基于时差频差的双星无源定位方法研究
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摘要
定位站不向目标发射电磁波信号，被动地接收目标的信号，利用合作和非合作信号对目标进行精确定位被称为无源定位。无源定位技术由于其良好的隐蔽性在现代电子战中占据着重要的地位。双星无源定位系统是以两颗卫星为平台的无源定位系统，与其它无源定位技术相比，它具有所需平台数少、通道数少、定位时间短、定位精度高等优点，因此在现代战争、航空、航天以及深空探测等领域具有重要的应用价值，是目前发展的主要方向。若能进一步改善该系统的无源探测精度，更有利于提高现代电子战、预警探测及其深空侦察探测能力。
本论文正是结合这类需求开展的，系统地对双星无源定位系统的定位误差分布以及定位误差改正进行了研究，提出了多历元时差定位法，可以解决盲区带定位难题，定位精度较高。将卫星导航系统的差分技术应用于该系统中，提出了基于时差频差的双星无源定位系统的位置差分和伪距差分方法，可以实现定位误差优于5km。本文围绕双星无源定位误差改正的研究，主要对以下几个方面开展了研究工作：
（1）双星无源定位系统的主要误差源
本文研究了双星无源定位系统的定位模型和解算方法，研究了双星无源定位系统中存在的主要误差源，主要涉及与观测量有关的误差、与传播路径过程有关的误差和与卫星有关的误差等误差源。研究了各部分误差对定位精度的影响，估计了到达时间时间差误差和多普勒频率差误差的大小。分析了该系统目前有待于解决的问题。
（2）利用地理坐标系表征定位误差并研究了其定位误差分布
为便于对该系统的定位误差研究，本文研究了利用在地理坐标系中表征定位误差。通过对等时差曲线和等频差曲线分布特点的研究，给出了时差定位误差等值线分布、频差定位误差等值线分布以及时差频差联合定位误差等值线分布。针对利用时差频差联合定位时系统存在的最佳定位区域、最差定位区域和盲区带的定位进行了研究。研究通过可视化的软件给出了GDOP分布情况。同时分析了影响双星无源定位精度的一些关键因素，主要有双星间距的大小、时差误差和频差误差的大小。
（3）定位盲区带的多历元时差定位法
系统定位时存在的不可定位区域被称为盲区带，本文在分析盲区带的产生原因基础上，为了减少盲区带的分布，提出了一种多历元时差定位法，可以有效地解决盲区带定位的难题，试验结果表明定位精度较高。
（4）双星无源定位系统的位置差分和伪距差分方法
鉴于双星无源定位系统的定位误差与卫星导航系统的定位误差有一定的相似性，本文提出了利用位置差分方法和伪距差分方法来修正系统定位误差的方法。对使用位置差分方法和伪距差分方法进行定位误差改正的可行性进行了分析，给出了双星无源定位系统的位置差分和伪距差分定位原理，并进行了仿真试验和实验结果分析，最后论证了影响伪距差分的关键因素。结果表明：使用位置差分方法和伪距差分都可以提高系统的定位精度,但使用伪距差分的定位精度普遍优于使用位置差分的定位精度，并且定位误差可优于5km。
通过对双星无源定位系统误差的系统分析，提出了盲区带的多历元时差定位法，为提高对辐射源位置的探测精度，将卫星导航系统中的位置差分和伪距差分应用于双星无源定位系统误差改正中，使用仿真试验对误差改正效果进行了验证，能将定位误差由目前的10～20km提高到5km。
Positioning station does not transmit electromagnetic signals to the target,passively receiving the signal of the target and using the cooperative andnon-cooperative signals for precise positioning of the target, which is called passivelocation. Passive positioning technology occupies an important position due to itsgood concealment in modern electronic warfare. Dual-satellite passive locationsystem based on two satellites as a platform for passive positioning, it has theadvantages of few platforms needed, fewer channels, short positioning time and highprecision positioning et al. compared with the other passive positioning technology,and has important application value in the modern war and aviation, aerospace anddeep-space exploration, which is the main direction of present development. and hasimportant application value in the modern war and aviation, aerospace and deep-spaceexploration, which is the main direction of present development. If passive detectionaccuracy of this system was improved ulteriorly, it would be propitious to increase theability of electronic warfare，early warning detection and deep-space reconnaissanceexploration.
The present positioning accuracy of dual-satellite passive location system isabout10~20km, which is still relatively low, unable to meet the needs of some users.The analysis and correction of the positioning error is a new research hotspot currently,but scholars at home and abroad, mainly focus on the ways such as optimizationlocalization algorithm, improving the positioning system as well as improving thereceiving equipment to improve detection accuracy on the location of the radiationsource, there is no systematic research on distribution and correction methods ofpositioning error.
The distribution of positioning error about dual-satellite passive location systemis systematically analyzed, and the correction of positioning error is researched. Amulti-epoch time difference location method is proposed in the blind area zone, whichcan effectively solve the difficult problem about positioning in the blind area zone.Differential technique in the satellite navigation system is applied to this system,position differential and pseudo-differential method of dual-satellite passive locationsystem based on Time Different of Arrival and Frequency Different of Arrival areproposed, in which positioning accuracy can achieve better than5km.
This paper focuses on the error correction research of the dual-satellite passivelocation system, mainly on the following aspects of the research work:
(1) Main error sources of dual-satellite passive location system
Positioning model and solving method of dual-satellite passive location systemare studied in this paper, the main error sources in the dual-satellite passive locationsystem are analyzed, mainly concerning with the error related with measurement，theprocess of the propagation path，satellite errors and other error sources. The effect ofthe various parts of the error on the positioning accuracy is analyzed，the error size ofTDOA error and FDOA error are estimated, and the problem of the system to besolved is also analyzed.
(2) Characterization positioning error by using geographic coordinates andanalysis on the distribution of positioning error.
In order to be convenient for studying the positioning error of the system,characterization positioning error by using the geographic coordinate system isresearched in this paper. The characteristics of the equal time difference curve andequal frequency difference curve distribution are studied, the distribution of TDOAposition error contours, FDOA positioning error contours and TDOA/FDOApositioning error contours are given. According to using TDOA/FDOA jointpositioning, there exists the best location area, the worst positioning regional andblind positioning to be analyzed. Through the research of visualization software,GDOP distribution is given. Also key factors that affect the positioning precision ofdual-satellite passive location system are analyzed, involving the distance size of thedual-satellite, error size of time difference error and frequency difference error.
(3) Multi-epoch time difference location for the position of the blind area zone
The area that can’t be positioned when positioning is known as blind area zone.On the basis of analysis of the reason that blind area zone producing, in order toreduce distribution of the blind area zone, multi-epoch time differencelocation method is proposed in this paper, which can effectively solve the difficultproblem about positioning in the blind area zone, and positioning accuracy is alsohigher.
(4) Position differential method and pseudo-differential method of dual-satellitepassive location system
Because there are some similarities between the positioning error of this systemand that of satellite navigation system, the position differential method andpseudo-differential method being used for correcting the positioning error of thissystem are proposed in this paper. The feasibility of using the position differential approach and pseudo-differential method for positioning error correction are analyzed.The principle of position differential method and pseudo-differential method indual-satellite passive location system are given. The simulation test and experimentalresults are carried out. Finally factors affecting pseudo-range differential aredemonstrated. The results showed that: using position differential method andpseudo-differential method can improve the positioning accuracy of the system, butthe positioning accuracy of pseudo-differential is generally superior to that of positiondifferential, which can be controlled within5km.
Through analysis of dual-satellite passive location system error systematically,multi-epoch time difference location method for the position of the blind area zone isproposed. In order to improve detection accuracy for the location of the radiationsource, the position differential and pseudo-differential method in satellite navigationsystem are applied to error correction of dual-satellite passive location system. Theeffect of the error correction is verified by using the simulation test, and positioningerror can be increased from the current10~20km up to5km.
本论文正是结合这类需求开展的，系统地对双星无源定位系统的定位误差分布以及定位误差改正进行了研究，提出了多历元时差定位法，可以解决盲区带定位难题，定位精度较高。将卫星导航系统的差分技术应用于该系统中，提出了基于时差频差的双星无源定位系统的位置差分和伪距差分方法，可以实现定位误差优于5km。本文围绕双星无源定位误差改正的研究，主要对以下几个方面开展了研究工作：
（1）双星无源定位系统的主要误差源
本文研究了双星无源定位系统的定位模型和解算方法，研究了双星无源定位系统中存在的主要误差源，主要涉及与观测量有关的误差、与传播路径过程有关的误差和与卫星有关的误差等误差源。研究了各部分误差对定位精度的影响，估计了到达时间时间差误差和多普勒频率差误差的大小。分析了该系统目前有待于解决的问题。
（2）利用地理坐标系表征定位误差并研究了其定位误差分布
为便于对该系统的定位误差研究，本文研究了利用在地理坐标系中表征定位误差。通过对等时差曲线和等频差曲线分布特点的研究，给出了时差定位误差等值线分布、频差定位误差等值线分布以及时差频差联合定位误差等值线分布。针对利用时差频差联合定位时系统存在的最佳定位区域、最差定位区域和盲区带的定位进行了研究。研究通过可视化的软件给出了GDOP分布情况。同时分析了影响双星无源定位精度的一些关键因素，主要有双星间距的大小、时差误差和频差误差的大小。
（3）定位盲区带的多历元时差定位法
系统定位时存在的不可定位区域被称为盲区带，本文在分析盲区带的产生原因基础上，为了减少盲区带的分布，提出了一种多历元时差定位法，可以有效地解决盲区带定位的难题，试验结果表明定位精度较高。
（4）双星无源定位系统的位置差分和伪距差分方法
鉴于双星无源定位系统的定位误差与卫星导航系统的定位误差有一定的相似性，本文提出了利用位置差分方法和伪距差分方法来修正系统定位误差的方法。对使用位置差分方法和伪距差分方法进行定位误差改正的可行性进行了分析，给出了双星无源定位系统的位置差分和伪距差分定位原理，并进行了仿真试验和实验结果分析，最后论证了影响伪距差分的关键因素。结果表明：使用位置差分方法和伪距差分都可以提高系统的定位精度,但使用伪距差分的定位精度普遍优于使用位置差分的定位精度，并且定位误差可优于5km。
通过对双星无源定位系统误差的系统分析，提出了盲区带的多历元时差定位法，为提高对辐射源位置的探测精度，将卫星导航系统中的位置差分和伪距差分应用于双星无源定位系统误差改正中，使用仿真试验对误差改正效果进行了验证，能将定位误差由目前的10～20km提高到5km。
Positioning station does not transmit electromagnetic signals to the target,passively receiving the signal of the target and using the cooperative andnon-cooperative signals for precise positioning of the target, which is called passivelocation. Passive positioning technology occupies an important position due to itsgood concealment in modern electronic warfare. Dual-satellite passive locationsystem based on two satellites as a platform for passive positioning, it has theadvantages of few platforms needed, fewer channels, short positioning time and highprecision positioning et al. compared with the other passive positioning technology,and has important application value in the modern war and aviation, aerospace anddeep-space exploration, which is the main direction of present development. and hasimportant application value in the modern war and aviation, aerospace and deep-spaceexploration, which is the main direction of present development. If passive detectionaccuracy of this system was improved ulteriorly, it would be propitious to increase theability of electronic warfare，early warning detection and deep-space reconnaissanceexploration.
The present positioning accuracy of dual-satellite passive location system isabout10~20km, which is still relatively low, unable to meet the needs of some users.The analysis and correction of the positioning error is a new research hotspot currently,but scholars at home and abroad, mainly focus on the ways such as optimizationlocalization algorithm, improving the positioning system as well as improving thereceiving equipment to improve detection accuracy on the location of the radiationsource, there is no systematic research on distribution and correction methods ofpositioning error.
The distribution of positioning error about dual-satellite passive location systemis systematically analyzed, and the correction of positioning error is researched. Amulti-epoch time difference location method is proposed in the blind area zone, whichcan effectively solve the difficult problem about positioning in the blind area zone.Differential technique in the satellite navigation system is applied to this system,position differential and pseudo-differential method of dual-satellite passive locationsystem based on Time Different of Arrival and Frequency Different of Arrival areproposed, in which positioning accuracy can achieve better than5km.
This paper focuses on the error correction research of the dual-satellite passivelocation system, mainly on the following aspects of the research work:
(1) Main error sources of dual-satellite passive location system
Positioning model and solving method of dual-satellite passive location systemare studied in this paper, the main error sources in the dual-satellite passive locationsystem are analyzed, mainly concerning with the error related with measurement，theprocess of the propagation path，satellite errors and other error sources. The effect ofthe various parts of the error on the positioning accuracy is analyzed，the error size ofTDOA error and FDOA error are estimated, and the problem of the system to besolved is also analyzed.
(2) Characterization positioning error by using geographic coordinates andanalysis on the distribution of positioning error.
In order to be convenient for studying the positioning error of the system,characterization positioning error by using the geographic coordinate system isresearched in this paper. The characteristics of the equal time difference curve andequal frequency difference curve distribution are studied, the distribution of TDOAposition error contours, FDOA positioning error contours and TDOA/FDOApositioning error contours are given. According to using TDOA/FDOA jointpositioning, there exists the best location area, the worst positioning regional andblind positioning to be analyzed. Through the research of visualization software,GDOP distribution is given. Also key factors that affect the positioning precision ofdual-satellite passive location system are analyzed, involving the distance size of thedual-satellite, error size of time difference error and frequency difference error.
(3) Multi-epoch time difference location for the position of the blind area zone
The area that can’t be positioned when positioning is known as blind area zone.On the basis of analysis of the reason that blind area zone producing, in order toreduce distribution of the blind area zone, multi-epoch time differencelocation method is proposed in this paper, which can effectively solve the difficultproblem about positioning in the blind area zone, and positioning accuracy is alsohigher.
(4) Position differential method and pseudo-differential method of dual-satellitepassive location system
Because there are some similarities between the positioning error of this systemand that of satellite navigation system, the position differential method andpseudo-differential method being used for correcting the positioning error of thissystem are proposed in this paper. The feasibility of using the position differential approach and pseudo-differential method for positioning error correction are analyzed.The principle of position differential method and pseudo-differential method indual-satellite passive location system are given. The simulation test and experimentalresults are carried out. Finally factors affecting pseudo-range differential aredemonstrated. The results showed that: using position differential method andpseudo-differential method can improve the positioning accuracy of the system, butthe positioning accuracy of pseudo-differential is generally superior to that of positiondifferential, which can be controlled within5km.
Through analysis of dual-satellite passive location system error systematically,multi-epoch time difference location method for the position of the blind area zone isproposed. In order to improve detection accuracy for the location of the radiationsource, the position differential and pseudo-differential method in satellite navigationsystem are applied to error correction of dual-satellite passive location system. Theeffect of the error correction is verified by using the simulation test, and positioningerror can be increased from the current10~20km up to5km.
引文
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