鲜食葡萄无核化技术及机理的研究
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摘要
试验以赤霉素（GA3）和链霉素（SM）作为处理药剂，采用浸渍法和涂抹法，对新疆北部地区主要栽培品种：巨峰、里扎马特和全球红进行了无核化处理。筛选出了适宜不同品种的无核化技术。赤霉素浸渍法：里扎马特宜在盛花期进行，25ppm-100ppm，无核率高达95.6％。巨峰盛花期25-50ppm处理较好。全球红宜花前两周左右50ppm处理，无核率达59.2％。赤霉素涂抹法：里扎马特始花期500-1000ppm处理，促进果粒膨大，平均增加了5.7％-25.8％。巨峰处理后效果不好。全球红花前处理有无核倾向，始花期和盛花期500-1000ppm处理促进果粒膨大。链霉素处理：三个品种无核效果均良好。里扎马特盛花期处理无核率达100％，巨峰花前两周左右处理无核率达90％，全球红花前两周处理无核率达88％，药剂浓度 200-400ppm均可。各处理，提早果实成熟。
花粉发芽试验表明，在25-100ppm之间，随赤霉素药剂浓度的增加，花粉萌芽率降低。赤霉素具有杀死花粉，抑制花粉萌发的作用，作用效果与赤霉素直接作用部位有关。链霉素对花粉作用不明显。
对巨峰通过组织形态学观察，处理后提早开花，而胚囊多处于四核时期，不能正常受精导致无核。另外处理后，异常胚囊增加，影响受精也导致无核。
Production of seedless berries in seed grapes using plant growth regulators is a simple method and theoretically independent to the genetic factors defining berry qualities. In this experiments, gibberellin (GA3) and streptomin(SM) were examined; dipping and spraying were adopted; 'Kyoho'、'Rizamat’and'Red Globe' cultivated in Northern of Xinjiang province were used as the plant materials. Through two years experiments ,the best suitable ways for different grapes’seedlessness had selected. For GA3dipping treatment: 'Rizamat' should be treated at the full bloom ,with the concentration of 25-100ppm, seedless rate is 95.6%.‘Kyoho' was also at the full bloom period but with the concentration of 25-50ppm.'Red Globe' should be treated at about two weeks before anthesis with the concentration of 50ppm. For GA3 spraying treatment: it is not fit for 'Kyoho'. but to 'Rizamat'it made berries bigger at the beginning of anthesis with the concentration of 500-1000ppm. To 'Red Globe',it also made berries bigger at the beginning of anthesis and full bloom period .For SM treatment ,all of three varieties had the good result. the seedless rate of 'Rizamat' was 100% at the full bloom,of 'Kyoho' was 90% at about two weeks before anthesis,of 'Red Globe' was 88% at about two weeks before anthesis treated with the concentration of 200--400ppm.All treatments matured earlier than control.
The pollen experiments indicated that the higher concentration of GA3,the lower pollen germinating rate of grapes when dipping from 25ppm-100ppm. That means: GA3 had the function of killing the pollen and
prohibiting the pollen from germinating, and the function was relation to the part where it was putted .The function of SM with pollen wasn't obvious.
The morphological study on the 'Kyoho' treated by GA3 dipping indicated that the embryo sac was often in 4-nuclear period but anthesis was earlier than control after GA3 treatment . they couldn't fertilize normally and resulted in seedless berries .Furthermore, there were many abnormal embryo sac producing seedless berries after GA3 treatment.
花粉发芽试验表明，在25-100ppm之间，随赤霉素药剂浓度的增加，花粉萌芽率降低。赤霉素具有杀死花粉，抑制花粉萌发的作用，作用效果与赤霉素直接作用部位有关。链霉素对花粉作用不明显。
对巨峰通过组织形态学观察，处理后提早开花，而胚囊多处于四核时期，不能正常受精导致无核。另外处理后，异常胚囊增加，影响受精也导致无核。
Production of seedless berries in seed grapes using plant growth regulators is a simple method and theoretically independent to the genetic factors defining berry qualities. In this experiments, gibberellin (GA3) and streptomin(SM) were examined; dipping and spraying were adopted; 'Kyoho'、'Rizamat’and'Red Globe' cultivated in Northern of Xinjiang province were used as the plant materials. Through two years experiments ,the best suitable ways for different grapes’seedlessness had selected. For GA3dipping treatment: 'Rizamat' should be treated at the full bloom ,with the concentration of 25-100ppm, seedless rate is 95.6%.‘Kyoho' was also at the full bloom period but with the concentration of 25-50ppm.'Red Globe' should be treated at about two weeks before anthesis with the concentration of 50ppm. For GA3 spraying treatment: it is not fit for 'Kyoho'. but to 'Rizamat'it made berries bigger at the beginning of anthesis with the concentration of 500-1000ppm. To 'Red Globe',it also made berries bigger at the beginning of anthesis and full bloom period .For SM treatment ,all of three varieties had the good result. the seedless rate of 'Rizamat' was 100% at the full bloom,of 'Kyoho' was 90% at about two weeks before anthesis,of 'Red Globe' was 88% at about two weeks before anthesis treated with the concentration of 200--400ppm.All treatments matured earlier than control.
The pollen experiments indicated that the higher concentration of GA3,the lower pollen germinating rate of grapes when dipping from 25ppm-100ppm. That means: GA3 had the function of killing the pollen and
prohibiting the pollen from germinating, and the function was relation to the part where it was putted .The function of SM with pollen wasn't obvious.
The morphological study on the 'Kyoho' treated by GA3 dipping indicated that the embryo sac was often in 4-nuclear period but anthesis was earlier than control after GA3 treatment . they couldn't fertilize normally and resulted in seedless berries .Furthermore, there were many abnormal embryo sac producing seedless berries after GA3 treatment.
引文
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