基于资源视角的新企业创业战略对企业绩效的作用关系研究
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摘要
创业对于一个国家和地区经济与社会发展的贡献是无可置疑的。创业活动的重要价值不仅在于新企业数量的增多，更重要的是创业质量的提升，因此如何实现新企业的生存和成长也成为创业研究关注的核心问题之一。近年来随着创业战略与新企业成功间关系被进一步验证，新企业的战略选择也逐渐成为创业研究领域的一项重要课题。通过对国内外相关文献的梳理发现，目前关于创业战略与新企业绩效之间的作用机理还不明晰，缺少对新企业如何通过战略行为影响企业成长和绩效的研究。特别是在我国转型经济条件下，新企业的生存和成长面临更加严峻的挑战，对新企业的创业战略问题仍然存在较大的研究空间。
资源基础理论认为资源是一切企业活动的基础，也是产生企业绩效的要素。而根据战略管理理论的观点，企业战略提供了一种产生机制，通过这种机制资源产生了企业绩效。但是与成熟企业不同，新企业往往面临着新创劣势的不利影响，因此对新企业而言，有效的创业战略必须首先帮助企业克服资源不足并进一步构建企业的资源束，在此基础上实现企业的价值创造。由此本研究基于我国转型经济情境，确立了从资源视角对新企业创业战略与企业绩效间作用关系的研究主题，并根据资源基础理论和资源管理框架进一步提出了新企业联盟合作和企业资源利用在上述关系中的路径作用，由此构建了新企业创业战略、新企业联盟合作、资源利用、新企业绩效之间的作用关系模型。
本文的主要研究内容有以下几点：
第一，对相关理论及文献进行回顾，提出本文的研究思路。首先总结了新企业绩效的影响因素，并重点分析了基于战略视角的新企业绩效研究。然后对新企业创业战略的内涵、理论基础以及战略模式等相关研究进行了总结和评述。接着在回顾资源基础理论和资源管理理论的基础上，总结了新企业联盟合作以及联盟合作与资源利用的相关研究。通过对相关研究的回顾，明确了本文的研究思路。
第二，构建了新企业创业战略对企业绩效作用关系的理论模型。对本文各研究要素包括新企业创业战略、新企业联盟合作、资源利用及新企业绩效进行了界定，从而深化模型要素之间的作用关系，提出了本研究的概念模型。
第三，以理论框架为基础，深入阐述了各研究要素间的相关关系，在此基础上提出了13条相关假设。具体包括创业战略对新企业绩效的影响作用假设2条；创业战略与新企业联盟合作之间关系的假设4条；联盟合作对新企业绩效的影响作用假设2条；新企业联盟合作对企业资源利用的影响作用假设2条；企业资源利用对新企业绩效的影响作用假设1条；以及资源利用在新企业联盟合作与企业绩效间的中介作用假设2条。
第四，实证研究。对各研究变量进行度量的基础上设计调查问卷，随后在长春和北京两地进行为期3个月的调研，共回收274份有效问卷。使用SPSS19.0软件的多元线性回归分析工具对数据进行分析。检验结果表明提出的13个假设中有10个得到数据支持，2个未获得数据支持，1个获得部分支持。
第五，结果讨论，进一步明确本文研究的理论与实践意义。对于通过验证的假设，在原有论述的基础上，讨论了其结论的启示和意义；对没有得到数据支持的结果，结合具体的创业实践对其原因进行了深入剖析。最后通过综合讨论对我国转型经济条件下的创业者及新企业管理实践提出了一些有益建议。
本研究主要得出了以下结论：手段导向战略和目标导向战略都对新企业绩效有积极影响；采用手段导向战略的新企业会建立探索型联盟和利用型联盟，采用目标导向战略的新企业则会建立利用型联盟；新企业联盟合作（探索型联盟和利用型联盟）对企业资源利用和新企业绩效都具有正影响，企业资源利用也有利于新企业绩效；资源利用在利用型联盟与新企业绩效的关系中具有完全的中介作用，而对探索型联盟与新企业绩效间关系有部分中介作用。
本研究在以下几个方面体现了创新性：
第一，本文融合战略视角与资源视角提出并构建了新企业创业战略与企业绩效间作用关系的概念模型，并针对中国情境对其进行了实证研究，旨在探索为什么仅有少数新企业能够成功生存并实现快速成长，而大多数新企业却不能的深层次原因，从而揭示我国转型过程中创业行为的规律，补充国外创业管理理论在这方面的缺失。
第二，目前对新企业战略的研究往往借鉴成熟企业的研究范式。由于企业发展阶段和企业规模的差异，新企业的战略出发点、战略的选择与实施，必然与成熟企业存在差异。为此，在战略选择理论和行为决策理论的基础上，本研究引入手段导向理论重新界定了新企业的创业战略模式，充分体现了新企业战略决策过程的特殊性，是对现有研究的一个重要扩展。
第三，根据资源基础理论和资源管理研究框架，本研究将联盟合作和资源利用作为新企业创业战略与企业绩效间关系的作用路径，进一步揭示了不同创业战略下新企业以何种方式创造企业绩效的机制，弥补了现有研究的不足。
The contribution of the entrepreneurship to economic and social development of anation/region is unquestionable. The value of entrepreneurial activity is not onlyreflected by the increasing number of new ventures, but more importantly, it is reflectedby the promotion in quality of the entrepreneurship. Therefore, how to ensure thesuccess survival of new ventures with keeping the business growing has become thecore issue for entrepreneurship research. Recently, with the relationship betweenentrepreneurial strategy and new business being further validated, study on the strategyselection made by the new ventures has gradually been recognized as an outstandingtopic of entrepreneurship research. A survey on available literatures in relevant areashows that the mechanism of interactions between entrepreneurial strategy and the newfirm performance (NFP) has not been understood clearly. Some specific information ismissing, such as how could the growth and performance of the new firms to beinfluenced by the strategic behaviors of the new ventures. Practically, in the currentstage that China is undergoing a crucial period of social and economic transition, thusthe new ventures have to face the severe challenges in terms of survival and growth.Therefore, an in-depth research on the entrepreneurial strategy of new ventures is stilldesired.
According to the resource-based theory, the resources are the foundation of allbusiness activities, also the key elements for promoting the firm performance. From thepoint of view of strategic management theory, entrepreneurial strategy provides thefirms a generating mechanism through which the resources can be converted to the firmperformance. Differing from mature firms; the new ventures are often faced with thenegative influence due to the liabilities of newness. Therefore, for the new ventures, theeffective entrepreneurial strategy should be able to firstly mitigate the problem causedby insufficient resource, and further enable the construction of the resource bundle. As a result, the value creation of the firm will be achieved. The present study is carried outunder the condition of ongoing economic transition of China. From the resource view,the research topic regarding to the relationship between the entrepreneurial strategy ofthe new venture and the firm performances is determined. On the basis of theresource-based theory as well as the resource management theory, the role of new firmalliance and resource utilization as the path for the above relationship is broughtforward in this thesis. Further, a model consists of new firm entrepreneurial strategy,new firm alliance, resource utilization and NFP is constructed.
The general content of this thesis can be divided into five parts and to besummarized as follows:
First, the research thought was proposed based on an extensive review of relevantliteratures and theories. The influential factors to the performance of new ventures werefirstly summarized; and researches on the NFP from a strategy-based view wereparticularly analyzed. Further, previous researches on the connotations ofentrepreneurial strategy, theoretical foundation and strategy modes were summarizedand discussed. Finally, based on the review upon resource-based theory and resourcemanagement theory, relevant researches relating to the new firm alliance and itsrelationship to resource utilization were summarized. The core idea of the present studywas therefore proposed from the review.
Second, a theoretical model of the path between the entrepreneurial strategy of thenew venture and the firm performance was constructed. Research elements involved inthis thesis were defined, including the entrepreneurial strategy of the new venture, thenew firm alliance, resource utilization and NFP. Furthermore, the theoretical model forthe current work was proposed.
Third, based on the theoretical framework, the relationship between each variablewas discussed in details in this thesis. In total,13hypotheses were proposed, including2for the effect of entrepreneurial strategy on the NFP;4for the relationship betweenentrepreneurial strategies and new venture alliance;2for the effect of alliance on NFP,2for the effect of new venture alliance on entrepreneurial resource utilization,1for theinfluence of entrepreneurial resource utilization on NFP and another2for theintermediary role of resource utilization within the relationship of new venture alliance and firm performance.
Fourth, the empirical study. Firstly, each variable involved in this research wasevaluated, and then a two-month investigation carried out in Changchun and Beijingwas conducted using the pre-designed questionnaire, with in total,274validquestionnaires being returned for analysis. Multivariate linear regression analysis toolsprovided by SPSS19.0software were used for the data reduction. The result shows that10of13hypotheses was well-supported by the returned data;2of them was notsupported by the data; and1hypotheses was found being partial supported by the data.
Fifth, conclusion and discussion. The theoretical and practical significance of thepresent study was claimed in this chapter. For the hypotheses which have been verifiedby the returned data, based on their original expression, the extended inspiration andsignificance were discussed. For the hypotheses which have not been verified by thedata, the reason and resource of invalidation was discussed in-depth based on theentrepreneurial practice. Finally, considering the practical situation in the current stagethat China is undergoing the economic transition, some helpful commons obtained fromthis thesis were suggested and were expected to be beneficial to those new starters aswell as the management practices of the new venture.
The major conclusions obtained from this thesis are summarized as follow: bothof the effectuation strategy and the causation strategy are verified to give positiveimpacts to the NFP. The new venture which adopts the effectuation strategy normallywill construct both of the exploration and the exploitation alliance; while, for the newventures which apply the causation strategy, the preference of them will be theexploitation alliance. Both types of the alliance (effectuation and causation) havepositive influence to the resource utilization and the NFP. Meanwhile, theentrepreneurial resource utilization is also beneficial to the NFP. Among the aboveitems, the resource utilization plays a fully intermediary role in the relationship betweenthe exploitation alliance and NFP. However, it shows that in the relationship betweenthe exploration alliance and NFP, the resource utilization only plays a partial role as theintermediary.
Comparing to the previous studies, the innovations of the present research arereflected from the following aspects:
First of all, the conceptional model of the path between the entrepreneurial strategyand NFP was established and verified from a combined view of strategy and resource.In addition, the deep-seated reason for the question “why can only few new venturessurvive with a quick growth in NFP to be achieved, while the others are not able to?”was analyzed with consideration to the specific economic atmosphere in China. By thismeans, the rule of entrepreneurial behaviour presented in the economic transition ofChina was revealed; the conclusions can be taken as effective complements to the blankof entrepreneurial strategy research conducted under different condition of othercountry.
Second, most of the previous studies on new venture strategy were carried out byreferring to the research model established for mature business. Due to the differencebetween new venture and mature business in terms of stage of development andbusiness scale, the starting point as well as the strategy selection and application of thenew ventures is obviously different from those of the mature business. Therefore, on thebasis of the strategic selection and behavioral decision theories, the theory ofeffectuation was introduced in the present study to re-define the entrepreneurial strategymodel for the new venture. The particularity of the strategic decision-making processcan be fully reflected by the above model, and it was thought to be a meaningfulexpansion to the researches in the current stage.
Third, based on the framework of resource management research and resourcefoundational theory, the alliance and resource utilization are selected as the functioningpath between the new venture’s entrepreneurial strategies and the NFP. Further, themechanism for approaching the NFP applied by different new ventures of usingdifferent entrepreneurial strategies is revealed, and the research conclusion of thepresent study can be regarded as complements to the insufficiency of relevant researchin the current stage.
资源基础理论认为资源是一切企业活动的基础，也是产生企业绩效的要素。而根据战略管理理论的观点，企业战略提供了一种产生机制，通过这种机制资源产生了企业绩效。但是与成熟企业不同，新企业往往面临着新创劣势的不利影响，因此对新企业而言，有效的创业战略必须首先帮助企业克服资源不足并进一步构建企业的资源束，在此基础上实现企业的价值创造。由此本研究基于我国转型经济情境，确立了从资源视角对新企业创业战略与企业绩效间作用关系的研究主题，并根据资源基础理论和资源管理框架进一步提出了新企业联盟合作和企业资源利用在上述关系中的路径作用，由此构建了新企业创业战略、新企业联盟合作、资源利用、新企业绩效之间的作用关系模型。
本文的主要研究内容有以下几点：
第一，对相关理论及文献进行回顾，提出本文的研究思路。首先总结了新企业绩效的影响因素，并重点分析了基于战略视角的新企业绩效研究。然后对新企业创业战略的内涵、理论基础以及战略模式等相关研究进行了总结和评述。接着在回顾资源基础理论和资源管理理论的基础上，总结了新企业联盟合作以及联盟合作与资源利用的相关研究。通过对相关研究的回顾，明确了本文的研究思路。
第二，构建了新企业创业战略对企业绩效作用关系的理论模型。对本文各研究要素包括新企业创业战略、新企业联盟合作、资源利用及新企业绩效进行了界定，从而深化模型要素之间的作用关系，提出了本研究的概念模型。
第三，以理论框架为基础，深入阐述了各研究要素间的相关关系，在此基础上提出了13条相关假设。具体包括创业战略对新企业绩效的影响作用假设2条；创业战略与新企业联盟合作之间关系的假设4条；联盟合作对新企业绩效的影响作用假设2条；新企业联盟合作对企业资源利用的影响作用假设2条；企业资源利用对新企业绩效的影响作用假设1条；以及资源利用在新企业联盟合作与企业绩效间的中介作用假设2条。
第四，实证研究。对各研究变量进行度量的基础上设计调查问卷，随后在长春和北京两地进行为期3个月的调研，共回收274份有效问卷。使用SPSS19.0软件的多元线性回归分析工具对数据进行分析。检验结果表明提出的13个假设中有10个得到数据支持，2个未获得数据支持，1个获得部分支持。
第五，结果讨论，进一步明确本文研究的理论与实践意义。对于通过验证的假设，在原有论述的基础上，讨论了其结论的启示和意义；对没有得到数据支持的结果，结合具体的创业实践对其原因进行了深入剖析。最后通过综合讨论对我国转型经济条件下的创业者及新企业管理实践提出了一些有益建议。
本研究主要得出了以下结论：手段导向战略和目标导向战略都对新企业绩效有积极影响；采用手段导向战略的新企业会建立探索型联盟和利用型联盟，采用目标导向战略的新企业则会建立利用型联盟；新企业联盟合作（探索型联盟和利用型联盟）对企业资源利用和新企业绩效都具有正影响，企业资源利用也有利于新企业绩效；资源利用在利用型联盟与新企业绩效的关系中具有完全的中介作用，而对探索型联盟与新企业绩效间关系有部分中介作用。
本研究在以下几个方面体现了创新性：
第一，本文融合战略视角与资源视角提出并构建了新企业创业战略与企业绩效间作用关系的概念模型，并针对中国情境对其进行了实证研究，旨在探索为什么仅有少数新企业能够成功生存并实现快速成长，而大多数新企业却不能的深层次原因，从而揭示我国转型过程中创业行为的规律，补充国外创业管理理论在这方面的缺失。
第二，目前对新企业战略的研究往往借鉴成熟企业的研究范式。由于企业发展阶段和企业规模的差异，新企业的战略出发点、战略的选择与实施，必然与成熟企业存在差异。为此，在战略选择理论和行为决策理论的基础上，本研究引入手段导向理论重新界定了新企业的创业战略模式，充分体现了新企业战略决策过程的特殊性，是对现有研究的一个重要扩展。
第三，根据资源基础理论和资源管理研究框架，本研究将联盟合作和资源利用作为新企业创业战略与企业绩效间关系的作用路径，进一步揭示了不同创业战略下新企业以何种方式创造企业绩效的机制，弥补了现有研究的不足。
The contribution of the entrepreneurship to economic and social development of anation/region is unquestionable. The value of entrepreneurial activity is not onlyreflected by the increasing number of new ventures, but more importantly, it is reflectedby the promotion in quality of the entrepreneurship. Therefore, how to ensure thesuccess survival of new ventures with keeping the business growing has become thecore issue for entrepreneurship research. Recently, with the relationship betweenentrepreneurial strategy and new business being further validated, study on the strategyselection made by the new ventures has gradually been recognized as an outstandingtopic of entrepreneurship research. A survey on available literatures in relevant areashows that the mechanism of interactions between entrepreneurial strategy and the newfirm performance (NFP) has not been understood clearly. Some specific information ismissing, such as how could the growth and performance of the new firms to beinfluenced by the strategic behaviors of the new ventures. Practically, in the currentstage that China is undergoing a crucial period of social and economic transition, thusthe new ventures have to face the severe challenges in terms of survival and growth.Therefore, an in-depth research on the entrepreneurial strategy of new ventures is stilldesired.
According to the resource-based theory, the resources are the foundation of allbusiness activities, also the key elements for promoting the firm performance. From thepoint of view of strategic management theory, entrepreneurial strategy provides thefirms a generating mechanism through which the resources can be converted to the firmperformance. Differing from mature firms; the new ventures are often faced with thenegative influence due to the liabilities of newness. Therefore, for the new ventures, theeffective entrepreneurial strategy should be able to firstly mitigate the problem causedby insufficient resource, and further enable the construction of the resource bundle. As a result, the value creation of the firm will be achieved. The present study is carried outunder the condition of ongoing economic transition of China. From the resource view,the research topic regarding to the relationship between the entrepreneurial strategy ofthe new venture and the firm performances is determined. On the basis of theresource-based theory as well as the resource management theory, the role of new firmalliance and resource utilization as the path for the above relationship is broughtforward in this thesis. Further, a model consists of new firm entrepreneurial strategy,new firm alliance, resource utilization and NFP is constructed.
The general content of this thesis can be divided into five parts and to besummarized as follows:
First, the research thought was proposed based on an extensive review of relevantliteratures and theories. The influential factors to the performance of new ventures werefirstly summarized; and researches on the NFP from a strategy-based view wereparticularly analyzed. Further, previous researches on the connotations ofentrepreneurial strategy, theoretical foundation and strategy modes were summarizedand discussed. Finally, based on the review upon resource-based theory and resourcemanagement theory, relevant researches relating to the new firm alliance and itsrelationship to resource utilization were summarized. The core idea of the present studywas therefore proposed from the review.
Second, a theoretical model of the path between the entrepreneurial strategy of thenew venture and the firm performance was constructed. Research elements involved inthis thesis were defined, including the entrepreneurial strategy of the new venture, thenew firm alliance, resource utilization and NFP. Furthermore, the theoretical model forthe current work was proposed.
Third, based on the theoretical framework, the relationship between each variablewas discussed in details in this thesis. In total,13hypotheses were proposed, including2for the effect of entrepreneurial strategy on the NFP;4for the relationship betweenentrepreneurial strategies and new venture alliance;2for the effect of alliance on NFP,2for the effect of new venture alliance on entrepreneurial resource utilization,1for theinfluence of entrepreneurial resource utilization on NFP and another2for theintermediary role of resource utilization within the relationship of new venture alliance and firm performance.
Fourth, the empirical study. Firstly, each variable involved in this research wasevaluated, and then a two-month investigation carried out in Changchun and Beijingwas conducted using the pre-designed questionnaire, with in total,274validquestionnaires being returned for analysis. Multivariate linear regression analysis toolsprovided by SPSS19.0software were used for the data reduction. The result shows that10of13hypotheses was well-supported by the returned data;2of them was notsupported by the data; and1hypotheses was found being partial supported by the data.
Fifth, conclusion and discussion. The theoretical and practical significance of thepresent study was claimed in this chapter. For the hypotheses which have been verifiedby the returned data, based on their original expression, the extended inspiration andsignificance were discussed. For the hypotheses which have not been verified by thedata, the reason and resource of invalidation was discussed in-depth based on theentrepreneurial practice. Finally, considering the practical situation in the current stagethat China is undergoing the economic transition, some helpful commons obtained fromthis thesis were suggested and were expected to be beneficial to those new starters aswell as the management practices of the new venture.
The major conclusions obtained from this thesis are summarized as follow: bothof the effectuation strategy and the causation strategy are verified to give positiveimpacts to the NFP. The new venture which adopts the effectuation strategy normallywill construct both of the exploration and the exploitation alliance; while, for the newventures which apply the causation strategy, the preference of them will be theexploitation alliance. Both types of the alliance (effectuation and causation) havepositive influence to the resource utilization and the NFP. Meanwhile, theentrepreneurial resource utilization is also beneficial to the NFP. Among the aboveitems, the resource utilization plays a fully intermediary role in the relationship betweenthe exploitation alliance and NFP. However, it shows that in the relationship betweenthe exploration alliance and NFP, the resource utilization only plays a partial role as theintermediary.
Comparing to the previous studies, the innovations of the present research arereflected from the following aspects:
First of all, the conceptional model of the path between the entrepreneurial strategyand NFP was established and verified from a combined view of strategy and resource.In addition, the deep-seated reason for the question “why can only few new venturessurvive with a quick growth in NFP to be achieved, while the others are not able to?”was analyzed with consideration to the specific economic atmosphere in China. By thismeans, the rule of entrepreneurial behaviour presented in the economic transition ofChina was revealed; the conclusions can be taken as effective complements to the blankof entrepreneurial strategy research conducted under different condition of othercountry.
Second, most of the previous studies on new venture strategy were carried out byreferring to the research model established for mature business. Due to the differencebetween new venture and mature business in terms of stage of development andbusiness scale, the starting point as well as the strategy selection and application of thenew ventures is obviously different from those of the mature business. Therefore, on thebasis of the strategic selection and behavioral decision theories, the theory ofeffectuation was introduced in the present study to re-define the entrepreneurial strategymodel for the new venture. The particularity of the strategic decision-making processcan be fully reflected by the above model, and it was thought to be a meaningfulexpansion to the researches in the current stage.
Third, based on the framework of resource management research and resourcefoundational theory, the alliance and resource utilization are selected as the functioningpath between the new venture’s entrepreneurial strategies and the NFP. Further, themechanism for approaching the NFP applied by different new ventures of usingdifferent entrepreneurial strategies is revealed, and the research conclusion of thepresent study can be regarded as complements to the insufficiency of relevant researchin the current stage.
引文
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