新型节能Ti包Al复合基体β-PbO_2阳极的制备及性能研究
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摘要
尽管铅合金电极仍然是目前湿法冶炼领域中主要的阳极材料,但其还存在内阻大、析氧电位高、质量大、强度低、易溶解等问题。在电积锌过程中因槽电压过高,造成了约25%～30%的电能被浪费；因电场力的作用易使极板弯曲,造成短路破坏生产的稳定性；因铅阳极的易溶解性,造成了阴极产品品质降低,吨锌约消耗12kg的铅阳极。因此,开发一种导电性好、强度高、耐腐蚀的低成本新型节能阳极材料一直是湿法冶金行业中的重要课题。
本研究在前期工作基础上提出通过改变电极基体的组成结构来提高阳极性能的思路,并获得国家“863”计划项目和两项国家自然科学基金的资助。本文从提高阳极基体导电性出发,首次选择Ti/Al复合材料作为电极基体,通过降低电极内阻的方法来改善电极性能。并以成本低、附着性强、导电性好的SnO2+Sb2O4为中间过渡层,利用Pb02作为活性层适用于硫酸锌电解体系的特点,设计出了新型节能阳极Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/(3-PbO2。其技术思想是：改变传统电极的组成结构模式,采用Ti/Al/Ti层状复合基体结构阳极。通过材料性能叠加效应,利用金属Ti保持阳极高强度、强耐蚀的同时,借助金属Al芯提高电极基体的导电性、均化电流分布。以此增大电解过程中电子在阳极内的传输速率,提高电解系统的反应速率。选择SnO2+Sb2O4为中间过渡层来阻断酸性电解液穿过活性层侵蚀钛基体而造成的电极失效,并且其与基体钛、外层铅的氧化物能够形成固溶体提高基体与表面活性层的结合强度；再通过较佳的Ti/Al复合基体电沉积β-PbO2工艺获得表面形貌较好的活性表层,来提高锌电积中阳极的催化活性、保证阴极产品品质。
本文的研究工作主要从以下三个方面进行：第一、Ti包A1复合基体界面扩散层的形成机理与性能影响关系。通过SEM、XRD和HRTEM等测试手段分析复合基体界面扩散层组织形貌、物相结构对电极基体导电性能与力学性能的影响；第二、SnO2+Sb2O4中间层和β-PbO2活性层的制备工艺与性能。研究了Ti/Al复合基体电沉积β-PbO2活性层的机理与工艺,采用SEM、XRD及LSV等测试手段研究不同工艺对沉积层物相结构、显微硬度、表面分形维数及电化学性能的影响,揭示各参数对电沉积过程的作用规律；以及研究阳极复合基体制备工艺与活性层沉积工艺匹配对阳极性能的影响；第三、Ti/Al复合基体β-PbO2涂层阳极的生产应用研究。在企业对Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2阳极进行锌电积模拟生产试验,并与传统的Pb-1%Ag合金阳极、Al/Pb层状复合阳极、Ti/PbO2阳极进行对比,分析了该复合基体阳极的节能机理。论文主要的研究成果如下：
(1)通过研究Ti/Al界面扩散层的物相形成机制,获得电阻率最低的界面扩散层为TiAl3单相层,厚度约8501μm左右,其制备工艺条件为：扩散温度540。C,扩散时间90min。并结合实际生产需要,优化出最佳的复合基体Ti、Al板厚度为：Ti为0.3mm, Al为6mm。对Ti/Al复合基体界面扩散层的生长动力学研究表明：扩散温度对其厚度的影响要远远大于时间的影响；从Ti、Al扩散元素浓度与扩散距离的计算中验证了最佳扩散层厚度、物相与实验结论的一致性；获得扩散层的生长动力学方程：y=1.09×1012t3.06027-0.00.587exp(-(RT)/(193252))
(2)非贵金属SnO2+Sb2O4中间层的相关实验证明：在β-PbO2电沉积工艺中,中间层涂覆次数对β-PbO2沉积层的性能影响最大,其最佳的涂覆次数为15次。
(3)通过对Ti/Al复合基体电沉积β-PbO2过程的热力学机理分析,获得沉积时溶液的PH值<3.84,电位>0.82。电沉积β-PbO2时,其影响因素的综合作用效果大小为：中间层涂覆次数>电流密度>电沉积时间。最佳β-PbO2活性层的电沉积条件为：电流密度3.3A·dm-2,沉积时间2h。
(4)研究阳极Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2的阻抗谱测试表明：该阳极的内阻可较纯Ti电极降低43%,其活性层的析氧反应电荷传递电阻降低了70%。阳极加速腐蚀寿命长达10.4年,高出纯Ti基体Pb02阳极50%。析氧动力学研究表明：在lmol/L H2SO4溶液中, Ti/Al复合基体Pb02阳极的交换电流密度j0尸是传统Ti基Pb02阳极的15倍；在工业电流密度下(1000A/m2),其析氧超电压η较传统Ti基阳极材料下降了3.3V。
(5)研究阳极Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2在电积锌企业的模拟生产试验结果表明：其在500A·m-2的生产电流密度下槽电压波动较小,均值较传统的Pb-1%Ag合金阳极下降了3.2%；阴极的锌产量也提高了4.5%,且产品含Pb量下降了50.3%；电积电流效率高达88.8%,较传统提高了4.5%；吨锌电耗也同比下降3.2%；阳极腐蚀速率下降42.7%。
(6)本文从电极基体材料的组成结构改变、力学性能改善及阳极表面β-PbO2活性层形貌优化等影响因素分析了Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2阳极的节能机理：Ti/Al复合基体在降低内阻、均化电流分布的同时使得电子在电极内部的传输速率提高,电荷在电极表面的交换速率增大,提高了电极的电化学活性；并且基体导电性的提高改善了电极表面β-PbO2沉积层形貌,增大了阳极的催化活性；同时异相材料Ti、Al复合后将产生12.1mV的反向接触电势,与阳极极化电位反向串联,抑制了极化电位的升高；并且等体积电极质量的减小可以降低阳极的耗材与成本。与此同时,Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2阳极在锌电积模拟生产试验中充分体现出其优异的节能效果与经济价值。
Although lead alloy electrodes are still the main anode materials in hydrometallurgy, there exist some problems of high internal resistance, high oxygen evolution potential, high weight, low intensity and high dissolubility. Because of the high bath voltage in the process of Zn electrodeposition, it causes25%～30%electric energy to be wasted, and because of the electric field force, the electrode plates will bend and the stability of production is destroyed. Also because lead anode is easily dissolved, it will cause the low quality of cathode product and a lead anode consumption of12kg per ton of Zn. In consequence, to develop a novel good electrical conductivity, energy-saving, high strength, anti-corrosion and low-cost anode material becomes an important issue in hydrometallurgy industry.
In this research, the concept that the organization structures of composite substrate are changed to improve the anode performance is proposed base on the early work. And this work was supported by the Development Program of China (National863plans projects) and National High Technology Research and Development. This article embarks from improving conductivity of the substrate, choose Ti/Al composite material as the electrode substrate for the first time, by reducing the electrode impedance to improve the performance.And the low-cost, high adhesive force and good electrical conductivity SnO2+Sb2O4is selected as the intermediate coating.Using PbO2which is suitable for zinc sulfate electrolysis system. The novel energy-saving anode of Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/(3-PbO2is proposed. The technology thoughts are as follow:By changing the component and structural pattern of traditional composite and using Ti/Al/Ti anode layered composite matrix structure. Through the performance superposition of titanium aluminum clad, using Ti to keep high strength, strong corrosion resistance of the anode, at the same time, with the help of a metal A1core to improve the conductivity of the electrode substrate, homogenizing current distribution. Augment the transmission rate of electrons in the process of electrolysis, improve the reaction rate of electrolysis system. The SnO2+Sb2O4are selected to be middle layer to enforce the bonding strength between substrate and surface active layer. Also this middle layer can interdict the acid electrolyte to corrode the Ti substrate which is the main cause of electrode degradation. Through better electrodeposition process for β- active layer on Ti/Al composite substrate, to improve the catalytic activity of zinc anode and cathode product quality.
In this paper, the research work is mainly from the following three aspects:firstly, the influence relationship between synthetic mechanism of composite interface of titanium aluminum clad and performance. With the testing methods of SEM, XRD and HRTEM, the influence of composite substrate interface diffusion layer of microstructure and phase structure to electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of electrode substrate are analyzed; secondly, preparation technology and properties of the SnO2+Sb2O4middle layer and the β-PbO2active layer. Electrodeposition mechanism and process of Ti/Al composite substrate are studied. And testing methods of SEM, XRD and LSV were used to analyzed the sedimentary phase structures, micro hardness, surface fractal dimension and the electrochemical performance in different technologies, and to reveal influence rule of different parameters to electrodeposition process; and the matching between Ti/Al composite substrate preparation process and the electrodeposition process of β-PbO2active layer is studied; thirdly, comparative study on the production application of β-PbO2coated electrode of Ti/Al substrate. The Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2anode in enterprise production experiment is simulated. By contrast with conventional Pb-1%Ag alloy anode, Al/Pb laminated composite anode and Ti/PbO2anode, energy saving mechanism of it is also analyzed. The study results are as following:
(1) The phase formtion mechanism of interfacial diffusion layer is researched. And TiAl3single phase layer is the lowest resistivity of interface diffusion layer of which preparation process conditions is540℃diffusion temperature and90min diffusion holding time. The best optimized thickness of Ti and Al plates are:0.3mm and6mm, respectively. The results of the growth kinetics of composite substrate interface diffusion layer show that diffusion temperature on the influence of its thickness is far greater than the influence of the time; the optimum diffusion layer thickness, phase and experimental results were confirmed by the calculation of Ti and Al element concentration and diffusion distance; and the growth of diffusion layer dynamic equation is y=1.09×1012t306027-0.00358T exp(-(RT)/(193252)).
(2) The related experiments of non-precious metals SnO2+Sb2O4middle layer shows that: coating number of times have the most influence on β-PbO2electrodeposition layer in the following electrodeposition technology, and its optimized coating number of times is15.
(3) Through analysis the rmodynamic mechanism of P-PbCO2electrodeposition process on Ti/Al composite substrate shows that the conditions of solution are as follows:PH value<3.84, potential<0.82V. When electrodepositing P-PbO2, the influence factors of comprehensive effect are as follows:number of middle layer coating> current density> electrodeposition time; The best conditions of P-PbO2electrodeposition are as follows:current density3.3A·dm-2, electrodeposition time2h.
(4) The impedance spectrum test of Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2anode shows that:Internal resistance of the anode can be reduced by43%than pure Ti electrodes, its active layer of oxygen evolution reaction of the charge transfer resistance is reduced by70%. Anodes in an acidic environment have a better stability, long life of10.4years, and50%pure Ti substrate PbO2electrode higher. The oxygen kinetics show that the exchange current density j0is the traditional Ti-based PbO2electrode15times in lmol/L H2SO4solution; the oxygen overvoltage η was down3.3V from traditional anode material under industrial current density (1000A/m2).
(5) The simulated test results of the novel Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2anode in enterprise show that under500A·m-2current density, the fluctuation of bath voltage is small and the mean value of bath voltage has fallen by3.2%compared with traditional Pb-1%Ag alloy anode; Zinc yield on cathode is increased by4.5%, Pb content in production is reduced by50.3%, the current efficiency of electrolysis is88.8%which is up4.5%to conventional electrode; Single-tons zinc of power consumption is reduced by3.2%, corrosion rate of anode is reduced by42.7%.
(6) From influencing factors that changing of substrate materials mechanics and optimizing the β-PbO2active coating, analyzes the anode energy-saving mechanism of Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2in this paper:Ti/Al composite substrate reduces the internal resistance and homogenizes the current distribution, at the same time, it makes the transfer rate of internal electron and electrochemical activity of electrode increasing. And the improvement of electrical conductivity is improved sediments morphology of (3-PbO2on the surface of electrode, increased the catalytic activity of anode. After bonding heterogeneous materials of Ti and Al, the composite substrate will produce12.1mV reverse contact potential, which is the anodic polarization potential series-opposing, and suppress the increase of polarization potential. Meanwhile, the decrease of the electrode quality can reduce the consumption and cost of. The novel anode of Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2gives full expression to its excellent energy saving effect and economic value in the test of zinc production simulation.
本研究在前期工作基础上提出通过改变电极基体的组成结构来提高阳极性能的思路,并获得国家“863”计划项目和两项国家自然科学基金的资助。本文从提高阳极基体导电性出发,首次选择Ti/Al复合材料作为电极基体,通过降低电极内阻的方法来改善电极性能。并以成本低、附着性强、导电性好的SnO2+Sb2O4为中间过渡层,利用Pb02作为活性层适用于硫酸锌电解体系的特点,设计出了新型节能阳极Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/(3-PbO2。其技术思想是：改变传统电极的组成结构模式,采用Ti/Al/Ti层状复合基体结构阳极。通过材料性能叠加效应,利用金属Ti保持阳极高强度、强耐蚀的同时,借助金属Al芯提高电极基体的导电性、均化电流分布。以此增大电解过程中电子在阳极内的传输速率,提高电解系统的反应速率。选择SnO2+Sb2O4为中间过渡层来阻断酸性电解液穿过活性层侵蚀钛基体而造成的电极失效,并且其与基体钛、外层铅的氧化物能够形成固溶体提高基体与表面活性层的结合强度；再通过较佳的Ti/Al复合基体电沉积β-PbO2工艺获得表面形貌较好的活性表层,来提高锌电积中阳极的催化活性、保证阴极产品品质。
本文的研究工作主要从以下三个方面进行：第一、Ti包A1复合基体界面扩散层的形成机理与性能影响关系。通过SEM、XRD和HRTEM等测试手段分析复合基体界面扩散层组织形貌、物相结构对电极基体导电性能与力学性能的影响；第二、SnO2+Sb2O4中间层和β-PbO2活性层的制备工艺与性能。研究了Ti/Al复合基体电沉积β-PbO2活性层的机理与工艺,采用SEM、XRD及LSV等测试手段研究不同工艺对沉积层物相结构、显微硬度、表面分形维数及电化学性能的影响,揭示各参数对电沉积过程的作用规律；以及研究阳极复合基体制备工艺与活性层沉积工艺匹配对阳极性能的影响；第三、Ti/Al复合基体β-PbO2涂层阳极的生产应用研究。在企业对Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2阳极进行锌电积模拟生产试验,并与传统的Pb-1%Ag合金阳极、Al/Pb层状复合阳极、Ti/PbO2阳极进行对比,分析了该复合基体阳极的节能机理。论文主要的研究成果如下：
(1)通过研究Ti/Al界面扩散层的物相形成机制,获得电阻率最低的界面扩散层为TiAl3单相层,厚度约8501μm左右,其制备工艺条件为：扩散温度540。C,扩散时间90min。并结合实际生产需要,优化出最佳的复合基体Ti、Al板厚度为：Ti为0.3mm, Al为6mm。对Ti/Al复合基体界面扩散层的生长动力学研究表明：扩散温度对其厚度的影响要远远大于时间的影响；从Ti、Al扩散元素浓度与扩散距离的计算中验证了最佳扩散层厚度、物相与实验结论的一致性；获得扩散层的生长动力学方程：y=1.09×1012t3.06027-0.00.587exp(-(RT)/(193252))
(2)非贵金属SnO2+Sb2O4中间层的相关实验证明：在β-PbO2电沉积工艺中,中间层涂覆次数对β-PbO2沉积层的性能影响最大,其最佳的涂覆次数为15次。
(3)通过对Ti/Al复合基体电沉积β-PbO2过程的热力学机理分析,获得沉积时溶液的PH值<3.84,电位>0.82。电沉积β-PbO2时,其影响因素的综合作用效果大小为：中间层涂覆次数>电流密度>电沉积时间。最佳β-PbO2活性层的电沉积条件为：电流密度3.3A·dm-2,沉积时间2h。
(4)研究阳极Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2的阻抗谱测试表明：该阳极的内阻可较纯Ti电极降低43%,其活性层的析氧反应电荷传递电阻降低了70%。阳极加速腐蚀寿命长达10.4年,高出纯Ti基体Pb02阳极50%。析氧动力学研究表明：在lmol/L H2SO4溶液中, Ti/Al复合基体Pb02阳极的交换电流密度j0尸是传统Ti基Pb02阳极的15倍；在工业电流密度下(1000A/m2),其析氧超电压η较传统Ti基阳极材料下降了3.3V。
(5)研究阳极Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2在电积锌企业的模拟生产试验结果表明：其在500A·m-2的生产电流密度下槽电压波动较小,均值较传统的Pb-1%Ag合金阳极下降了3.2%；阴极的锌产量也提高了4.5%,且产品含Pb量下降了50.3%；电积电流效率高达88.8%,较传统提高了4.5%；吨锌电耗也同比下降3.2%；阳极腐蚀速率下降42.7%。
(6)本文从电极基体材料的组成结构改变、力学性能改善及阳极表面β-PbO2活性层形貌优化等影响因素分析了Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2阳极的节能机理：Ti/Al复合基体在降低内阻、均化电流分布的同时使得电子在电极内部的传输速率提高,电荷在电极表面的交换速率增大,提高了电极的电化学活性；并且基体导电性的提高改善了电极表面β-PbO2沉积层形貌,增大了阳极的催化活性；同时异相材料Ti、Al复合后将产生12.1mV的反向接触电势,与阳极极化电位反向串联,抑制了极化电位的升高；并且等体积电极质量的减小可以降低阳极的耗材与成本。与此同时,Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2阳极在锌电积模拟生产试验中充分体现出其优异的节能效果与经济价值。
Although lead alloy electrodes are still the main anode materials in hydrometallurgy, there exist some problems of high internal resistance, high oxygen evolution potential, high weight, low intensity and high dissolubility. Because of the high bath voltage in the process of Zn electrodeposition, it causes25%～30%electric energy to be wasted, and because of the electric field force, the electrode plates will bend and the stability of production is destroyed. Also because lead anode is easily dissolved, it will cause the low quality of cathode product and a lead anode consumption of12kg per ton of Zn. In consequence, to develop a novel good electrical conductivity, energy-saving, high strength, anti-corrosion and low-cost anode material becomes an important issue in hydrometallurgy industry.
In this research, the concept that the organization structures of composite substrate are changed to improve the anode performance is proposed base on the early work. And this work was supported by the Development Program of China (National863plans projects) and National High Technology Research and Development. This article embarks from improving conductivity of the substrate, choose Ti/Al composite material as the electrode substrate for the first time, by reducing the electrode impedance to improve the performance.And the low-cost, high adhesive force and good electrical conductivity SnO2+Sb2O4is selected as the intermediate coating.Using PbO2which is suitable for zinc sulfate electrolysis system. The novel energy-saving anode of Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/(3-PbO2is proposed. The technology thoughts are as follow:By changing the component and structural pattern of traditional composite and using Ti/Al/Ti anode layered composite matrix structure. Through the performance superposition of titanium aluminum clad, using Ti to keep high strength, strong corrosion resistance of the anode, at the same time, with the help of a metal A1core to improve the conductivity of the electrode substrate, homogenizing current distribution. Augment the transmission rate of electrons in the process of electrolysis, improve the reaction rate of electrolysis system. The SnO2+Sb2O4are selected to be middle layer to enforce the bonding strength between substrate and surface active layer. Also this middle layer can interdict the acid electrolyte to corrode the Ti substrate which is the main cause of electrode degradation. Through better electrodeposition process for β- active layer on Ti/Al composite substrate, to improve the catalytic activity of zinc anode and cathode product quality.
In this paper, the research work is mainly from the following three aspects:firstly, the influence relationship between synthetic mechanism of composite interface of titanium aluminum clad and performance. With the testing methods of SEM, XRD and HRTEM, the influence of composite substrate interface diffusion layer of microstructure and phase structure to electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of electrode substrate are analyzed; secondly, preparation technology and properties of the SnO2+Sb2O4middle layer and the β-PbO2active layer. Electrodeposition mechanism and process of Ti/Al composite substrate are studied. And testing methods of SEM, XRD and LSV were used to analyzed the sedimentary phase structures, micro hardness, surface fractal dimension and the electrochemical performance in different technologies, and to reveal influence rule of different parameters to electrodeposition process; and the matching between Ti/Al composite substrate preparation process and the electrodeposition process of β-PbO2active layer is studied; thirdly, comparative study on the production application of β-PbO2coated electrode of Ti/Al substrate. The Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2anode in enterprise production experiment is simulated. By contrast with conventional Pb-1%Ag alloy anode, Al/Pb laminated composite anode and Ti/PbO2anode, energy saving mechanism of it is also analyzed. The study results are as following:
(1) The phase formtion mechanism of interfacial diffusion layer is researched. And TiAl3single phase layer is the lowest resistivity of interface diffusion layer of which preparation process conditions is540℃diffusion temperature and90min diffusion holding time. The best optimized thickness of Ti and Al plates are:0.3mm and6mm, respectively. The results of the growth kinetics of composite substrate interface diffusion layer show that diffusion temperature on the influence of its thickness is far greater than the influence of the time; the optimum diffusion layer thickness, phase and experimental results were confirmed by the calculation of Ti and Al element concentration and diffusion distance; and the growth of diffusion layer dynamic equation is y=1.09×1012t306027-0.00358T exp(-(RT)/(193252)).
(2) The related experiments of non-precious metals SnO2+Sb2O4middle layer shows that: coating number of times have the most influence on β-PbO2electrodeposition layer in the following electrodeposition technology, and its optimized coating number of times is15.
(3) Through analysis the rmodynamic mechanism of P-PbCO2electrodeposition process on Ti/Al composite substrate shows that the conditions of solution are as follows:PH value<3.84, potential<0.82V. When electrodepositing P-PbO2, the influence factors of comprehensive effect are as follows:number of middle layer coating> current density> electrodeposition time; The best conditions of P-PbO2electrodeposition are as follows:current density3.3A·dm-2, electrodeposition time2h.
(4) The impedance spectrum test of Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2anode shows that:Internal resistance of the anode can be reduced by43%than pure Ti electrodes, its active layer of oxygen evolution reaction of the charge transfer resistance is reduced by70%. Anodes in an acidic environment have a better stability, long life of10.4years, and50%pure Ti substrate PbO2electrode higher. The oxygen kinetics show that the exchange current density j0is the traditional Ti-based PbO2electrode15times in lmol/L H2SO4solution; the oxygen overvoltage η was down3.3V from traditional anode material under industrial current density (1000A/m2).
(5) The simulated test results of the novel Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2anode in enterprise show that under500A·m-2current density, the fluctuation of bath voltage is small and the mean value of bath voltage has fallen by3.2%compared with traditional Pb-1%Ag alloy anode; Zinc yield on cathode is increased by4.5%, Pb content in production is reduced by50.3%, the current efficiency of electrolysis is88.8%which is up4.5%to conventional electrode; Single-tons zinc of power consumption is reduced by3.2%, corrosion rate of anode is reduced by42.7%.
(6) From influencing factors that changing of substrate materials mechanics and optimizing the β-PbO2active coating, analyzes the anode energy-saving mechanism of Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2in this paper:Ti/Al composite substrate reduces the internal resistance and homogenizes the current distribution, at the same time, it makes the transfer rate of internal electron and electrochemical activity of electrode increasing. And the improvement of electrical conductivity is improved sediments morphology of (3-PbO2on the surface of electrode, increased the catalytic activity of anode. After bonding heterogeneous materials of Ti and Al, the composite substrate will produce12.1mV reverse contact potential, which is the anodic polarization potential series-opposing, and suppress the increase of polarization potential. Meanwhile, the decrease of the electrode quality can reduce the consumption and cost of. The novel anode of Ti/Al/Ti/SnO2+Sb2O4/β-PbO2gives full expression to its excellent energy saving effect and economic value in the test of zinc production simulation.
引文
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