饲粮营养水平对育成期蓝狐生产性能和营养物质消化代谢的影响
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摘要
为确定育成期蓝狐全价颗粒饲料适宜的能量、蛋白水平，育成前期选取
72只8周龄左右的健康仔狐，随机分成6组，每组12只（雌雄各半）。育成
后期将前期蓝狐重新排列分组。前期采用2（ME：13.0MJ/kg、13.7MJ/kg）
×3（CP：28％、32％、36％）、后期采用2（ME：13.2MJ/kg、13.9MJ/kg）
×3（CP：24％、28％、32％）二因子交叉试验设计方法，进行饲养试验和消
化代谢试验，并在育成后期对蓝狐血液生化指标和毛皮品质进行了分析测定。
结果如下：
1 不同能量与蛋白的交互作用对雌狐日增重影响显著（P＜0.05），处理组Ⅴ
（ME：13.7 MJ/kg×CP：32％）平均日增重最高且显著高于处理组Ⅲ（ME：
13.0MJ/kg×CP：32％）。
2 不同能量与蛋白的交互作用对育成前期蓝狐的饲料转化率影响显著
（P＜0.05），其中处理组Ⅴ的饲料转化率最高且显著高于处理组Ⅲ（P＜0.05）。
3 高能量浓度下，雌狐的干物质和能量消化代谢率均升高（P＜0.05或
P＜0.01）；随蛋白质水平从28％上升到32％时，雌狐干物质和能量的消化代谢
率呈上升趋势（P＞0.05），而蛋白质水平进一步上升到36％时，干物质和能量
的消化代谢率显著下降（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。无论雌狐或雄狐，能量与蛋白的
交互作用均以处理组Ⅴ最高，且显著高于其它处理组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。
4 饲粮能量浓度对育成前期雄狐日食入N、尿N、N沉积率和N生物学效
价有一定影响（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）；随蛋白质水平升高，雄狐日食入N、粪N、
尿N极显著增加（P＜0.01）。雌狐日食入N、粪N、尿N和沉积N受能量和
蛋白质水平的影响极显著（P＜0.01），蛋白质水平对雌狐N沉积率和N生物
学效价也有影响（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。
5 蛋白质水平对育成后期雄狐日增重有显著影响（P＜0.05），即随蛋白质水
平升高，日增重明显下降。
6不同饲粮能量浓度、蛋白质水平及能量与蛋白质水平互作对育成后期蓝
狐饲料转化率、血清总蛋白和血清尿素氮无显著影响（P＞0．05）。
7高能量浓度下，育成后期雄狐干物质采食量明显下降（P＜0刀5），干物质
和能量的消化代谢率也下降（P＜0刀5或P＜0．01）。随着蛋白质水平从24％上
升到 280，雌狐的干物质和能量消化代谢率显著上升（P＜0．05或卜＜0．of），
蛋白质水平上升到32％时却显著下降（P＜0．05或P＜0刀1）。
8育成后期，蓝狐日食入N随蛋白质水平的上升而增加（P吻刀1），随能量
的上升而下降（P＜0．01）。高能量浓度下，N沉积量减少（P＜0刀1）、N表观
消化率升高（P＜0刀1）。随蛋白质水平增加，雌狐N表观消化率先上升后F降
（P＜0刀1）。育成后期，蓝狐N沉积量随蛋白质水平的升高而增加（P＜O．01），
N沉积量与R食入N呈正相关关系，口归方程为：
雄狐 N沉积量（g／d）－0．5558进食 N（g／d）－3＊005 n－24，r－0．8628
雌狐 N沉积量（g／d）－0．4324进食 N（g／d）－0＊643 n－24，r＝0．9306
9高能量浓度下，针绒毛长度增加（P＜0刀1）。随蛋白质水平升高，针绒毛
长度增加、针毛细度增加J＜0刀1），而绒毛细度无显著差异叩＞0刀5）。
10饲粮营养水平对蓝狐体长、皮张长无显著影响o＞0．05）。高营养水平组
的毛皮等级要优于低营养水平组。本研究结果还得出，毛皮长度与取皮时体
重呈正相关：Y—84．17＋0．0032X（r—0．5927，P＜0．of）其中，Y一皮张长（cm）
X一终体重一）
综合育成期蓝狐生长发育、饲料消耗及转化率、消化代谢和毛皮品质等
项指标进行分析，得出育成前期蓝狐全价颗粒饲料适宜的能量水平为 13．7MJ／
kg、粗蛋白质水平为32％；育成后期能量水平为13．gMJ／k巳粗蛋白质水平为
24％～28％。
The aim of these studies was to investigate the optimal energy
and protein
levels of pellets for growing blue foxes. In the growing period,
72 weanling
young blue foxes (about 8 weeks of age) were divided into 6 groups
randomly,each group included 12 animals (6 ~, 6 ~- ).In the
furring period,
these selected foxes were redistributed into 6 groups ,taking
into their sex and
origin consideration.There was no significant difference among
all the groups
in initial average weight (P>O.05).The feeding trials and
digestion-metabolism
trials were conducted using 2(ME:13.OMJ/kg and
13.7MJ/kg)x3(CP:28%,32%
and 36%)cross-over design in the growing period and 2(ME:
13.2MJ/kg and
13.9MJIkg)x3(CP:24%,28% and 32%) in the furring period. All the
group
foxes were fed with one of the pellets. Body weight was
researched throught
experiments, and the blood parameters were examined, pelt
evaluation and
classification were carried out in the furring period. The
results were as
follows:
(1) The cross-over effects of different energy and protein pellets
on the
daily weight gains of females were significant in the growing
period (P (2) In the growing period, the cross-over effects of different
energy and
protein pellets on feed conversion efficiency were significant
(P (3) The effects of different energy and protein levels pellets on
DM and
Energy digestion-metabolism parameters of females were significant
difference(P digestibility-metabolism rate of
DM and Energy increased with energy levels(13.O-13.7 MJ/kg)
(P P increased CP
levels to 36%,resulted in lower significantly(P P of different energy and protein had significant effects on
females and
males ,and group V were higher than other groups(P P (4) In the growing period, dietary energy levels of pellets had
significant
effects on males N intake,urea N, N deposition ratio and N
biological
value(P intake,urea N,
faces N increased significantly(P protein levels had
significant effects on N intake,urea N,faces N and N deposition
of females
(P deposition ratio and N
biological value(P
61
5 In the furring period, Dietary protein levels had significant
influence on
males daily weight gains(P<0.05), As protein levels increased,
daily weight
gains decreased.
6 In the furring period, the effects of different nutritional
levels pellets on
blue foxes feed conversion efficiency, serum urea N concentration
and serum
protein levels were no significant difference (P>0.05).
7 In the furring period,As dietary energy levels increased,males
DM
intake,DM and energy digestibility significantly decreased(P<0.05
or P<0.0l).
Females digestibility-metabolism rate of DM and energy increased
as the
dietary protein levels increased from 24% to 28%, and further
increased to
32%, resulted in significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.0 1).
8 In the furring period, with increased dietary protein
levels,the result of N
intake (gld) increased.As the dietary Energy levels increased, N
intake
decreased significantly (P<0.O I ).Males N deposition decreased
with energy
levels(13.2-13.9MJ/kg).The dietary energy levels had great
effects on females
faces N, N apparent digestibility (P apparent
digestibility increased with CP(24-28%), then decreased with
CP(28-32%)
(P deposition(g/d)
was significant(P<0.0l):
Male N deposition(gld)=0.5558N intake(gld)-3.0005 n24, r~0.8628
Female N deposition(gId)'~0.4324N intake(gld)-0.8643 n'24,
r=0.9306
9 Dietary energy levels had significant effects
72只8周龄左右的健康仔狐，随机分成6组，每组12只（雌雄各半）。育成
后期将前期蓝狐重新排列分组。前期采用2（ME：13.0MJ/kg、13.7MJ/kg）
×3（CP：28％、32％、36％）、后期采用2（ME：13.2MJ/kg、13.9MJ/kg）
×3（CP：24％、28％、32％）二因子交叉试验设计方法，进行饲养试验和消
化代谢试验，并在育成后期对蓝狐血液生化指标和毛皮品质进行了分析测定。
结果如下：
1 不同能量与蛋白的交互作用对雌狐日增重影响显著（P＜0.05），处理组Ⅴ
（ME：13.7 MJ/kg×CP：32％）平均日增重最高且显著高于处理组Ⅲ（ME：
13.0MJ/kg×CP：32％）。
2 不同能量与蛋白的交互作用对育成前期蓝狐的饲料转化率影响显著
（P＜0.05），其中处理组Ⅴ的饲料转化率最高且显著高于处理组Ⅲ（P＜0.05）。
3 高能量浓度下，雌狐的干物质和能量消化代谢率均升高（P＜0.05或
P＜0.01）；随蛋白质水平从28％上升到32％时，雌狐干物质和能量的消化代谢
率呈上升趋势（P＞0.05），而蛋白质水平进一步上升到36％时，干物质和能量
的消化代谢率显著下降（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。无论雌狐或雄狐，能量与蛋白的
交互作用均以处理组Ⅴ最高，且显著高于其它处理组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。
4 饲粮能量浓度对育成前期雄狐日食入N、尿N、N沉积率和N生物学效
价有一定影响（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）；随蛋白质水平升高，雄狐日食入N、粪N、
尿N极显著增加（P＜0.01）。雌狐日食入N、粪N、尿N和沉积N受能量和
蛋白质水平的影响极显著（P＜0.01），蛋白质水平对雌狐N沉积率和N生物
学效价也有影响（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。
5 蛋白质水平对育成后期雄狐日增重有显著影响（P＜0.05），即随蛋白质水
平升高，日增重明显下降。
6不同饲粮能量浓度、蛋白质水平及能量与蛋白质水平互作对育成后期蓝
狐饲料转化率、血清总蛋白和血清尿素氮无显著影响（P＞0．05）。
7高能量浓度下，育成后期雄狐干物质采食量明显下降（P＜0刀5），干物质
和能量的消化代谢率也下降（P＜0刀5或P＜0．01）。随着蛋白质水平从24％上
升到 280，雌狐的干物质和能量消化代谢率显著上升（P＜0．05或卜＜0．of），
蛋白质水平上升到32％时却显著下降（P＜0．05或P＜0刀1）。
8育成后期，蓝狐日食入N随蛋白质水平的上升而增加（P吻刀1），随能量
的上升而下降（P＜0．01）。高能量浓度下，N沉积量减少（P＜0刀1）、N表观
消化率升高（P＜0刀1）。随蛋白质水平增加，雌狐N表观消化率先上升后F降
（P＜0刀1）。育成后期，蓝狐N沉积量随蛋白质水平的升高而增加（P＜O．01），
N沉积量与R食入N呈正相关关系，口归方程为：
雄狐 N沉积量（g／d）－0．5558进食 N（g／d）－3＊005 n－24，r－0．8628
雌狐 N沉积量（g／d）－0．4324进食 N（g／d）－0＊643 n－24，r＝0．9306
9高能量浓度下，针绒毛长度增加（P＜0刀1）。随蛋白质水平升高，针绒毛
长度增加、针毛细度增加J＜0刀1），而绒毛细度无显著差异叩＞0刀5）。
10饲粮营养水平对蓝狐体长、皮张长无显著影响o＞0．05）。高营养水平组
的毛皮等级要优于低营养水平组。本研究结果还得出，毛皮长度与取皮时体
重呈正相关：Y—84．17＋0．0032X（r—0．5927，P＜0．of）其中，Y一皮张长（cm）
X一终体重一）
综合育成期蓝狐生长发育、饲料消耗及转化率、消化代谢和毛皮品质等
项指标进行分析，得出育成前期蓝狐全价颗粒饲料适宜的能量水平为 13．7MJ／
kg、粗蛋白质水平为32％；育成后期能量水平为13．gMJ／k巳粗蛋白质水平为
24％～28％。
The aim of these studies was to investigate the optimal energy
and protein
levels of pellets for growing blue foxes. In the growing period,
72 weanling
young blue foxes (about 8 weeks of age) were divided into 6 groups
randomly,each group included 12 animals (6 ~, 6 ~- ).In the
furring period,
these selected foxes were redistributed into 6 groups ,taking
into their sex and
origin consideration.There was no significant difference among
all the groups
in initial average weight (P>O.05).The feeding trials and
digestion-metabolism
trials were conducted using 2(ME:13.OMJ/kg and
13.7MJ/kg)x3(CP:28%,32%
and 36%)cross-over design in the growing period and 2(ME:
13.2MJ/kg and
13.9MJIkg)x3(CP:24%,28% and 32%) in the furring period. All the
group
foxes were fed with one of the pellets. Body weight was
researched throught
experiments, and the blood parameters were examined, pelt
evaluation and
classification were carried out in the furring period. The
results were as
follows:
(1) The cross-over effects of different energy and protein pellets
on the
daily weight gains of females were significant in the growing
period (P
energy and
protein pellets on feed conversion efficiency were significant
(P
DM and
Energy digestion-metabolism parameters of females were significant
difference(P
DM and Energy increased with energy levels(13.O-13.7 MJ/kg)
(P
levels to 36%,resulted in lower significantly(P
females and
males ,and group V were higher than other groups(P
significant
effects on males N intake,urea N, N deposition ratio and N
biological
value(P
faces N increased significantly(P
significant effects on N intake,urea N,faces N and N deposition
of females
(P
biological value(P
61
5 In the furring period, Dietary protein levels had significant
influence on
males daily weight gains(P<0.05), As protein levels increased,
daily weight
gains decreased.
6 In the furring period, the effects of different nutritional
levels pellets on
blue foxes feed conversion efficiency, serum urea N concentration
and serum
protein levels were no significant difference (P>0.05).
7 In the furring period,As dietary energy levels increased,males
DM
intake,DM and energy digestibility significantly decreased(P<0.05
or P<0.0l).
Females digestibility-metabolism rate of DM and energy increased
as the
dietary protein levels increased from 24% to 28%, and further
increased to
32%, resulted in significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.0 1).
8 In the furring period, with increased dietary protein
levels,the result of N
intake (gld) increased.As the dietary Energy levels increased, N
intake
decreased significantly (P<0.O I ).Males N deposition decreased
with energy
levels(13.2-13.9MJ/kg).The dietary energy levels had great
effects on females
faces N, N apparent digestibility (P
digestibility increased with CP(24-28%), then decreased with
CP(28-32%)
(P
was significant(P<0.0l):
Male N deposition(gld)=0.5558N intake(gld)-3.0005 n24, r~0.8628
Female N deposition(gId)'~0.4324N intake(gld)-0.8643 n'24,
r=0.9306
9 Dietary energy levels had significant effects
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25． H．M．Okada等，谭风梧译维生素B1引起狐和貂的脑病．国外兽医学-畜禽疾病， 1989(4) ：21-22
26． P．McDonald等著，赵文斌，胡令浩主译，动物营养学(第四版)，兰州：甘肃 民族出版社，1988
27． Ahlstrom-O：Skrede-A，Feed with divergent fat：carbohydrate ratios for blue foxes(Alopex lagopus)and mink(Mustela vison)in the growing-furring period．Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences．1995． 9： 1-2，115-126
28． Ahlstrom-O：Skrede-A，Comparative nutrient digestibility in blue foxes (Alopex lagopus)and mink(Mustela vison)fed diets with diverging fat： carbohydrateratios．Acta Agric Scand．Section-A，-Animal-Science．1995， 45：1，74-80
29． Ahlstrom-O：Skrede-A，Fish oil as an energy source for blue foxes(Alopex lagopus)and mink(Mustela vison)in the growing-furring period．Journal-of-Animal-Physiology-and-Animal-Nutrition．1995，74：3，146-156
30． Ahlstrom-O：Skrede-A，Thomassen-MS Effects of herring scraps feeding on body fat composition，growth and fur quality in siiver foxes．Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences．1994，8：1，55-67
31． Ahlstrφm，φ．Different dietary fat：carbohydrate ratios for blue fox in the reproduction period．Effects on reproduction，kit growth，milk compos ition and blood parameters．Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences． 1992，suppl．no 9：242-248
32． Alden-E, Energy supply for mink and foxes. Vara-Palsdjur. 1990, 61: 8, 238-239
33． Allain D; Rougeot J etc. technique of feeding pellets to minks. Scientifur, 1980(4) : 47-50
34． Anne-Helene Tauson. 1988 Livest Prod Sci, 19:355-367
35． Brog B. S. et al. Tryptophan and threonine requirements of yong pigs. Journal of Animal Science.1987, 64:1070-1078
36． Bruning-Fann-CS; Kaneene-JB, The effects of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds on animal health. Veterinary-and-Human-Toxicology. 1993, 35: 3, 237-253
37． Brzozowski-M etc, Hematological parameter values in polar fox females (Alopex lagopus L.) during the lactation period. Scientifur. 1994, 18: 1, 35-38
38． Chausow-DG; Clay-AB; Suttie-JW, Effects of dietary fluoride on growth, reproductive performance, and tissue fluoride levels of the fox (Alopex lagopus). Progress in fur animal science. Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences. 1992, Suppl. 9, 315-320
39． Faulkner,-WL; Anderson,-DM, The effects of fiber supplementation on diet digestibility by silver foxes. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1991, 71: 3, 943-947
40． Faulkner-WL; Egan-LA; Anderson-DM, Apparent and true digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and amino acids in diets for mature silver foxes. Progress in fur animal science. Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences. 1992, Suppl. 9, 268-274
41． Faulkner-WL; Egan-LA; Anderson-DM. Apparent and true digestibility of dry matter,crude protein and amino acids in diets for mature silver foxes. Progress in fur animal science. Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural Sciences. 1992, Suppl. 9, 268-274
42． Glazov-EM, Energy requirement of young veiled arctic foxes. Krolikovo dstvo-i-Zverovodstvo. 1976, No. 4, 12-13
43． Glem-Hansen, N. & N. Enggaard Hansen Aminoacid deposition in mink during
the growth period. Acta Agric. Scand. 1981, 31:410-414
44． GlenrHansen, N. Protein-og ao=minosyrebehov til mink. NJF-Seminar no 185, Tastrup, Denmark, 1990,27pp
45． Greeley,et al. Energy and protein intake by growing swine. I. Effect on Rate and Efficiency of gain and on nutrients digestibility. J. Anim. Sci. 1964, 23: 808
46． Hansen, B.K. Mink dam weight changes during the lactation Period. Acta Agric. Scand. Section-A,-Animal-Sci. 1999:49,65-72
47． Ilukha-VA etc, The changes of some blood indices of fur animals in the lactation period. Scientifur. 1996, 20: 1, 48-53
48． Jan Elinif. Accuracy of nitrogen balance measurements in adult mink. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural sciences. 1992, suppl. no 9: 254-260
49． Just Nielsen, A. Feed evauation in pigs. Wold Rev. Anim. Prod. Vol. XI, 1:18-30
50． Kangas-J Dry feed for foxes. CAB Abstracts. 1979
51． Khusnutdinov-R; Roslyakov-A; Nikitina-A Dry feeds in the diet of silver black foxes. Krolikovodstvo-i-Zverovodstvo. 1977, No. 1, 23
52． Konnerup-Madsen-H , Processing fish and dry feed pellets for blue foxes during the breeding season. Dansk-Pelsdyravl. 1982, 45: 2, 67-68
53． Korhonen-H etc, Effect of melatonin implant residuals in feed on reproduction in blue foxes. Acta Agric. Scand. Section-A,-Animal-Sci. 1997, 47: 4, 261-263
54． Korshunov-SS, Fats in the diets for wild animals. Krolikovodstvo-i-Zverovodstvol. 1994,No. 1, 5-6
55． Lindh-K, Arming for improved pelt quality Finsk palstidskrift. 1999, 33:2,14-17
56． Lorek-MO etc. Digestibility of nutrients ang nitrogen retention in polar foxes feed on a diet supplemented with a fat concentrate. Acta-Academiac Agriculturac-ac-Technicae-Olstensis-Zootechnica. 1994, no 39:71-81
57． M. O. Lorek etc. Pelleted feed for Arctic fox.1999
58． Maciejowski-J etc, The comparison of two exterior evaluation methods of foxes Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences. 1992, Suppl. 9,67-72
59． Marilyn, R. et al Energy protein relation-ships in diets of growing mink. Candi J of Physi and Pharm, 1964, Vol42
60． Mee-R, An investigation into feeding carnivorous fur bearing farm animals in Estonia. Scientifur. 1994, 18: 2, 121-123
61． Mertin,-D etc, Contents of some mineral elements in hair of silver foxes during ontogenesis. Scientifur. 1991, 15: 3, 183-189
62． Mertin,-D; Tocka,-I; Oravcova,-E, Effect of Zn, Se on some morphological fur properties in silver foxes in period of fur maturity. Scientifur. 1991, 15: 4, 287-293
63． Milovanov-LV; Pereldik-DN, Krolikovodstvo-i-ZveroRational feeding of forbearing animals in the summer-autumn period, vodstvo. 1998, No. 3 , 6-9
64． Neils Enggaard Hansen. Recent advances in the nutrition of fur animals. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Suppl, No 9:221-231
65． Nutrients Requirement of Domestic Animals. No 7． Nutrient Requirement of minksand foxes, 1982． National Academy press, Washington, D. C 72pp
66． Osadchuk-LV, A comparative study of sperm, sexual hormone concentrations and sexual activity in yearling and adult males of the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes). Animal-Science. 1998, 68: 4, 723-729
67． Oskina-IN; Tinnikov-AA, Interaction between cortisol and cortisol binding protein in silver foxes(Vulpesfulvus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology.-A,-Comparative-Physiology. 1992, 101: 4, 665-668
68． Pingel, H. M etc. The influence of zinc supplemention on growth and reproduction of mink. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural sciences. 321-325
69． Polonen,-I; Dahlman,-T, Carbohydrates in diets for fur bearers. Finsk-Palstidskrift. 1988, 22: 12, 487-489
70． Prestrud, P & K. Nilssen. Fat deposition and seasonal variation in body composition of arctic foxes in svalbard. J wild Manage 1992, 56:221-233
71． Rourinen-K etc. Long term effects of tryptophan on behavioural response
and growing-furring performance in silver fox(Vulpes Vulpes). Applied Animal-Behaviour-science. 1999, 63:1, 65-67
72． Salyi-G; Sztojkov-V, Biotin deficiency in foxes. Magyar-Allatorvosok Lapja. 1993, 48: 3, 157-161
73． Schweigert-FJ; Buchholz-I, Vitamin A metabolism in carnivores with special reference to fur bearing animals. Scientifur. 1995, 19:4, 305-307
74． Schweigert-FJ; Thomann-E, Vitamin A and E in carnivores: transport in blood and distribution in tissues. Monatshefte-fur-Veterinarmedizin. 1993, 48: 1, 25-29
75． Scott, M. L. et al Studies on the nutrition of pheasant chicks. Poultry science.1949, 28:392-397
76． Skrede A; Gulbramdsenk E. Fat sources in pelleted dry diets for minks and foxes. Scientifur, 1986(1) :81
77． Skrede, A etc. Digestibility of amino acids in raw fish flesh and meat-and bone meal for the chicken, fox mink and rainbow trout. Z. Tierphysiol, Tierernahrg u. Futtermittelkde. 43:92-101
78． Skrede-A; Ahlstrom-O, Fat and carbohydrate in feed for foxes and mink. Norsk-Pelsdyrblad. 1992, 66: 6, 11-13
79． Suvegova-Ketc, Content of some mineral elements in chosen organs of silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Scientifur. 1993, 17: 4, 257-262
80． Szymeczko, R. & A. Skrede. Protein digestion in mink. Acta Agric. Scand. 40:189-200
81． Szymeczko-R, etc, The effect of protein source on digesta passage and nutrient digestibility in polar foxes. Progress in fur animal science. Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences. 1992, Suppl. 9, 275-281
82． Weiss-W, Time of pelting of silver foxes. Dansk-Pelsdyravl. 1993, 56: 10, 404-406
2． 崔福生编著．医学检验手册，天津：天津科学技术出版社，125-127
3． 高宏伟．毛皮动物营养研究概况．特产研究，1994，(1) ：32-34
4． 高秀华．梅花鹿生茸期蛋白质和能量消化代谢规律的研究，中国农业大学博士学 位论文，1999
5． 高秀华．饲料蛋白质水平对育成期雄性水貂营养物质利用，生长发育及毛皮质量 的影响．中国农业科学院硕士论文，1987
6． 顾华孝等．水貂全价熟化颗粒饲料研制的总体设计构思．饲料研究
7． 贺建华．毛皮动物营养研究进展．国外畜牧科技，1995，22(1) ：36-39
8． 靳世厚 杨嘉实．狐的能量、蛋白质需要量及其饲料配制技术的综合研究报告． 经济动物学报，1998，(2) ：10-13
9． 景松岩译．水貂被毛的生长发育与营养的关系．国外特种经济动植物，1984(4) ： 1-4
1O．朴厚坤等．毛皮动物饲养学，长春：吉林农业大学出版社，1986
11． 丘建德编．国际通用统计软件SAS与多元统计分析，1998
12． 佟煜人等主编．中国毛皮兽饲养技术大全，北京：中国农业科技出版社，1990
13． 王峰 佟煜人等．紫貂冬毛生长期饲粮适宜能量浓度和蛋白质水平对体重和毛质 的影响．动物营养学报，1998，10(3) ：46-52
14． 王峰 佟煜人等．紫貂泌乳期饲粮适宜能量浓度和蛋白质水平的研究．动物营养 学报，1996，8(3) ：38-43
15． 徐以强．育成期雄性水貂适宜能量蛋白质水平的研究，中国农业科学院硕士学位 论文，1989
16． 杨凤主编．动物营养学，北京：农业出版社，1993
17． 杨福合等编著．毛皮动物饲养技术，沈阳；辽宁科学技术出版社，1999
18． 杨福合等编著．养狐与狐病防治，北京：中国农业出版社，1999
19． 张冬青 张冠相．蓝狐血液生化指标的测定．中国林业副产，1994，4(31) ：7
20． 张冠相 刘玉堂．不同营养水平配合料对蓝狐毛皮品质的影响．林业科技，1995 (1) ： 32-33
21． 张冠相 王维胜等．蓝狐育成期干粉配合料的研究．林业科技，1996，21(5) ：33-35
22． 邹兴淮等．乌苏里貉生长期颗粒配合饲料择优试验．经济动物学报，1998，2(1) ： 8-13
23． 邹兴淮主编．毛皮兽饲养，北京：中国林业出版社，1989
24． Anne-Helene Tauson．毛皮动物营养需要，国外畜牧科技，1989，16(1) ：27-32
25． H．M．Okada等，谭风梧译维生素B1引起狐和貂的脑病．国外兽医学-畜禽疾病， 1989(4) ：21-22
26． P．McDonald等著，赵文斌，胡令浩主译，动物营养学(第四版)，兰州：甘肃 民族出版社，1988
27． Ahlstrom-O：Skrede-A，Feed with divergent fat：carbohydrate ratios for blue foxes(Alopex lagopus)and mink(Mustela vison)in the growing-furring period．Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences．1995． 9： 1-2，115-126
28． Ahlstrom-O：Skrede-A，Comparative nutrient digestibility in blue foxes (Alopex lagopus)and mink(Mustela vison)fed diets with diverging fat： carbohydrateratios．Acta Agric Scand．Section-A，-Animal-Science．1995， 45：1，74-80
29． Ahlstrom-O：Skrede-A，Fish oil as an energy source for blue foxes(Alopex lagopus)and mink(Mustela vison)in the growing-furring period．Journal-of-Animal-Physiology-and-Animal-Nutrition．1995，74：3，146-156
30． Ahlstrom-O：Skrede-A，Thomassen-MS Effects of herring scraps feeding on body fat composition，growth and fur quality in siiver foxes．Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences．1994，8：1，55-67
31． Ahlstrφm，φ．Different dietary fat：carbohydrate ratios for blue fox in the reproduction period．Effects on reproduction，kit growth，milk compos ition and blood parameters．Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences． 1992，suppl．no 9：242-248
32． Alden-E, Energy supply for mink and foxes. Vara-Palsdjur. 1990, 61: 8, 238-239
33． Allain D; Rougeot J etc. technique of feeding pellets to minks. Scientifur, 1980(4) : 47-50
34． Anne-Helene Tauson. 1988 Livest Prod Sci, 19:355-367
35． Brog B. S. et al. Tryptophan and threonine requirements of yong pigs. Journal of Animal Science.1987, 64:1070-1078
36． Bruning-Fann-CS; Kaneene-JB, The effects of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds on animal health. Veterinary-and-Human-Toxicology. 1993, 35: 3, 237-253
37． Brzozowski-M etc, Hematological parameter values in polar fox females (Alopex lagopus L.) during the lactation period. Scientifur. 1994, 18: 1, 35-38
38． Chausow-DG; Clay-AB; Suttie-JW, Effects of dietary fluoride on growth, reproductive performance, and tissue fluoride levels of the fox (Alopex lagopus). Progress in fur animal science. Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences. 1992, Suppl. 9, 315-320
39． Faulkner,-WL; Anderson,-DM, The effects of fiber supplementation on diet digestibility by silver foxes. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1991, 71: 3, 943-947
40． Faulkner-WL; Egan-LA; Anderson-DM, Apparent and true digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and amino acids in diets for mature silver foxes. Progress in fur animal science. Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences. 1992, Suppl. 9, 268-274
41． Faulkner-WL; Egan-LA; Anderson-DM. Apparent and true digestibility of dry matter,crude protein and amino acids in diets for mature silver foxes. Progress in fur animal science. Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural Sciences. 1992, Suppl. 9, 268-274
42． Glazov-EM, Energy requirement of young veiled arctic foxes. Krolikovo dstvo-i-Zverovodstvo. 1976, No. 4, 12-13
43． Glem-Hansen, N. & N. Enggaard Hansen Aminoacid deposition in mink during
the growth period. Acta Agric. Scand. 1981, 31:410-414
44． GlenrHansen, N. Protein-og ao=minosyrebehov til mink. NJF-Seminar no 185, Tastrup, Denmark, 1990,27pp
45． Greeley,et al. Energy and protein intake by growing swine. I. Effect on Rate and Efficiency of gain and on nutrients digestibility. J. Anim. Sci. 1964, 23: 808
46． Hansen, B.K. Mink dam weight changes during the lactation Period. Acta Agric. Scand. Section-A,-Animal-Sci. 1999:49,65-72
47． Ilukha-VA etc, The changes of some blood indices of fur animals in the lactation period. Scientifur. 1996, 20: 1, 48-53
48． Jan Elinif. Accuracy of nitrogen balance measurements in adult mink. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural sciences. 1992, suppl. no 9: 254-260
49． Just Nielsen, A. Feed evauation in pigs. Wold Rev. Anim. Prod. Vol. XI, 1:18-30
50． Kangas-J Dry feed for foxes. CAB Abstracts. 1979
51． Khusnutdinov-R; Roslyakov-A; Nikitina-A Dry feeds in the diet of silver black foxes. Krolikovodstvo-i-Zverovodstvo. 1977, No. 1, 23
52． Konnerup-Madsen-H , Processing fish and dry feed pellets for blue foxes during the breeding season. Dansk-Pelsdyravl. 1982, 45: 2, 67-68
53． Korhonen-H etc, Effect of melatonin implant residuals in feed on reproduction in blue foxes. Acta Agric. Scand. Section-A,-Animal-Sci. 1997, 47: 4, 261-263
54． Korshunov-SS, Fats in the diets for wild animals. Krolikovodstvo-i-Zverovodstvol. 1994,No. 1, 5-6
55． Lindh-K, Arming for improved pelt quality Finsk palstidskrift. 1999, 33:2,14-17
56． Lorek-MO etc. Digestibility of nutrients ang nitrogen retention in polar foxes feed on a diet supplemented with a fat concentrate. Acta-Academiac Agriculturac-ac-Technicae-Olstensis-Zootechnica. 1994, no 39:71-81
57． M. O. Lorek etc. Pelleted feed for Arctic fox.1999
58． Maciejowski-J etc, The comparison of two exterior evaluation methods of foxes Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences. 1992, Suppl. 9,67-72
59． Marilyn, R. et al Energy protein relation-ships in diets of growing mink. Candi J of Physi and Pharm, 1964, Vol42
60． Mee-R, An investigation into feeding carnivorous fur bearing farm animals in Estonia. Scientifur. 1994, 18: 2, 121-123
61． Mertin,-D etc, Contents of some mineral elements in hair of silver foxes during ontogenesis. Scientifur. 1991, 15: 3, 183-189
62． Mertin,-D; Tocka,-I; Oravcova,-E, Effect of Zn, Se on some morphological fur properties in silver foxes in period of fur maturity. Scientifur. 1991, 15: 4, 287-293
63． Milovanov-LV; Pereldik-DN, Krolikovodstvo-i-ZveroRational feeding of forbearing animals in the summer-autumn period, vodstvo. 1998, No. 3 , 6-9
64． Neils Enggaard Hansen. Recent advances in the nutrition of fur animals. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Suppl, No 9:221-231
65． Nutrients Requirement of Domestic Animals. No 7． Nutrient Requirement of minksand foxes, 1982． National Academy press, Washington, D. C 72pp
66． Osadchuk-LV, A comparative study of sperm, sexual hormone concentrations and sexual activity in yearling and adult males of the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes). Animal-Science. 1998, 68: 4, 723-729
67． Oskina-IN; Tinnikov-AA, Interaction between cortisol and cortisol binding protein in silver foxes(Vulpesfulvus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology.-A,-Comparative-Physiology. 1992, 101: 4, 665-668
68． Pingel, H. M etc. The influence of zinc supplemention on growth and reproduction of mink. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural sciences. 321-325
69． Polonen,-I; Dahlman,-T, Carbohydrates in diets for fur bearers. Finsk-Palstidskrift. 1988, 22: 12, 487-489
70． Prestrud, P & K. Nilssen. Fat deposition and seasonal variation in body composition of arctic foxes in svalbard. J wild Manage 1992, 56:221-233
71． Rourinen-K etc. Long term effects of tryptophan on behavioural response
and growing-furring performance in silver fox(Vulpes Vulpes). Applied Animal-Behaviour-science. 1999, 63:1, 65-67
72． Salyi-G; Sztojkov-V, Biotin deficiency in foxes. Magyar-Allatorvosok Lapja. 1993, 48: 3, 157-161
73． Schweigert-FJ; Buchholz-I, Vitamin A metabolism in carnivores with special reference to fur bearing animals. Scientifur. 1995, 19:4, 305-307
74． Schweigert-FJ; Thomann-E, Vitamin A and E in carnivores: transport in blood and distribution in tissues. Monatshefte-fur-Veterinarmedizin. 1993, 48: 1, 25-29
75． Scott, M. L. et al Studies on the nutrition of pheasant chicks. Poultry science.1949, 28:392-397
76． Skrede A; Gulbramdsenk E. Fat sources in pelleted dry diets for minks and foxes. Scientifur, 1986(1) :81
77． Skrede, A etc. Digestibility of amino acids in raw fish flesh and meat-and bone meal for the chicken, fox mink and rainbow trout. Z. Tierphysiol, Tierernahrg u. Futtermittelkde. 43:92-101
78． Skrede-A; Ahlstrom-O, Fat and carbohydrate in feed for foxes and mink. Norsk-Pelsdyrblad. 1992, 66: 6, 11-13
79． Suvegova-Ketc, Content of some mineral elements in chosen organs of silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Scientifur. 1993, 17: 4, 257-262
80． Szymeczko, R. & A. Skrede. Protein digestion in mink. Acta Agric. Scand. 40:189-200
81． Szymeczko-R, etc, The effect of protein source on digesta passage and nutrient digestibility in polar foxes. Progress in fur animal science. Norwegian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Sciences. 1992, Suppl. 9, 275-281
82． Weiss-W, Time of pelting of silver foxes. Dansk-Pelsdyravl. 1993, 56: 10, 404-406