文在蓄电池试验的基础上，分析和研究Ni-MH蓄电池充放电特性及其影响因素，建立了电池内阻、电动势模型，提出了安时—能量守恒—开路电压算法（Ah—COE—OCU法）预测蓄电池的剩余能量和荷电状态计算方法，并进行温度、循环使用寿命、自放电等补偿，从而建立了蓄电池的充放电模型。
根据国外各种形式混合动力汽车蓄电池的应用分析，选择了蓄电池的比功率和容量；并进行发动机实验，利用样条插值方法构造了发动机的转矩模型，根据混合动力的控制策略，结合长安羚羊混合动力汽车进行仿真计算，以确定混合动力汽车蓄电池电压。
在蓄电池充放电试验研究、理论分析和参数选择的基础上，进行放电模型的验证，得到了与实际相符的结果；同时，对蓄电池快速充电方法进行比较，应用脉冲分阶段恒流快速充电方法进行蓄电池快速充电控制仿真计算，得到了满意的结果。
进行了混合动力汽车Ni-MH电池管理系统的研究和设计。该系统不仅能够准确监测电池组中各单块电池的工作性能如充放电电流、电压、温度等，具有早期故障诊断和报警功能，防止电池的过充电和过放电，而且能够提供直观的电池组剩余能量值和荷电状态。
Under the pressure of environment pollution and the scarcity of oil source, to be dedicated to the strategy of sustainable development, Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) becomes an important consideration in the twenty-first century in order to get sustainable development of Automobile industry. All specialist in whole world have agreed on this: the application of Hybrid Electric Vehicle will not be a transition phase, but be a new revolution of Automobile industry. Because the service life of NiMH battery is limited and the running circumstances of HEV are considerably complex, which influences the service life of NiMH battery, it is very essential to realize to efficiently manage energy of NiMH battery. But the Battery Management System (BSM) of HEV is very expensive and its circuit is complex, simultaneously, chemical changes are also complex during discharging and charging of NiMH battery, so it is extraordinarily difficult to calculate and estimate an accurate surplus energy and State of Charge of NiMH batteries. Up to now, this technology is still researching and developing.
Based on the experiment of NiMH battery, investigations on characteristics of discharging and charging of NiMH battery, and analysis of influencing factor of NiMH battery, an approach of Ah—COE—OCU has been carried out to estimate an accurate surplus energy and State of Charge of NiMH batteries, and consider the compensation of the temperature, aging and self-discharging etc. After theoretic analysis has been completed, simulations are given to determine parameters of batteries for Changan HEV.
On the basis of the experiment of NiMH battery, theoretic analysis and parameters determined, simulation of NiMH battery discharging has been carried, and simulation results are identical with the practice. Then, the impulse phases quick charging has been applied to process the simulation of quick charging of NiMH battery based on mechanism analysis and theoretic comparison about quick charging of NiMH battery. Simulation results are satisfactory.
At last, researches and designs of the Battery Management System (BSM) of HEV battery are introduced. This system can not only check-up performance (such as the
current of discharging and charging, voltage and temperature) of every battery, and have functions of giving an alarm and trouble diagnosing early to prevent excessive discharging and chargi
ng of the battery, but also provide a direct display of surplus energy and state of charge of NiMH battery of HEV.
引文
[1] 王军,中金升,“国内外混合动力电动汽车开发动态及发展趋势”,公路交通科技,2000年2月
[2] 宪文,“道奇?无畏B8X2——迎接21世纪挑战的第二代混合动力汽车”,汽车之友,1999（3）
[3] 陈小复,“美国混合动力电动汽车的发展计划”,世界汽车,1998（3）
[4] 张承宁,“电动汽车21世纪的重要交通工具”,北京理工大学出版社,1997年1月第一版.
[5] Edward Bass, Bruce Mabrito, etc. "A Competition of Hybrid Electric Vehicle", SAE paper 921544;
[6] 李槟,陈全世,“开展混合动力汽车的研究刻不容缓”,汽车技术,1997年（5）
[7] 庾晋,“机动车尾气污染的危害及治理研究”,汽车与配件,Vol.11,1999；
[8] C.Anderson and E.Pettit, "The effects of APU Characteristic on the Design of Hybrid Control Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles", SAE paper 950493;
[9] “三菱汽车自身发电电力汽车”,三菱自动车工业株式会社；
[10] 蓬逢春,何洪文,“混合动力车辆的归类方法研究”,北京理工大学学报,Vo.22 No.1,2002（2）；
[11] 詹锋,蒋利军,“电动汽车用动力型MH-Ni电池开发动向”,Chinese journal of Power Sources,1997(2)；
[12] Sung-Ku Song,Keun-Ho,Kim,A "Dynamic State-of-Charge Model for Electric Vehicle Batteries",Proc.of the 11th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1996)；
[13] Junichi Jino,Hiroga Tiuji,Daisuke Makino, "Battery State of Charge Indicator for Electric Vehicles",Proc.of the 13th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1996)
[14] M.Ceraolo,R.Giglioli, "State-of-charge Estimation for Improving Management of Electric Vehicle lead-acid Batteries DuringCharge and Diacharge", Proc.of the 13th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1996)
[15] Bleus C. A, Preparing the Infrastructure for the Charging of Tomorrow's Electric Cars. 第11届电动汽车会议文集,佛罗伦萨,意大利,1992,
[16]刘斌,邹建梅等. AA型密封MH-Ni电池内阻特性研究.电源技术,1999,12：295~297.
[17]姜绍信.铅酸蓄电池快速充电.天津：科学技术出版社,1983
[18]王鸿麟,许梦渊.蓄电池快速充电技术.北京：人民邮电出版社,1984
[19] Jiri K.Nor,Dor,David R.Smith,Very Fast Battery Charging and Battery Energy Management, Proc.of the 12th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1992)；
[20] 宋慧,电动汽车控制系统的进展,世界汽车,1997.8；
[21] Anli Paryani,The Battery SOC Meter for the Honda EV Plus, Proc.of the 14th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1997)；
[22] 廖权来,罗玉涛编著,《电动汽车学》,华南理工大学出版社,1997,7；
[23] 陈全世、伦景光等,《轻型电动客货车的研究与开发》,96’北京电动汽车、代用燃料汽车国际研讨会；
[24] T.Shinpo,Development of Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle, Proc.of the 14th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1997)
[25] Delef Heinemann,A new Design of a Battery Management Syatem Including a Range Forecast, Proc.of the 14th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1997)
[26] P.Gagnol,J.Alzieu,On-Board Management System For EV batteries, Proc.of the 12th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1994)
[27] Dipl.Phys,Eckhard Karden,Dipl.Ing,Peter Mauracher, "Battery Management System for Energy Efficient battery Operation :Strategy and Practical Experience", Proc.of the 13th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1996)
[28] F.Schope,Battery Management System for Nickel-Cadmium batteries:Concept and practical Experience, Proc.of the 12th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1994)
[29] Minoru Kitagawa,Hiroshi Shibuya,Jun Takehara,Development of Battery State of Charge Indicator for Electric Vehicles,Proc.of the 11th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1992)
[30] R.Kaushik,G.Mawston,discharge Character of Lead/Acid Batteries, Journal of Power Sources,28(1989)
[31] C.W.Dekreuk,D.J.Vandiun,Acomputer Model for the Determination of the Residual Capacity of(lead-acid)Batteries, Proc.of the 11th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1992)
[32] M.Ceraolo,R,Giglioli, State-of-charge Estimation for Improving Management of Electric Vehicle Lead-acid Batteries During Charge and Discharge, Proc.of the
13th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1996)
[33] 彭金春,陈全世,韩学晋,“电动汽车铅酸电池充放电过程建模”,汽车技术,1996.8；
[34] 朱松然主编,《蓄电池实用手册》,机械工业出版社,1993
[35] 万沛霖主编,《电动汽车的关键技术》,北京理工大学出版社,1998
[36] 陈清泉,孙逢春编译,《混合电动车辆基础》 [m] 北京：北京理工大学出版社.2001
[37] 谢起成,王冬,田光宇,“混合动力电动汽车（HEV）动力系统试验台的模块化设计研究”,交通运输工程学报,Vol1.1 No.2 2001年
[38] 董雄鹤,齐国光等,“电动车用电池充电状态和功率强度估计”,电源技术,Vol.26 No.3 2002年；
[39] Tadao Kimura,Munehisa Ikoma,Kunio Kanamaru,Nickel Matal-Hydride Batteries for Hybird Electric Vehicle, Proc.of the 16th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(2000)
[40] 舒红,秦大同,胡建军,“混合动力汽车控制策略研究现状及发展趋势”,重庆大学学报,Vol.24 No.6 2001年6月；
[41] 余志生编,汽车理论,北京：机械工业出版社,1990；
[42] 孙逢春,张承宁等编著,《电动汽车》北京理工大学出版社,1997
[43] Zafar Ullah,Brian Burford,sayeed Rahman,Dilip S,Roger Miller,Fast Intelligent battery Charging for Automotive Applications Using Neural-Fuzzy Technology, Society of Automotive Engineers Conf.,1996
[44] 勾长虹,杜津玲,“铅酸蓄电池充电接受能力及充电方式选择”,电源技术,Vol.20 No.6
1996年
[45] 郭亮,“电动车用蓄电池充电技术的进展”,电池,Vol.32 No.4,2002年8月；
[46] 李贞,“单片机快速充电系统”,电子技术,1997年2月；
[47] 桂长清,“电动车用铅蓄电池的快速充电”,蓄电池,1998年4月
[48] 陈体衔,“VRLA蓄电池变电流间歇充电方法”,电池,Vol.28 No.6,1998年12月
[2] 宪文,“道奇?无畏B8X2——迎接21世纪挑战的第二代混合动力汽车”,汽车之友,1999（3）
[3] 陈小复,“美国混合动力电动汽车的发展计划”,世界汽车,1998（3）
[4] 张承宁,“电动汽车21世纪的重要交通工具”,北京理工大学出版社,1997年1月第一版.
[5] Edward Bass, Bruce Mabrito, etc. "A Competition of Hybrid Electric Vehicle", SAE paper 921544;
[6] 李槟,陈全世,“开展混合动力汽车的研究刻不容缓”,汽车技术,1997年（5）
[7] 庾晋,“机动车尾气污染的危害及治理研究”,汽车与配件,Vol.11,1999；
[8] C.Anderson and E.Pettit, "The effects of APU Characteristic on the Design of Hybrid Control Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles", SAE paper 950493;
[9] “三菱汽车自身发电电力汽车”,三菱自动车工业株式会社；
[10] 蓬逢春,何洪文,“混合动力车辆的归类方法研究”,北京理工大学学报,Vo.22 No.1,2002（2）；
[11] 詹锋,蒋利军,“电动汽车用动力型MH-Ni电池开发动向”,Chinese journal of Power Sources,1997(2)；
[12] Sung-Ku Song,Keun-Ho,Kim,A "Dynamic State-of-Charge Model for Electric Vehicle Batteries",Proc.of the 11th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1996)；
[13] Junichi Jino,Hiroga Tiuji,Daisuke Makino, "Battery State of Charge Indicator for Electric Vehicles",Proc.of the 13th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1996)
[14] M.Ceraolo,R.Giglioli, "State-of-charge Estimation for Improving Management of Electric Vehicle lead-acid Batteries DuringCharge and Diacharge", Proc.of the 13th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1996)
[15] Bleus C. A, Preparing the Infrastructure for the Charging of Tomorrow's Electric Cars. 第11届电动汽车会议文集,佛罗伦萨,意大利,1992,
[16]刘斌,邹建梅等. AA型密封MH-Ni电池内阻特性研究.电源技术,1999,12：295~297.
[17]姜绍信.铅酸蓄电池快速充电.天津：科学技术出版社,1983
[18]王鸿麟,许梦渊.蓄电池快速充电技术.北京：人民邮电出版社,1984
[19] Jiri K.Nor,Dor,David R.Smith,Very Fast Battery Charging and Battery Energy Management, Proc.of the 12th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1992)；
[20] 宋慧,电动汽车控制系统的进展,世界汽车,1997.8；
[21] Anli Paryani,The Battery SOC Meter for the Honda EV Plus, Proc.of the 14th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1997)；
[22] 廖权来,罗玉涛编著,《电动汽车学》,华南理工大学出版社,1997,7；
[23] 陈全世、伦景光等,《轻型电动客货车的研究与开发》,96’北京电动汽车、代用燃料汽车国际研讨会；
[24] T.Shinpo,Development of Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle, Proc.of the 14th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1997)
[25] Delef Heinemann,A new Design of a Battery Management Syatem Including a Range Forecast, Proc.of the 14th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1997)
[26] P.Gagnol,J.Alzieu,On-Board Management System For EV batteries, Proc.of the 12th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1994)
[27] Dipl.Phys,Eckhard Karden,Dipl.Ing,Peter Mauracher, "Battery Management System for Energy Efficient battery Operation :Strategy and Practical Experience", Proc.of the 13th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1996)
[28] F.Schope,Battery Management System for Nickel-Cadmium batteries:Concept and practical Experience, Proc.of the 12th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1994)
[29] Minoru Kitagawa,Hiroshi Shibuya,Jun Takehara,Development of Battery State of Charge Indicator for Electric Vehicles,Proc.of the 11th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1992)
[30] R.Kaushik,G.Mawston,discharge Character of Lead/Acid Batteries, Journal of Power Sources,28(1989)
[31] C.W.Dekreuk,D.J.Vandiun,Acomputer Model for the Determination of the Residual Capacity of(lead-acid)Batteries, Proc.of the 11th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1992)
[32] M.Ceraolo,R,Giglioli, State-of-charge Estimation for Improving Management of Electric Vehicle Lead-acid Batteries During Charge and Discharge, Proc.of the
13th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(1996)
[33] 彭金春,陈全世,韩学晋,“电动汽车铅酸电池充放电过程建模”,汽车技术,1996.8；
[34] 朱松然主编,《蓄电池实用手册》,机械工业出版社,1993
[35] 万沛霖主编,《电动汽车的关键技术》,北京理工大学出版社,1998
[36] 陈清泉,孙逢春编译,《混合电动车辆基础》 [m] 北京：北京理工大学出版社.2001
[37] 谢起成,王冬,田光宇,“混合动力电动汽车（HEV）动力系统试验台的模块化设计研究”,交通运输工程学报,Vol1.1 No.2 2001年
[38] 董雄鹤,齐国光等,“电动车用电池充电状态和功率强度估计”,电源技术,Vol.26 No.3 2002年；
[39] Tadao Kimura,Munehisa Ikoma,Kunio Kanamaru,Nickel Matal-Hydride Batteries for Hybird Electric Vehicle, Proc.of the 16th International Electric Vehicle Symposium(2000)
[40] 舒红,秦大同,胡建军,“混合动力汽车控制策略研究现状及发展趋势”,重庆大学学报,Vol.24 No.6 2001年6月；
[41] 余志生编,汽车理论,北京：机械工业出版社,1990；
[42] 孙逢春,张承宁等编著,《电动汽车》北京理工大学出版社,1997
[43] Zafar Ullah,Brian Burford,sayeed Rahman,Dilip S,Roger Miller,Fast Intelligent battery Charging for Automotive Applications Using Neural-Fuzzy Technology, Society of Automotive Engineers Conf.,1996
[44] 勾长虹,杜津玲,“铅酸蓄电池充电接受能力及充电方式选择”,电源技术,Vol.20 No.6
1996年
[45] 郭亮,“电动车用蓄电池充电技术的进展”,电池,Vol.32 No.4,2002年8月；
[46] 李贞,“单片机快速充电系统”,电子技术,1997年2月；
[47] 桂长清,“电动车用铅蓄电池的快速充电”,蓄电池,1998年4月
[48] 陈体衔,“VRLA蓄电池变电流间歇充电方法”,电池,Vol.28 No.6,1998年12月