Cu-Zn-Al形状记忆合金中的相变
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摘要
Cu-Zn-Al形状记忆合金是一种性能优良,造价低廉的功能材料。成分为Cu-Zn26-Al4的合金在高温直接淬火,发生B2→9R马氏体相变,具有很好的形状记忆效应,优于其它成分的同类合金,其微观结构为矛头状马氏体。经过适当的训练可以获得稳定的双程记忆效应,记忆效应下降很小,而且训练的效率很高;但在交变应力下双程记忆效应严重破坏;在室温下长时间时效没有马氏体稳定化现象,具有实用价值。
Cu-Zn-Al合金中存在着未被人们发现的另一种相变过程,称为类流态相变。发生类流态相变的胞区往往伴有晶格的转变,不同相之间的转换。温度、应力的变化以及电场、磁场能够诱发类流态相变。X-ray衍射图谱中的峰高发生明显变化,证明相变过程发生。测量胞区硬度随应力变化的分形维数,证明该相变过程符合分形特征。对不同时刻的胞区的灰度值进行采样,应用相位随机化方法可以证明存在混沌运动。利用薛罗根模型及非线性动力学方程可以在理论上证明这种相变过程是在临界点附近由外界条件改变引起的自组织现象。
Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy is a kind of function material with fine performance and low cost. The alloy with the composition of Cu-Zn26-Al4 quenched at high temperature directly has fine shape memory effect and its shape memory effect is better than other alloy with similar composition. The microstructure is pick-like martensite. After training, the alloy can gain stable two-way shape memory effect, the descend of SME is little and the training efficiency is high. Under alternating stress, the two-way shape memory effect is heavily destroyed. Aging at room temperature, there is no stability of martensite. The alloy has utility value.
There is an unknown transformation process in Cu-Zn-Al alloy named quasi-fluid transformation. Quasi-fluid cells’ crystal lattice and phase will change when transformation happen. The change of temperature or stress and the load of electric field or magnetic field will induce this kind of transformation. The obvious change of height in X-ray diffraction pattern proved the happen of transformation. Sampling on the gray of cells at different moment and using phase randomization theory can prove the existence of chaos movement. Using Schlogl model and non-linear dynamic equation, we can prove theoretically that this kind of transformation is a self-organization phenomenon caused by the change of environment at critical point.
Cu-Zn-Al合金中存在着未被人们发现的另一种相变过程,称为类流态相变。发生类流态相变的胞区往往伴有晶格的转变,不同相之间的转换。温度、应力的变化以及电场、磁场能够诱发类流态相变。X-ray衍射图谱中的峰高发生明显变化,证明相变过程发生。测量胞区硬度随应力变化的分形维数,证明该相变过程符合分形特征。对不同时刻的胞区的灰度值进行采样,应用相位随机化方法可以证明存在混沌运动。利用薛罗根模型及非线性动力学方程可以在理论上证明这种相变过程是在临界点附近由外界条件改变引起的自组织现象。
Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy is a kind of function material with fine performance and low cost. The alloy with the composition of Cu-Zn26-Al4 quenched at high temperature directly has fine shape memory effect and its shape memory effect is better than other alloy with similar composition. The microstructure is pick-like martensite. After training, the alloy can gain stable two-way shape memory effect, the descend of SME is little and the training efficiency is high. Under alternating stress, the two-way shape memory effect is heavily destroyed. Aging at room temperature, there is no stability of martensite. The alloy has utility value.
There is an unknown transformation process in Cu-Zn-Al alloy named quasi-fluid transformation. Quasi-fluid cells’ crystal lattice and phase will change when transformation happen. The change of temperature or stress and the load of electric field or magnetic field will induce this kind of transformation. The obvious change of height in X-ray diffraction pattern proved the happen of transformation. Sampling on the gray of cells at different moment and using phase randomization theory can prove the existence of chaos movement. Using Schlogl model and non-linear dynamic equation, we can prove theoretically that this kind of transformation is a self-organization phenomenon caused by the change of environment at critical point.
引文
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徐祖耀,马氏体相变与马氏体[M],北京:科学出版社,1999:321~341
何传驹,林汉同,雷一妍等,Cu-Zn-Al SMA实际使用中需要解决的几个问题[J],仪表材料,1990,21(1):57~60
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王永立,形状记忆合金应用实践杂谈[J],仪表材料,1996,17(2):106~111
周守理,Ni-Ti形状记忆合金接头的研究[J],稀有金属材料与工程,1995,(1):19~24
愈昌泰,Ni-Ti形状记忆合金在骨科临床上的应用[J],稀有金属材料与工程,1994,(6):38~39
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徐祖耀,马氏体相变与马氏体[M],北京:科学出版社,1999:865~881
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W. Theis, N. C. Bartelt, Chemical Potential Maps and Spatial Correlations in 2D-Island Ripening on Si(001) [J], Phys Rev Lett, 1995, 75: 3328~3331
T. Zambelli, J. V. Barth, J. Wintterlin, Formation Mechanism of the O-induced Added-row Reconstruction on Ag(110): A Low-temperature STM Study [J], Phys Rev, 1998, B58: 12663~12667
K. Morgenstern, G. Rosenfeld, G. Comsa, Decay of Two-dimensional Ag Islands on Ag(111) [J], Phys Rev Lett, 1996, 76: 2113~2116
M. Giesen, G. Schulze, H. Ibach, Fast Decay of Islands and Mounds on Cu(111): A New Effective Channel of Interlayer Mass Transport [J], Phys Rev Lett, 1998, 80: 552~555
C. Klunker, J. B. Hannon, M. Giesen, Activation Energy for the Decay of Two-dimensional Island on Cu(100) [J], Phys Rev, 1998, B58: 7556~7559
G. Schulze, I. Konert, M. Giesen, Decay of Cu Adatom Islands on Cu(111) [J], Surf Sci, 1998, 398: 37~48
K. Y. Watanabe, D. Suzuki, H. Fukutani, Dynamics of Step Fluctuations on Pd(110) Surface as Observed by STM [J], Surf Sci, 2002, 518: 155~162
R. Wang, K. A. Fichthorm, An Investigation of the Energetics and Dynamics of Adatom Motion to Descending-step Edges in Pt/Pt(111) Homoepitaxy [J], Surf Sci, 1994, 301: 253~259
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徐祖耀,江伯鸿等,形状记忆材料[M],上海:上海交通大学出版社,2000:105~120
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李桂杰,高后秀,李保银等,类流态现象与裂纹形成[J],天津大学学报,2002,35(2):140~142
杨新娥,高后秀,李京生等,Cu-Zn-Al合金中类液振荡的非线性机理[J],物理学报,2001,50(7):1346~1349
高后秀,杨渝钦,杨敬武等,固态合金中的非线性振荡现象观察[J],科学通报,1998,43(15):1667~1671
高后秀,刘文华,李保银,Cu-Zn-Al合金表面非线性振荡花样——自组织现象[J],天津大学学报,1997,30(5):566~572
高后秀,杨渝钦,刘文华等,铜锌铝合金合金表面非线性振荡花样的研究[J],金属热处理学报,1995,16(4):56~59
高后秀,张贵杰,麻亚宁等,外加应力场刺激下固体类流态胞区的响应特征[J],材料热处理学报,2002,23(4):62~65
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张一,形状记忆合金——新型功能材料[J],仪表材料,1989,20(3):178~182
徐祖耀,马氏体相变与马氏体[M],北京:科学出版社,1999:321~341
何传驹,林汉同,雷一妍等,Cu-Zn-Al SMA实际使用中需要解决的几个问题[J],仪表材料,1990,21(1):57~60
富莉,铁基形状记忆合金的开发与应用[J],国外金属材料,1991,(3):4~10
黄泽铣主编,功能材料及其应用手册[M],北京:机械工业出版社,1991:379~396
王永立,形状记忆合金应用实践杂谈[J],仪表材料,1996,17(2):106~111
周守理,Ni-Ti形状记忆合金接头的研究[J],稀有金属材料与工程,1995,(1):19~24
愈昌泰,Ni-Ti形状记忆合金在骨科临床上的应用[J],稀有金属材料与工程,1994,(6):38~39
王凤庭,形状记忆合金及其应用[J],仪表材料,1988,19(4):55~58
朱敏,杨大智,Cu-Zn-Al合金的形状记忆效应研究[C],大连:首届材料科学与工程学术年会论文集,1986:38~48
石德珂主编,材料科学基础[M],北京:机械工业出版社,1999:336~347
徐祖耀,相变原理[M],北京:科学出版社,1991:555~561
戚正风,金属热处理原理[M],北京:机械工业出版社[M],1988:75~77
杨杰,吴月华,形状记忆合金及其应用[M],合肥:中国科技大学出版社,1993:25~27
赵连城,蔡伟,郑玉峰,合金的形状记忆效应与超弹性[M],北京:国防工业出版社,2002:388~391
徐祖耀,江伯鸿等,形状记忆材料[M],上海:上海交通大学出版社,
2000:6~15
周久保熙康编,千东范译,形状记忆合金[M],北京:机械工业出版社,1992:98~101
江伯鸿,徐祖耀,有序度和晶粒度及预变形度对CuZnAl合金形状记忆效应的影响[J],上海交通大学学报,1991,25(6):87~91
徐祖耀,马氏体相变与马氏体[M],北京:科学出版社,1999:865~881
辛厚文,分形理论及其应用[M],合肥:中国科技大学出版社,1993:1~8
李后强,程光钺,分形与分维[M],成都:四川教育出版社,1990:7~30
曾文曲,刘世耀(译),[英]肯尼斯·法尔科内(著),分形几何——数学基础及其应用[M],沈阳:东北大学出版社,1991,30～31
刘式达,刘式适,分形与分维引论[M],北京:气象出版社,1993:13~38
杨展如,分形几何讲义[M],南京:《ATA》编辑部,1994,30
P. Glansdorff, I. Prigogine, Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations[M], Wiley, New York, 1971:1~4
G. Nicolis, I. Prigogine, Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium System[M], Wiley, New York, 1997:74~77
湛垦华,任光耀,第二次全国非平衡统计物理学学术会议论文集,大连,1980:7~11
R. Kubo, Suppl Prog Theory[M], Physics, 46, 1978: 1~2
宋毅,何国祥,耗散结构论[M],北京:中国展望出版社,1986:27~28
林鸿溢,李映雪,分形论——奇异性探索[M],北京:北京理工大学出版社,1988:45~46
E. Schrodinger, What is life?[M] Cambridge U. P, London, 1945: 1~2
黄润荣,任光耀,耗散结构与协同学[M],贵州:贵州人民出版社,1988:6~8
张洪钧,百科知识[M],1986,84(7):47~49
陈幼松,世界知识[M],1992,158(2):4~7
S. Hwang, M. S. Ho, T. T. Tsong, Scanning Tummeling Microscope Study of Dynamic Phenomena on Clean Si(111) Surface: Si Magic Cluster and Their Role [J], J of Phys and Chem of Solids, 2001, 62: 1655~1671
W. Theis, N. C. Bartelt, Chemical Potential Maps and Spatial Correlations in 2D-Island Ripening on Si(001) [J], Phys Rev Lett, 1995, 75: 3328~3331
T. Zambelli, J. V. Barth, J. Wintterlin, Formation Mechanism of the O-induced Added-row Reconstruction on Ag(110): A Low-temperature STM Study [J], Phys Rev, 1998, B58: 12663~12667
K. Morgenstern, G. Rosenfeld, G. Comsa, Decay of Two-dimensional Ag Islands on Ag(111) [J], Phys Rev Lett, 1996, 76: 2113~2116
M. Giesen, G. Schulze, H. Ibach, Fast Decay of Islands and Mounds on Cu(111): A New Effective Channel of Interlayer Mass Transport [J], Phys Rev Lett, 1998, 80: 552~555
C. Klunker, J. B. Hannon, M. Giesen, Activation Energy for the Decay of Two-dimensional Island on Cu(100) [J], Phys Rev, 1998, B58: 7556~7559
G. Schulze, I. Konert, M. Giesen, Decay of Cu Adatom Islands on Cu(111) [J], Surf Sci, 1998, 398: 37~48
K. Y. Watanabe, D. Suzuki, H. Fukutani, Dynamics of Step Fluctuations on Pd(110) Surface as Observed by STM [J], Surf Sci, 2002, 518: 155~162
R. Wang, K. A. Fichthorm, An Investigation of the Energetics and Dynamics of Adatom Motion to Descending-step Edges in Pt/Pt(111) Homoepitaxy [J], Surf Sci, 1994, 301: 253~259
L. Kuipers, M. S. Hoogeman, J. W. M. Frenken, Step Dynamics on Au(110) Studied with a High-temperature, High-speed Scanning Tunneling Microscopy [J], Phys Rev Lett, 1993, 71: 3517~3520
S. Speller, W. Heiland, A. Biedermann, et al., An STM Study of the Step Structure of Pb(110) and Pb(111) [J], Surf Sci, 1995, 331-333: 1056~1061
W. W. Pai, N. C. Bartelt, Fluctuation Kinetics of an Isolated Ag(110) Step [J], Phys Rev, 1996, B53: 15991~15996
L. Kuipers, M. S. Hoogeman, J. W. M. Frenken, Step and Kink Dynamics on Au(110) and Pb(111) Studied with a High-speed STM [J], Phys Rev, 1995, B52: 11387~11397
N. C. Bartelt, R. M. Tromp, E. D. Williams, Step Capillary Waves and Equilibrium Island Shapes on Si(001) [J], Phys Rev Lett, 1994, 73: 1656~1661
徐祖耀,江伯鸿等,形状记忆材料[M],上海:上海交通大学出版社,2000:105~120
洛阳铜加工厂中心实验室金相组,铜及铜合金相图谱[M],北京:冶金工业出版社,1983:48
刘锦文,李俊惠,隋晓红等,中南矿业学院学报,1988,(4):43
徐祖耀,刘世楷,贝氏体相变与贝氏体[M],北京:科学出版社,1991:95~112
高后秀,杨渝钦,铜基形状记忆合金的过热性能研究[J],天津大学学报,1990,(4):30~35
李桂杰,高后秀,李保银等,类流态现象与裂纹形成[J],天津大学学报,2002,35(2):140~142
杨新娥,高后秀,李京生等,Cu-Zn-Al合金中类液振荡的非线性机理[J],物理学报,2001,50(7):1346~1349
高后秀,杨渝钦,杨敬武等,固态合金中的非线性振荡现象观察[J],科学通报,1998,43(15):1667~1671
高后秀,刘文华,李保银,Cu-Zn-Al合金表面非线性振荡花样——自组织现象[J],天津大学学报,1997,30(5):566~572
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