四川省石渠县藏狐的生态学研究
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摘要
藏狐(Vulpes ferrilata)为一种仅分布在青藏高原及其周边国家的高原狐属物种,对于保持高原生态系统的稳定十分重要。一直以来,人们对藏狐的生物学和生态学知识非常匮乏,以至于IUCN无法给出该物种的有效的保护意见,并提出要尽快开展针对该物种的研究。此外,藏狐是两型包虫的终末宿主,其感染率非常高。包虫病是一类严重的人畜共患病,在我国西部牧区流行比较严重。但是对于藏狐在包虫病传播途径中的具体作用,人们却知之甚少。因此,开展对藏狐的生态学研究将为藏狐的保护生物学和流行病学研究提供直接的研究基础。
作者于2001至2004年间调查了四川省石渠县西区的德荣玛乡、色须乡和俄多玛乡周围的山丘和平原,面积230km~2。采用不定宽样线法进行系统取样调查研究区域内的藏狐洞穴和环境特征,并进行了生境选择模型研究。通过对藏狐昼间的行为观察,初步研究了藏狐昼间活动节律。在进行样线调查的同时结合探照灯计数估计了研究范围内的藏狐种群数量。在对当地人的访问基础上结合对皮货商店的调查以及对藏狐皮张的检查,了解藏狐的被捕杀压力,分析藏狐被捕杀的原因。在综合分析栖息地情况的基础上,给出了藏狐的保护意见。最后,在对藏狐尸体解剖的基础上,结合了20余年的文献资料,分析了类狐物种在包虫病传播途径中的作用。根据以上方法,得到以下结论:
1.藏狐洞穴的穴口数量平均为1.795±1.809(n=156)个。多洞口洞穴(n=47)较单洞口洞穴(n=109)具有较高的坡位分布(Mann-Whitney,U=1417,P<0.001).洞口宽度17.01±2.50(±SD,n=91)cm、高度24.91±7.22cm和第一洞道的长度169.98±88.43 cm;土质洞穴68个,石质洞穴14个,混合质洞穴9个。石质洞穴较另外两组洞穴分布在较高的坡位上(x~2=10.227,P=0.006)。晒台在藏狐使用洞穴中的出现率为71.6%(n=74)。藏狐洞穴的穴口朝向没有显著聚集性(Rayleigh,z=0.898,n=201,P>0.05),坡向分布却显著地聚向其平均值249.9±77.1°(±SD)(Rayleigh,z=7.907,n=201,P<0.05).洞口朝向和坡向之间没有显著的相关性(Hotelling,F=5.365,n=201,P<0.05)。藏狐洞穴洞道的挖掘角度和坡势之间存在相关性(t=0.35,n=116,P>0.05)。多洞口洞穴较单洞口洞穴具有较高的坡位分布(U=1417,P<0.001)。同时,在平地上没有发现任何藏狐洞穴。共发现4个繁殖洞穴,均为土质多洞口洞穴,坡向分布在220-320°之间。
Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata), a typical plateau species, is a small sized canid of the Vulpes genus, which only distributes on the Tibetan plateau in* China, Nepal and northern India, between 3000 and 5300m of altitude. However, little information about the biology and ecology of this species is known that IUCN cannot give out effective conservation strategy. Moreover, although, the Tibetan fox is known as the definitive host of echinococcoses which are very severe zoonoses and endemic in the pasturing area west China, the exact function and the degree about how the Tibetan fox affecting the transmitting of the disease are still remained unknown. Hence, the field ecological research will bring the conservation biology and parasitology the fundamental and imperative information.We surveyed Shiqu County, west Sichuan Province from 2001 to 2004, including Derongma, Sexu and Eduoma 3 villages. This region is a large flat area with gently rolling hills. Line transect was used when doing systematical sampling. Tibetan fox den structure and den habitat were studied. Based on the result of these researches, habitat selection models were constructed. By observing the Tibetan fox behaviour, we also researched the daytime activity rhythm and evaluated the population size in the research site. Conservation status of Tibetan fox was studied based on the research of the habitat and the evaluation of the poaching pressure. Finally, we dissected Tibetan fox carcasses to realize the infection rate of echinococcosis in Tibetan fox population. By consulting references of the past 20 years, we discussed the important function of foxes in the transmitting of echinococcosis. The results are listed as follows:1. The mean entrance number of Tibetan fox dens are 1.795 ± 1.809 (n = 156) . Multi-entrance dens (n = 47) had significantly higher distribution of position rank on slope than that of mon-entrance dens(n = 109)(Mann-Whitney, U = 1417. P < 0.001). The mean of den width, height and first tunnel length of 91 measured dens are 17.01 ± 2.50 (± SD)cm, 24.91 ± 7.22 cm and 169.98 ± 88.43 cm respectively. Among the 91 dens, 68 were made in soil, 14 in rock and 9 were made in rock and soil. Rock dens had a significantly higher distribution on slope than the other two
kinds of dens (x~2 = 10.227, P = 0.006). Dirt ramp could be found in 71.6% of 74 examined dens. Den entrance exposure had no concentration on mean angle (Rayleigh, z = 0.898, n = 201, P > 0.05), but slope direction concentrated significantly on the mean angle 249.9±77. 1 ° (± SD) (Rayleigh, z = 7.907, n = 201, P < 0.05). Entrance exposure and slope direction had no correlationship (Hotelling, F = 5.365, n = 201, P < 0.05). However, the first tunnel obliquity correlated with the slope degree (t = 0.35, n = 116, P > 0.05). We did not find any fox dens on the plain area. During our filed research, 4 breeding dens were found totally, which were made in soil with the slope direction from 220 to 320°.2. Principle components analysis (PCA) and Logistic regression model (LRM) were introduced in the analysis of 133 Tibetan fox den habitat plots. The first 3 components in PCA had the cumulated contribution above 75%. Among them, food and water resource factor (containing variables "water resource distance" and "pika dens number") was the most important factor. Position factor ("slope degree" and "position on the slope") and Concealment factor ("vegetation type") were the second and third factors. LRM revealed that "slope direction", "position on the slope" and "vegetation type" are the 3 variables significantly influencing the den habitat selection of Tibetan fox. In conclusion, the ideal den habitat of Tibetan fox should be the area with the water distance between 500 and 1000 m, and with the distribution of pikas in the same area. Tibetan fox dens should be distributed on the gentle slope with lower position and sunny or half sunny slope direction. In addition, low and open vegetation is also imperative.3. Pika dens could be found significantly more in the abandoned Tibetan fox
作者于2001至2004年间调查了四川省石渠县西区的德荣玛乡、色须乡和俄多玛乡周围的山丘和平原,面积230km~2。采用不定宽样线法进行系统取样调查研究区域内的藏狐洞穴和环境特征,并进行了生境选择模型研究。通过对藏狐昼间的行为观察,初步研究了藏狐昼间活动节律。在进行样线调查的同时结合探照灯计数估计了研究范围内的藏狐种群数量。在对当地人的访问基础上结合对皮货商店的调查以及对藏狐皮张的检查,了解藏狐的被捕杀压力,分析藏狐被捕杀的原因。在综合分析栖息地情况的基础上,给出了藏狐的保护意见。最后,在对藏狐尸体解剖的基础上,结合了20余年的文献资料,分析了类狐物种在包虫病传播途径中的作用。根据以上方法,得到以下结论:
1.藏狐洞穴的穴口数量平均为1.795±1.809(n=156)个。多洞口洞穴(n=47)较单洞口洞穴(n=109)具有较高的坡位分布(Mann-Whitney,U=1417,P<0.001).洞口宽度17.01±2.50(±SD,n=91)cm、高度24.91±7.22cm和第一洞道的长度169.98±88.43 cm;土质洞穴68个,石质洞穴14个,混合质洞穴9个。石质洞穴较另外两组洞穴分布在较高的坡位上(x~2=10.227,P=0.006)。晒台在藏狐使用洞穴中的出现率为71.6%(n=74)。藏狐洞穴的穴口朝向没有显著聚集性(Rayleigh,z=0.898,n=201,P>0.05),坡向分布却显著地聚向其平均值249.9±77.1°(±SD)(Rayleigh,z=7.907,n=201,P<0.05).洞口朝向和坡向之间没有显著的相关性(Hotelling,F=5.365,n=201,P<0.05)。藏狐洞穴洞道的挖掘角度和坡势之间存在相关性(t=0.35,n=116,P>0.05)。多洞口洞穴较单洞口洞穴具有较高的坡位分布(U=1417,P<0.001)。同时,在平地上没有发现任何藏狐洞穴。共发现4个繁殖洞穴,均为土质多洞口洞穴,坡向分布在220-320°之间。
Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata), a typical plateau species, is a small sized canid of the Vulpes genus, which only distributes on the Tibetan plateau in* China, Nepal and northern India, between 3000 and 5300m of altitude. However, little information about the biology and ecology of this species is known that IUCN cannot give out effective conservation strategy. Moreover, although, the Tibetan fox is known as the definitive host of echinococcoses which are very severe zoonoses and endemic in the pasturing area west China, the exact function and the degree about how the Tibetan fox affecting the transmitting of the disease are still remained unknown. Hence, the field ecological research will bring the conservation biology and parasitology the fundamental and imperative information.We surveyed Shiqu County, west Sichuan Province from 2001 to 2004, including Derongma, Sexu and Eduoma 3 villages. This region is a large flat area with gently rolling hills. Line transect was used when doing systematical sampling. Tibetan fox den structure and den habitat were studied. Based on the result of these researches, habitat selection models were constructed. By observing the Tibetan fox behaviour, we also researched the daytime activity rhythm and evaluated the population size in the research site. Conservation status of Tibetan fox was studied based on the research of the habitat and the evaluation of the poaching pressure. Finally, we dissected Tibetan fox carcasses to realize the infection rate of echinococcosis in Tibetan fox population. By consulting references of the past 20 years, we discussed the important function of foxes in the transmitting of echinococcosis. The results are listed as follows:1. The mean entrance number of Tibetan fox dens are 1.795 ± 1.809 (n = 156) . Multi-entrance dens (n = 47) had significantly higher distribution of position rank on slope than that of mon-entrance dens(n = 109)(Mann-Whitney, U = 1417. P < 0.001). The mean of den width, height and first tunnel length of 91 measured dens are 17.01 ± 2.50 (± SD)cm, 24.91 ± 7.22 cm and 169.98 ± 88.43 cm respectively. Among the 91 dens, 68 were made in soil, 14 in rock and 9 were made in rock and soil. Rock dens had a significantly higher distribution on slope than the other two
kinds of dens (x~2 = 10.227, P = 0.006). Dirt ramp could be found in 71.6% of 74 examined dens. Den entrance exposure had no concentration on mean angle (Rayleigh, z = 0.898, n = 201, P > 0.05), but slope direction concentrated significantly on the mean angle 249.9±77. 1 ° (± SD) (Rayleigh, z = 7.907, n = 201, P < 0.05). Entrance exposure and slope direction had no correlationship (Hotelling, F = 5.365, n = 201, P < 0.05). However, the first tunnel obliquity correlated with the slope degree (t = 0.35, n = 116, P > 0.05). We did not find any fox dens on the plain area. During our filed research, 4 breeding dens were found totally, which were made in soil with the slope direction from 220 to 320°.2. Principle components analysis (PCA) and Logistic regression model (LRM) were introduced in the analysis of 133 Tibetan fox den habitat plots. The first 3 components in PCA had the cumulated contribution above 75%. Among them, food and water resource factor (containing variables "water resource distance" and "pika dens number") was the most important factor. Position factor ("slope degree" and "position on the slope") and Concealment factor ("vegetation type") were the second and third factors. LRM revealed that "slope direction", "position on the slope" and "vegetation type" are the 3 variables significantly influencing the den habitat selection of Tibetan fox. In conclusion, the ideal den habitat of Tibetan fox should be the area with the water distance between 500 and 1000 m, and with the distribution of pikas in the same area. Tibetan fox dens should be distributed on the gentle slope with lower position and sunny or half sunny slope direction. In addition, low and open vegetation is also imperative.3. Pika dens could be found significantly more in the abandoned Tibetan fox
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