生态因子对萱藻（Scytosiphon lomentaria）孢子体、配子体生长发育影响的研究
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摘要
萱藻Scytosiphon lomentaria(Lyngbye.)Link隶属于褐藻门(Phaeophyta),我国北起辽东半岛,南至广东省海陵岛之间广大沿海地区都有分布,系泛温带性海藻。萱藻生活史属于异形世代交替,它主要生长在中潮带和低潮带的岩石上和石沼中,每年1-2月份开始出现,盛期4-6月份。萱藻是一种经济价值、营养价值极高的海藻,一直以来被沿海居民视为珍贵海味之一,同时萱藻的药用价值正在逐渐被发掘,已证实可以从萱藻中提取多种药用成分。目前国内外市场销售的萱藻主要是野生萱藻,由于产量有限,造成萱藻的价格很高,也难以对其进行大规模开发利用。因此开展萱藻生理生态学的研究对于早日实现萱藻的大规模人工养殖具有很重要的意义。
萱藻养殖技术及产业化发展主要依靠对其生长发育规律的掌握。本文对不同温度、光照、营养盐条件下的萱藻孢子体、配子体的生长发育进行了较为系统的研究。通过显微镜观察发现,萱藻的成熟叶状体(配子体)放散的雌雄配子在11℃条件下可以结合,合子在温度5-28℃、光强10-30μmol/m2.s光照14h以内条件下均可以萌发。在5-23℃范围内,温度越高,越有利于孢子体的生长。20-23℃,最有利于孢子体的营养生长。9-17℃是比较利于孢子囊产生的温度范围,其中13℃,L：D 10：14,20μmol/m2.s条件下最有利于孢子囊的形成与孢子的放散。28℃以上,合子虽然也可以萌发,但一周后,视野中大约80%的合子死亡。温度越低,孢子体倾向于始终保持丝状体形态,温度越高,孢子体倾向于发育为垫状体或类垫状体。26-33℃,L：D 14：10,20μmol/m2.s条件下,孢子体主要以垫状体或类垫状体形式存在,高温条件下(≥26℃)孢子体放散的孢子仍发育成为孢子体。
光强6-30μmol/m2.s利于孢子囊的形成。提高光强有利于孢子体的早期生长,当光照强度过高时(70μmol/m2.s),则抑制幼孢子体的生长。短日照条件下(≤12h)利于孢子囊的产生,长日照条件(>12h)尽管温度适宜,但仍不适于孢子囊的产生。长日照条件下有利于孢子体的营养生长。
萱藻丝状体生长的最适N、P元素浓度分别为40mg/L、8mg/L。22℃、L：D14：10条件保证了孢子体始终处于丝状体状态并仅进行营养生长。利用组织粉碎机将丝状体打碎为2-8个细胞的藻枝段进行培养,藻枝段在充气条件下主要以横向分裂为主,没有或很少有毛状结构产生,分枝较少。
萱藻单室孢子囊大部分为球形,少量为短棒状,直径13.5～17.5μm,所产生的孢子呈梨形,长4-5μm,宽2.5-3μm,内有一个大型质体,一个红色眼点,2条侧生不等长鞭毛。单孢子在经历一段时间(2h内)游动后在玻璃片上附着变圆。9-13℃,40μmol/m2.s,光周期L：D 10：14条件下,较适宜单孢子的萌发。9℃条件下较适于配子体的早期发育。光照时间小于12h时萱藻小叶状体可以正常生长发育至成熟,培养60d可以长成肉眼可见的配子体幼苗。
2009年10月开始我们在蓬莱育苗场进行工厂化育苗,并在烟台长岛海域进行海上人工养殖试验。10月下旬采苗,12月下旬,萱藻幼苗长度为2-3mm,将部分网帘挂于海上进行养殖。至2010年3月下旬海上养殖区的萱藻长度已达到67.5cm,发现少量萱藻上有缢缩生成。
Scytosiphon lomentaria(Lyngbye.)Link attach to Phaeophyta, which distributes the coastal areas from Liaodong Peninsula to Hailing island of Guangdong province, with a life cycle of alternation of heteromorphic generations. Scytosiphon lomentaria can be found from January to June on the stone, bedrock, tide pools between the mid and low-tide region of exposed shores. It is one of the algae with superior economic value, possess abundant nutritive value,medical and healthcare value. It has proved that many Medicinal compounds could be extracted from it The available source of Scytosiphon lomentaria on the market at home and abroad is only collected from natural conditions. Because of limited resources, it is difficult to develop and utilize it on large-scale. In order to cultivate the algae artificially, it is important and necessary to conduct related studies of ecological Factors on Scytosiphon lomentaria.
The culture techiques and development of Scytosiphon lomentaria depend on the well studies of its growth and development properties. Our study focus on the growth and development of sporophytes and gametophytes in different temperature, light and nutrient conditions. Female and male gametes which released from mature Scytosiphon lomentaria can fuse to form zygotes at 11℃.zygotes germinate at 5-28℃,10-30μmol/m2.s and light periods less than exceed 14h. The suitable temperature for the growth of sporophytes is 5-23℃and the optimum temperature is 20-23℃. The suitable temperature for the formation of sporangia is 9-17℃. the optimum condition is 13℃, L:D 10:14,20μmol/m2.s. Temperature over 30℃inhibits the growth of zygotes and about 80% of them died after one week. At higher temperature (≥26℃), crustose or cushion-like thalli are the main form and at lower temperature (<26℃), filaments and cushion-like thalli are the main forms of sporophytes. At 26-33℃, L:D 14:10 and 20μmol/m2.s, sporophytes exist as the form of crustose or cushion-like thaiii and the zoospores released from the sporangia develop into new sporophytes.
The suitable light intensity for the formation of sporangia is 6-30μmol/m2.s, it is suitable for the early growth of sporophytes with increase of light intensity. Growth of zygotes is inhibited over 70μmol/m2.s. When the light period is less than 12h, it is suitable for formation of sporangia. Whereas, when the light period is more than 12h, it is suitable for the growth of sporophytes.
The optimum concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus element is 40mg/L and 8mg/L respectively for the growth of Scytosiphon lomentaria filaments. Filaments can grow well and exist as the main form of Sporophytes at 22℃、L:D 14:10. Under the condition of supplementing certain salts and aeration, clones of filaments divide transversely with less or no Hairs, which are crushed to 2-8 celled branches with tissue crushing machine.
Most Sporangia are ball-shaped,50-90μm in diameter. Unispores are pear shaped, laterally biflagellated,4-5μm long,2.5-3μm wide,contain a large plastid and a red eye spot, which released from Unilocular sporangia can develop into embryo-spores within 2h. The suitable condition for gemination and development of the unispores is 9-13℃, L:D 10:14 and 40μmol/m2.s. The optimum temperature for early development of gametophytes is 9℃. When the light period is less than 12h, young gametophytes can grow and develop normally. New generation of Scytosiphon lomentaria can be found under laboratory condition in 60 days.
artificial propagation of seedlings of Scytosiphon lomentaria were conducted in Penglai and cultivation trials in the open sea area of Changdao, Shandong province, since October 2009. In late October, Seedling nets were cultured in seawater ponds in doors and when the seedling reached to 2-3mm, the nets were transferred to raft at sea. In late March 2010 the average length of Scytosiphon lomentaria reached to about 67.5cm and some of it constricted at intervals.
萱藻养殖技术及产业化发展主要依靠对其生长发育规律的掌握。本文对不同温度、光照、营养盐条件下的萱藻孢子体、配子体的生长发育进行了较为系统的研究。通过显微镜观察发现,萱藻的成熟叶状体(配子体)放散的雌雄配子在11℃条件下可以结合,合子在温度5-28℃、光强10-30μmol/m2.s光照14h以内条件下均可以萌发。在5-23℃范围内,温度越高,越有利于孢子体的生长。20-23℃,最有利于孢子体的营养生长。9-17℃是比较利于孢子囊产生的温度范围,其中13℃,L：D 10：14,20μmol/m2.s条件下最有利于孢子囊的形成与孢子的放散。28℃以上,合子虽然也可以萌发,但一周后,视野中大约80%的合子死亡。温度越低,孢子体倾向于始终保持丝状体形态,温度越高,孢子体倾向于发育为垫状体或类垫状体。26-33℃,L：D 14：10,20μmol/m2.s条件下,孢子体主要以垫状体或类垫状体形式存在,高温条件下(≥26℃)孢子体放散的孢子仍发育成为孢子体。
光强6-30μmol/m2.s利于孢子囊的形成。提高光强有利于孢子体的早期生长,当光照强度过高时(70μmol/m2.s),则抑制幼孢子体的生长。短日照条件下(≤12h)利于孢子囊的产生,长日照条件(>12h)尽管温度适宜,但仍不适于孢子囊的产生。长日照条件下有利于孢子体的营养生长。
萱藻丝状体生长的最适N、P元素浓度分别为40mg/L、8mg/L。22℃、L：D14：10条件保证了孢子体始终处于丝状体状态并仅进行营养生长。利用组织粉碎机将丝状体打碎为2-8个细胞的藻枝段进行培养,藻枝段在充气条件下主要以横向分裂为主,没有或很少有毛状结构产生,分枝较少。
萱藻单室孢子囊大部分为球形,少量为短棒状,直径13.5～17.5μm,所产生的孢子呈梨形,长4-5μm,宽2.5-3μm,内有一个大型质体,一个红色眼点,2条侧生不等长鞭毛。单孢子在经历一段时间(2h内)游动后在玻璃片上附着变圆。9-13℃,40μmol/m2.s,光周期L：D 10：14条件下,较适宜单孢子的萌发。9℃条件下较适于配子体的早期发育。光照时间小于12h时萱藻小叶状体可以正常生长发育至成熟,培养60d可以长成肉眼可见的配子体幼苗。
2009年10月开始我们在蓬莱育苗场进行工厂化育苗,并在烟台长岛海域进行海上人工养殖试验。10月下旬采苗,12月下旬,萱藻幼苗长度为2-3mm,将部分网帘挂于海上进行养殖。至2010年3月下旬海上养殖区的萱藻长度已达到67.5cm,发现少量萱藻上有缢缩生成。
Scytosiphon lomentaria(Lyngbye.)Link attach to Phaeophyta, which distributes the coastal areas from Liaodong Peninsula to Hailing island of Guangdong province, with a life cycle of alternation of heteromorphic generations. Scytosiphon lomentaria can be found from January to June on the stone, bedrock, tide pools between the mid and low-tide region of exposed shores. It is one of the algae with superior economic value, possess abundant nutritive value,medical and healthcare value. It has proved that many Medicinal compounds could be extracted from it The available source of Scytosiphon lomentaria on the market at home and abroad is only collected from natural conditions. Because of limited resources, it is difficult to develop and utilize it on large-scale. In order to cultivate the algae artificially, it is important and necessary to conduct related studies of ecological Factors on Scytosiphon lomentaria.
The culture techiques and development of Scytosiphon lomentaria depend on the well studies of its growth and development properties. Our study focus on the growth and development of sporophytes and gametophytes in different temperature, light and nutrient conditions. Female and male gametes which released from mature Scytosiphon lomentaria can fuse to form zygotes at 11℃.zygotes germinate at 5-28℃,10-30μmol/m2.s and light periods less than exceed 14h. The suitable temperature for the growth of sporophytes is 5-23℃and the optimum temperature is 20-23℃. The suitable temperature for the formation of sporangia is 9-17℃. the optimum condition is 13℃, L:D 10:14,20μmol/m2.s. Temperature over 30℃inhibits the growth of zygotes and about 80% of them died after one week. At higher temperature (≥26℃), crustose or cushion-like thalli are the main form and at lower temperature (<26℃), filaments and cushion-like thalli are the main forms of sporophytes. At 26-33℃, L:D 14:10 and 20μmol/m2.s, sporophytes exist as the form of crustose or cushion-like thaiii and the zoospores released from the sporangia develop into new sporophytes.
The suitable light intensity for the formation of sporangia is 6-30μmol/m2.s, it is suitable for the early growth of sporophytes with increase of light intensity. Growth of zygotes is inhibited over 70μmol/m2.s. When the light period is less than 12h, it is suitable for formation of sporangia. Whereas, when the light period is more than 12h, it is suitable for the growth of sporophytes.
The optimum concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus element is 40mg/L and 8mg/L respectively for the growth of Scytosiphon lomentaria filaments. Filaments can grow well and exist as the main form of Sporophytes at 22℃、L:D 14:10. Under the condition of supplementing certain salts and aeration, clones of filaments divide transversely with less or no Hairs, which are crushed to 2-8 celled branches with tissue crushing machine.
Most Sporangia are ball-shaped,50-90μm in diameter. Unispores are pear shaped, laterally biflagellated,4-5μm long,2.5-3μm wide,contain a large plastid and a red eye spot, which released from Unilocular sporangia can develop into embryo-spores within 2h. The suitable condition for gemination and development of the unispores is 9-13℃, L:D 10:14 and 40μmol/m2.s. The optimum temperature for early development of gametophytes is 9℃. When the light period is less than 12h, young gametophytes can grow and develop normally. New generation of Scytosiphon lomentaria can be found under laboratory condition in 60 days.
artificial propagation of seedlings of Scytosiphon lomentaria were conducted in Penglai and cultivation trials in the open sea area of Changdao, Shandong province, since October 2009. In late October, Seedling nets were cultured in seawater ponds in doors and when the seedling reached to 2-3mm, the nets were transferred to raft at sea. In late March 2010 the average length of Scytosiphon lomentaria reached to about 67.5cm and some of it constricted at intervals.
引文
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