五机架冷连轧机轧制规程优化设计及仿真
|
摘要
板带钢生产在国民经济中起着重要的作用,轧制规程是板带生产主要的工艺技术内容。板带冷连轧生产过程中,合理的轧制规范是保证冷连轧机机组优质、高产、低耗不可缺少的条件,随着轧制技术的发展,单靠经验方法制订轧制规程已不能满足生产需要,轧制规程的制订应该提升到理论高度,使之具有普遍的指导意义。
本文依据某厂1420mm冷连轧机组实际生产情况,主要完成了以下几项工作与研究:
首先全面分析、提炼了适合生产实际的主要轧制模型,并回归得到冷轧常用的11种钢种的变形抗力幂函数形式回归模型;
然后分析了常规轧制规程优化设计方法中,所选用的循环逼近迭代法容易导致计算发散的原因,并提出应用极限差值法进行迭代计算,通过与其它方法以及现场实际轧制参数对比,验证了该方法的优越性;
编制了冷轧常用22种规格带钢的指数函数形式的能耗模型,并根据能耗曲线进行轧制规程优化设计;
最后编制了基于Delphi的轧制规程优化仿真系统,应用上述模型与计算方法设计轧制规程并仿真。
Plate and strip production plays an important role in national economy, and the rolling schedule is the main technological substance in plate and strip production. In the production procedure of the cold rolling, it is important to offer a rational rolling schedule for the high quality, high yield and low energy consumption. Presently, the schedule based on the experience is not satisfying. Therefore in order to offer a more rational schedule, the field experience should be concluded into theory for more extensive significance.
Based on the 1420mm five tandem cold rolling mill of Baosteel, the research works in this paper are presented as follows:
Firstly, the main rolling models are analyzed in detail, and models adapt to practical procedure are summarized. At the same time, the model of deformation resistance in the type of power function for 11 kinds of steels is given.
Secondly, the reason of the divergence of the traditional iterative method using in the design of cold rolling schedule for strip is analyzed, and it indicates that the method of max difference can solve this puzzle, and the comparative experiment is illustrated to testify the method.
Thirdly, the energy consumption curves of some kinds of normal steels are outlined in the style of index function, and the optimization schedule base on it is also given.
Lastly, the rolling schedule optimization emulation system based on Delphi 7.0 is illustrated.
本文依据某厂1420mm冷连轧机组实际生产情况,主要完成了以下几项工作与研究:
首先全面分析、提炼了适合生产实际的主要轧制模型,并回归得到冷轧常用的11种钢种的变形抗力幂函数形式回归模型;
然后分析了常规轧制规程优化设计方法中,所选用的循环逼近迭代法容易导致计算发散的原因,并提出应用极限差值法进行迭代计算,通过与其它方法以及现场实际轧制参数对比,验证了该方法的优越性;
编制了冷轧常用22种规格带钢的指数函数形式的能耗模型,并根据能耗曲线进行轧制规程优化设计;
最后编制了基于Delphi的轧制规程优化仿真系统,应用上述模型与计算方法设计轧制规程并仿真。
Plate and strip production plays an important role in national economy, and the rolling schedule is the main technological substance in plate and strip production. In the production procedure of the cold rolling, it is important to offer a rational rolling schedule for the high quality, high yield and low energy consumption. Presently, the schedule based on the experience is not satisfying. Therefore in order to offer a more rational schedule, the field experience should be concluded into theory for more extensive significance.
Based on the 1420mm five tandem cold rolling mill of Baosteel, the research works in this paper are presented as follows:
Firstly, the main rolling models are analyzed in detail, and models adapt to practical procedure are summarized. At the same time, the model of deformation resistance in the type of power function for 11 kinds of steels is given.
Secondly, the reason of the divergence of the traditional iterative method using in the design of cold rolling schedule for strip is analyzed, and it indicates that the method of max difference can solve this puzzle, and the comparative experiment is illustrated to testify the method.
Thirdly, the energy consumption curves of some kinds of normal steels are outlined in the style of index function, and the optimization schedule base on it is also given.
Lastly, the rolling schedule optimization emulation system based on Delphi 7.0 is illustrated.
引文
[1]陈永来,周惠来.最新冶金工业轧机分类设计与安装、调试、维修及设备改造新工艺新技术实用手册[M].北京:中国冶金出版社,2006年(第一卷):1-6
[2]石洪卫主编.中国钢铁工业年鉴(2005年)[M].北京:《中国钢铁工业年鉴》编辑部,2006:12-13
[3]黄庆学,梁爱生.高精度轧制技术[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002:35-38,296-297
[4] John Pittner, Marwan A. Simaan. Control of a continuous tandem cold metal rolling process[J].Control Engineering Practice,2008,(16):1379-1390
[5]刘战英.轧制变形规程优化设计[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996:195-196
[6]唐谋风.现代带钢冷连轧机的自动化[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1995:19-20
[7]董德元,贺毓辛.试论轧钢理论的发展[A].轧钢理论文集[C].北京:冶金工业出版社,1982:32-38
[8]张进之.板带轧制工艺控制理论概要[J].中国工程科学,2001,4(3):46-55
[9] Bryant, C. F. Automation of Tandem Mills [M]. London,British Iron and Steel Institute,1973:117-165
[10]刘战英.轧制变形规程优化设计[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996:17-18
[11]刘战英.轧制变形规程优化设计[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996:31
[12]刘相华,杜林秀,胡贤磊.轧制参数数学模型及应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2008:73
[13]孙一康.带钢冷连轧计算机控制[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002:93-97
[14]华建新.全连续式冷连轧机过程控制[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2000:23-24
[15] Bryant, Halliday. Optimal scheduling of a tandem cold-rolling mill [M]. London,The Iron and Steel Institute,1973:41-42
[16] U. S. Dixit,P. M. Dixit. Application of Fuzzy Set Theory in the Scheduling of a Tandem Cold-Rolling Mill[J].Journal of Mnamufaturing Science andEngineering.2000(122):494-500
[17] Dixit, U. S., and Dixit, P. M. A study on residual stresses in rolling [J]. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 1997(37):837–853.
[18] Zhu, Y. D., and Avitzur, B. Criteria for the prevention of split ends [J]. ASME J. Eng. Ind. 1988(110):162–172.
[19] Avitzur, B., Van Tyne, C. J., and Turczyn. The prevention ofcentral bursts during rolling [J]. ASME J. Eng. Ind. 1988(110):173–178.
[20]许健勇,杨春平.发展壮大中的宝钢分公司冷轧带钢事业[J].宝钢技术,2008(4):1-5
[21] W.L罗伯茨.冷轧带钢生产(上)[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1985:10-13
[22]李慧超,蔡庆伍.改进的综合等负荷函数法在可逆轧机压下分配中的应用[J].上海金属,2004(3):38-42.
[23]白振华,连家创等.冷连轧机以预防打滑为目标的压下规程优化研究[J].钢铁,2003(10):35-38.
[24]祝东奎,张清东.兼顾板形的带钢冷连轧机最优化负荷分配[J].北京科技大学学报,2000(1):80-83.
[25]余四清,贺毓辛,顾卓等.多种负荷均衡分配法[J].钢铁,1996(7):48-51.
[26]叶学卫,许健勇,王欣.宝钢1420mm冷连轧机轧制规范及其优化[J].轧钢2004,21(6):50-52
[27]刘晓星.冷连轧机轧制规程的多目标模糊优化设计[J].钢铁,2000,25(8):34-36
[28]赵解理.冷轧板带规程设计方法和实践[J].铝加工,2002,25(5):18-23
[29]付俊薇,刘战英,戴铁军.冷轧带钢轧制规程优化设计[J].河北冶金,2002(2):24-27
[30]马虹蔚.五机架轧制规程优化与自适应的研究[J].武钢技术,2000,38(5):52-56
[31]陈爱玲,杨根科,吴智铭.轧制计划的优化模型及其算法的应用研究[J].系统与仿真学报,2006,18(9):2484-2486
[32]贺毓辛,苏敏文.压剪变形轧制工艺方案及其理论依据[A].轧钢生产技术的发展[C].北京钢铁学院压力加工教研室编,1980:36-44
[33]张进之.连轧张力公式[J].金属学报,1978,14(6):127-138
[34]李立新.冷轧带钢板型最优的轧制上艺制度制定[J].武汉科技大学学报(自然科学版),2000(1):15-17
[35]王焱,孙一康.基于板厚板形综合目标函数的冷连轧机轧制参数智能优化新方法[J].冶金自动化,2002(3):11-14
[36]贺毓辛,赵以相.节能优化压下规程[J].冶金能源,1983,2(1):33-37
[37]姚小兰,梁启宏,张迪生.控制轧制节奏的优化[J].北京理工大学学报,2004,24(4):327-330
[38]姜万录,陈东宁.冷连轧机负荷分配优化研究进展[J].燕山大学学报,2007(3):189-193
[39] Jingming Yang, Haijun Che, Yajie Xu, et al. Application of Adaptable Neural Networks for Rolling Force Set-up in Optimization of Rolling Schedules[A].Proceeding of the 3rd International Symposium on Neural Networks[C]. Chengdu,China, 2006:864-869
[40] U. S. Dixit,P. M. Dixit. Application of Fuzzy Set Theory in the Scheduling of a Tandem Cold-Rolling Mill[J].Journal of Mnamufaturing Science and Engineering.2000(122):494-500
[41] John Pittner, Marwan A. Simaan. Optimal Control of Tandem Cold Rolling Using A Pointwise Linear Quadratic Technique With Trims[J].Journal of Dynamic Systems,Measurement and Control,2008(130):021006(1)-021006(11)
[42]美坂佳助.影响系数法在冷轧带钢规程编制中的应用[J].塑性与加工,1967(8):75-80
[43]黄克琴,陈和铁.美坂佳助影响系数法的改进[J].冶金自动化,1983(1):21-25
[44] Ozsoy, Ruddle, G.E.Crawley. Optimum scheduling of a hot rolling process by nonlinear programming[J].Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly,1992,31(3):217-224
[45] J.C Lin. Prediction of Rolling Force and Deformation in Three-Dimensional Cold Rolling by Using the Finite-Element Method and a Neural Network[J].Int J Adv Manuf Technol,2002(20):799–806
[46] Paul, A Meehan. Vibration Instability in Rolling Mills: Modeling and ExperimentalResults[J].Journal of Vibration and Acoustics,2002(124):221-228
[47] Wang, A. K. Tieu, F G de Boer. Toward a heuristic optimum design of rolling schedules for tandem cold rolling mills[J].Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,2000(13):397–406
[48] D.M.Lee, S.G Choi. Application of On-line Adaptable Neural Network for Rolling Force Set-up of A Plate Mill [J].Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,2004,17(5):557-565
[49] Mohieddine Jelali. Performance assessment of control systems in rolling mills[J].Journal of Process Control,2007(17):805–816
[50] Ovacik IM, Uzsoy R. Rolling horizon algorithms for a single-machine dynamic scheduling problem with sequenced ependent set up times [J].International Journal of Production Research, 1994, 32(6):1243–63.
[51] J.M. Spitter, A.G.deKok, N.P.Dellaert. Timing production in LP models in arolling schedule[J].Int. J. Production Economics,2005(94):319–329
[52] J.S Gunasekera.Development of a nrural network model for a cold rolling process [J]. Engineering Application of Artificial Intelligence, 1998(11):597-603.
[53] J. Larkioa,P. Myllykoski,J. Nylander.Prediction of rolling by using physical models and neural computing[J].Journal of Material Processing Technology,1996(60):381–386
[54]杨节.轧制过程数学模型[M].(修订版)北京:冶金上业出版社,1993:3-4
[55]李煜.最新带钢生产工艺技术标准规范务实全书[M].北京:北方工业出版社,2006:504-506
[56]李庚唐.冷轧带钢轧制力的计算[A].轧制理论文集[C].北京:冶金工业出版社,1982:113-128
[57]孙一康.带钢冷连轧计算机控制[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002:54-60
[58]方原栋.冷轧带钢轧制力计算方法的比较[J].上海金属,2000(5):35-38
[59]朱光明,杜凤山,孙登月等.计算冷轧带钢工作辊接触压扁半径的Hitchcock公式的有限元修正[J].机械工程学报,2003(39):135-137
[60]方原栋.冷轧带钢轧制力计算方法的比较[J].上海金属,2000(5):35-38
[61]胡赓祥,蔡珣.材料科学基础[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2000:171-172
[62]贺毓辛.冷轧板带生产[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1992:34-46
[63]周剑平,Origin实用教程(7.5版).北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2006
[64]叶卫平,方安平,于本方.Origin7.0科技绘图及数据分析.北京:机械工业出版社,2004
[65]徐洪伟. Q/BQB 418-2003双相高强钢冷连轧钢板及钢带[S].宝钢股份企业标准-第四分册,宝钢股份,上海,2003:48-51
[66]徐洪伟.Q/BQB 416-2003,烘烤硬化高强度冷连轧钢板及带钢[S].宝钢股份企业标准-第四分册,宝钢股份,上海,2003:43-47
[67]徐洪伟.Q/BQB 403-2003,冷连轧低碳钢板及钢带[S].宝钢股份企业标准-第四分册,宝钢股份,上海,2003:23-27
[68]徐洪伟.Q/BQB 408-2003,冲压用冷连轧钢板及带钢[S].宝钢股份企业标准-第四分册,宝钢股份,上海,2003:28-32
[69] Lin, J.F., Huang. Evaluation of lubricants for cold strip rolling [J]. Wear,1991(147):79–91
[70] Lenard, J.G. The effects of the reduction, speed and lubricant viscosity on friction in cold rolling [J]. J.of Mater.Process. Technol,1992(30):197–209
[71] Tan X. Friction of plasticity: application of the dynamic friction model [J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 2007(221):115–131.
[72]李海平.1550酸轧轧制力设定模型[A].过程控制数学模型概要[C].宝钢股份内部资料.2002:117-122
[73] Jeswiet J. A comparison of friction coefficients in cold rolling [J]. J.Mater.Pro.Technol.,1998(81):239-244
[74] Saha P K, Wilson W R. Influence of surface topography on the frictional characteristics of 3104 aluminum alloy sheet [J]. Wear,1996(197):123-129
[75]杨节.轧制过程数学模型[M].(修订版)北京:冶金上业出版社,1993:41-42
[76]王国栋,刘相华,矫志杰.考虑轧件弹性变形的Hill轧制力显式公式[J].钢铁研究,2000(3):32-34.
[77]赵志业.金属塑性变形与轧制理论.(第二版)[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1994:296
[78]陈建兵,许健勇,沈耀.应用极限差值法优化设计极薄规格冷轧带钢规程[J].钢铁,2009,44(2):51-54
[79]童立靖.使用简易有限元法的冷轧轧制力模型设计[J].宝钢技术,2002(增刊):27-31.
[80]薛定宇,陈阳泉.高等应用数学问题的MATLAB求解[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[81]贺毓辛,冷轧板带生产[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1992:134-156
[82]杨节.轧制过程数学模型[M].(修订版)北京:冶金上业出版社,1993:6-7
[83]杨节.轧制过程数学模型[M].(修订版)北京:冶金上业出版社,1993:7-8
[84]张志强.Dephi实例全解教程[M].海南:南方出版社,2004.
[85]杨志国,王小琼,李世娇.Delphi应用程序开发精彩实例.北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[86]陈建兵,许健勇,沈耀.五机架模拟优化系统的开发与应用[J].冶金自动化,2008,32(增刊):116-119
[2]石洪卫主编.中国钢铁工业年鉴(2005年)[M].北京:《中国钢铁工业年鉴》编辑部,2006:12-13
[3]黄庆学,梁爱生.高精度轧制技术[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002:35-38,296-297
[4] John Pittner, Marwan A. Simaan. Control of a continuous tandem cold metal rolling process[J].Control Engineering Practice,2008,(16):1379-1390
[5]刘战英.轧制变形规程优化设计[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996:195-196
[6]唐谋风.现代带钢冷连轧机的自动化[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1995:19-20
[7]董德元,贺毓辛.试论轧钢理论的发展[A].轧钢理论文集[C].北京:冶金工业出版社,1982:32-38
[8]张进之.板带轧制工艺控制理论概要[J].中国工程科学,2001,4(3):46-55
[9] Bryant, C. F. Automation of Tandem Mills [M]. London,British Iron and Steel Institute,1973:117-165
[10]刘战英.轧制变形规程优化设计[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996:17-18
[11]刘战英.轧制变形规程优化设计[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1996:31
[12]刘相华,杜林秀,胡贤磊.轧制参数数学模型及应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2008:73
[13]孙一康.带钢冷连轧计算机控制[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002:93-97
[14]华建新.全连续式冷连轧机过程控制[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2000:23-24
[15] Bryant, Halliday. Optimal scheduling of a tandem cold-rolling mill [M]. London,The Iron and Steel Institute,1973:41-42
[16] U. S. Dixit,P. M. Dixit. Application of Fuzzy Set Theory in the Scheduling of a Tandem Cold-Rolling Mill[J].Journal of Mnamufaturing Science andEngineering.2000(122):494-500
[17] Dixit, U. S., and Dixit, P. M. A study on residual stresses in rolling [J]. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 1997(37):837–853.
[18] Zhu, Y. D., and Avitzur, B. Criteria for the prevention of split ends [J]. ASME J. Eng. Ind. 1988(110):162–172.
[19] Avitzur, B., Van Tyne, C. J., and Turczyn. The prevention ofcentral bursts during rolling [J]. ASME J. Eng. Ind. 1988(110):173–178.
[20]许健勇,杨春平.发展壮大中的宝钢分公司冷轧带钢事业[J].宝钢技术,2008(4):1-5
[21] W.L罗伯茨.冷轧带钢生产(上)[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1985:10-13
[22]李慧超,蔡庆伍.改进的综合等负荷函数法在可逆轧机压下分配中的应用[J].上海金属,2004(3):38-42.
[23]白振华,连家创等.冷连轧机以预防打滑为目标的压下规程优化研究[J].钢铁,2003(10):35-38.
[24]祝东奎,张清东.兼顾板形的带钢冷连轧机最优化负荷分配[J].北京科技大学学报,2000(1):80-83.
[25]余四清,贺毓辛,顾卓等.多种负荷均衡分配法[J].钢铁,1996(7):48-51.
[26]叶学卫,许健勇,王欣.宝钢1420mm冷连轧机轧制规范及其优化[J].轧钢2004,21(6):50-52
[27]刘晓星.冷连轧机轧制规程的多目标模糊优化设计[J].钢铁,2000,25(8):34-36
[28]赵解理.冷轧板带规程设计方法和实践[J].铝加工,2002,25(5):18-23
[29]付俊薇,刘战英,戴铁军.冷轧带钢轧制规程优化设计[J].河北冶金,2002(2):24-27
[30]马虹蔚.五机架轧制规程优化与自适应的研究[J].武钢技术,2000,38(5):52-56
[31]陈爱玲,杨根科,吴智铭.轧制计划的优化模型及其算法的应用研究[J].系统与仿真学报,2006,18(9):2484-2486
[32]贺毓辛,苏敏文.压剪变形轧制工艺方案及其理论依据[A].轧钢生产技术的发展[C].北京钢铁学院压力加工教研室编,1980:36-44
[33]张进之.连轧张力公式[J].金属学报,1978,14(6):127-138
[34]李立新.冷轧带钢板型最优的轧制上艺制度制定[J].武汉科技大学学报(自然科学版),2000(1):15-17
[35]王焱,孙一康.基于板厚板形综合目标函数的冷连轧机轧制参数智能优化新方法[J].冶金自动化,2002(3):11-14
[36]贺毓辛,赵以相.节能优化压下规程[J].冶金能源,1983,2(1):33-37
[37]姚小兰,梁启宏,张迪生.控制轧制节奏的优化[J].北京理工大学学报,2004,24(4):327-330
[38]姜万录,陈东宁.冷连轧机负荷分配优化研究进展[J].燕山大学学报,2007(3):189-193
[39] Jingming Yang, Haijun Che, Yajie Xu, et al. Application of Adaptable Neural Networks for Rolling Force Set-up in Optimization of Rolling Schedules[A].Proceeding of the 3rd International Symposium on Neural Networks[C]. Chengdu,China, 2006:864-869
[40] U. S. Dixit,P. M. Dixit. Application of Fuzzy Set Theory in the Scheduling of a Tandem Cold-Rolling Mill[J].Journal of Mnamufaturing Science and Engineering.2000(122):494-500
[41] John Pittner, Marwan A. Simaan. Optimal Control of Tandem Cold Rolling Using A Pointwise Linear Quadratic Technique With Trims[J].Journal of Dynamic Systems,Measurement and Control,2008(130):021006(1)-021006(11)
[42]美坂佳助.影响系数法在冷轧带钢规程编制中的应用[J].塑性与加工,1967(8):75-80
[43]黄克琴,陈和铁.美坂佳助影响系数法的改进[J].冶金自动化,1983(1):21-25
[44] Ozsoy, Ruddle, G.E.Crawley. Optimum scheduling of a hot rolling process by nonlinear programming[J].Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly,1992,31(3):217-224
[45] J.C Lin. Prediction of Rolling Force and Deformation in Three-Dimensional Cold Rolling by Using the Finite-Element Method and a Neural Network[J].Int J Adv Manuf Technol,2002(20):799–806
[46] Paul, A Meehan. Vibration Instability in Rolling Mills: Modeling and ExperimentalResults[J].Journal of Vibration and Acoustics,2002(124):221-228
[47] Wang, A. K. Tieu, F G de Boer. Toward a heuristic optimum design of rolling schedules for tandem cold rolling mills[J].Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,2000(13):397–406
[48] D.M.Lee, S.G Choi. Application of On-line Adaptable Neural Network for Rolling Force Set-up of A Plate Mill [J].Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,2004,17(5):557-565
[49] Mohieddine Jelali. Performance assessment of control systems in rolling mills[J].Journal of Process Control,2007(17):805–816
[50] Ovacik IM, Uzsoy R. Rolling horizon algorithms for a single-machine dynamic scheduling problem with sequenced ependent set up times [J].International Journal of Production Research, 1994, 32(6):1243–63.
[51] J.M. Spitter, A.G.deKok, N.P.Dellaert. Timing production in LP models in arolling schedule[J].Int. J. Production Economics,2005(94):319–329
[52] J.S Gunasekera.Development of a nrural network model for a cold rolling process [J]. Engineering Application of Artificial Intelligence, 1998(11):597-603.
[53] J. Larkioa,P. Myllykoski,J. Nylander.Prediction of rolling by using physical models and neural computing[J].Journal of Material Processing Technology,1996(60):381–386
[54]杨节.轧制过程数学模型[M].(修订版)北京:冶金上业出版社,1993:3-4
[55]李煜.最新带钢生产工艺技术标准规范务实全书[M].北京:北方工业出版社,2006:504-506
[56]李庚唐.冷轧带钢轧制力的计算[A].轧制理论文集[C].北京:冶金工业出版社,1982:113-128
[57]孙一康.带钢冷连轧计算机控制[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002:54-60
[58]方原栋.冷轧带钢轧制力计算方法的比较[J].上海金属,2000(5):35-38
[59]朱光明,杜凤山,孙登月等.计算冷轧带钢工作辊接触压扁半径的Hitchcock公式的有限元修正[J].机械工程学报,2003(39):135-137
[60]方原栋.冷轧带钢轧制力计算方法的比较[J].上海金属,2000(5):35-38
[61]胡赓祥,蔡珣.材料科学基础[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2000:171-172
[62]贺毓辛.冷轧板带生产[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1992:34-46
[63]周剑平,Origin实用教程(7.5版).北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2006
[64]叶卫平,方安平,于本方.Origin7.0科技绘图及数据分析.北京:机械工业出版社,2004
[65]徐洪伟. Q/BQB 418-2003双相高强钢冷连轧钢板及钢带[S].宝钢股份企业标准-第四分册,宝钢股份,上海,2003:48-51
[66]徐洪伟.Q/BQB 416-2003,烘烤硬化高强度冷连轧钢板及带钢[S].宝钢股份企业标准-第四分册,宝钢股份,上海,2003:43-47
[67]徐洪伟.Q/BQB 403-2003,冷连轧低碳钢板及钢带[S].宝钢股份企业标准-第四分册,宝钢股份,上海,2003:23-27
[68]徐洪伟.Q/BQB 408-2003,冲压用冷连轧钢板及带钢[S].宝钢股份企业标准-第四分册,宝钢股份,上海,2003:28-32
[69] Lin, J.F., Huang. Evaluation of lubricants for cold strip rolling [J]. Wear,1991(147):79–91
[70] Lenard, J.G. The effects of the reduction, speed and lubricant viscosity on friction in cold rolling [J]. J.of Mater.Process. Technol,1992(30):197–209
[71] Tan X. Friction of plasticity: application of the dynamic friction model [J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 2007(221):115–131.
[72]李海平.1550酸轧轧制力设定模型[A].过程控制数学模型概要[C].宝钢股份内部资料.2002:117-122
[73] Jeswiet J. A comparison of friction coefficients in cold rolling [J]. J.Mater.Pro.Technol.,1998(81):239-244
[74] Saha P K, Wilson W R. Influence of surface topography on the frictional characteristics of 3104 aluminum alloy sheet [J]. Wear,1996(197):123-129
[75]杨节.轧制过程数学模型[M].(修订版)北京:冶金上业出版社,1993:41-42
[76]王国栋,刘相华,矫志杰.考虑轧件弹性变形的Hill轧制力显式公式[J].钢铁研究,2000(3):32-34.
[77]赵志业.金属塑性变形与轧制理论.(第二版)[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1994:296
[78]陈建兵,许健勇,沈耀.应用极限差值法优化设计极薄规格冷轧带钢规程[J].钢铁,2009,44(2):51-54
[79]童立靖.使用简易有限元法的冷轧轧制力模型设计[J].宝钢技术,2002(增刊):27-31.
[80]薛定宇,陈阳泉.高等应用数学问题的MATLAB求解[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[81]贺毓辛,冷轧板带生产[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1992:134-156
[82]杨节.轧制过程数学模型[M].(修订版)北京:冶金上业出版社,1993:6-7
[83]杨节.轧制过程数学模型[M].(修订版)北京:冶金上业出版社,1993:7-8
[84]张志强.Dephi实例全解教程[M].海南:南方出版社,2004.
[85]杨志国,王小琼,李世娇.Delphi应用程序开发精彩实例.北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[86]陈建兵,许健勇,沈耀.五机架模拟优化系统的开发与应用[J].冶金自动化,2008,32(增刊):116-119