北方城市供水水源藻类高发特征及化学杀藻实验研究
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摘要
本文分析了天津市城市供水水源(引滦水)藻类高发的主要特征并探讨了环境因素对其的影响。结果表明，水温较高的夏秋季(一般为7～9月)是天津市城市供水水源的藻类高发期；近几年，高藻期含藻量呈逐年增加趋势，持续时间呈逐年延长趋势；高藻期水源水以蓝藻为主，所占藻类总数最高和最低比例分别为91％和70％，其中的优势属为微囊藻属；水源水中高含量的氮、磷等营养盐是藻类高发的内在因素，水温、光照等是外在诱发因素。
研究了四种杀藻剂对引滦水中藻类的去除效能。结果表明，在实验条件下，四种杀藻剂均具有一定的杀藻效果，藻类去除率均随药剂投量的增加而提高；原水藻类数量影响杀藻剂杀藻效果，四种杀藻剂的藻类去除率均随原水藻类数量的增加而降低；通过杀藻效果、经济性以及安全性等方面的综合比较，对于以有毒蓝藻为优势藻属的引滦水，四种杀藻剂的优劣程度从优到劣排序为：高锰酸钾＞硫酸铜＞过氧化氢＞次氯酸钠；在实验条件下，高锰酸钾适宜投加量为0.8mg／L，藻类去除率高于90％，所需的药剂费用仅为0.0068元／m~3。
研究了四种杀藻剂对引黄水(天津市城市供水的第二水源)中藻类的去除效能，并对其优势藻属进行分析。结果表明，实验期间，引黄水中藻类绝大多数为硅藻，优势藻属为硅藻门的直链藻属，占藻类总数的78～94％；四种杀藻剂的藻类去除率随杀藻剂投加量的增加而提高，实验条件下，四种杀藻剂的藻类去除率由大到小依次为：高锰酸钾＞次氯酸钠或硫酸铜＞过氧化氢。试验还研究了接触时间对杀藻效果的影响，给出了四种杀藻剂的适宜接触时间。
比较了三种氧化型杀藻剂对两种水源水的杀藻效果。结果表明，在两种水源水藻类数量相差不大，杀藻剂投量相同的情况下，三种杀藻剂对引滦水的藻类去除率均高于引黄水。
The main characteristics and the affecting factors of algae bloom of municipal water supply in Tianjin were analyzed.It was found that algal vigorous growth occurred from June to September in recent years. During this time both the monthly average algae density and lasting time increased year after year. The main algae forming algae bloom was Cyanophyta and the dominant generas were Microcystis. The accumulation of nutrients (such as total nitrogen and total phosphorus) with high concentration, high temperature of water and strong sunshine caused the algae bloom.
The efficiency of algae removal by four algaecides for Luanhe River water was studied. The experimental results showed that in the condition of this experiment four algaecides all had strong removing rate on algae, and their removing rate increased with dose increasing, and decreased with algae density increasing. According to the removing rate on algae and cost value or so, the sequence of four algaecides from good to bad were potassium permanganate, copper sulfate, hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite.In the condition of this experiment, the suitable dose of potassium permanganate was 0.8mg/L, the algal removing rate was beyond 90% and the cost of this algaecide was only 0.0068 /m3.
The efficiency of algae removal by four algaecides for Huanghe River water was studied.The results showed that the majority of Huanghe River water was Bacillaroiphyta, and the dominant genera was Melosira,which reached 78%~94%. The algae removing rate of four algaecides increased with dose increasing, and the sequence of four algaecides' removing rate on algae from high to low were potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite or copper sulfate and hydrogen peroxide. The suitable contact time of four algaecides was also given.
The paper compared with the rate of algae removal by any one of three algaecides for two source water. It was found that the rate of algae removal by any one of three algaecides
for Luan -he River water was higher than that for Huanghe River water, in the condition of the same medicamental dose and algae density.
研究了四种杀藻剂对引滦水中藻类的去除效能。结果表明，在实验条件下，四种杀藻剂均具有一定的杀藻效果，藻类去除率均随药剂投量的增加而提高；原水藻类数量影响杀藻剂杀藻效果，四种杀藻剂的藻类去除率均随原水藻类数量的增加而降低；通过杀藻效果、经济性以及安全性等方面的综合比较，对于以有毒蓝藻为优势藻属的引滦水，四种杀藻剂的优劣程度从优到劣排序为：高锰酸钾＞硫酸铜＞过氧化氢＞次氯酸钠；在实验条件下，高锰酸钾适宜投加量为0.8mg／L，藻类去除率高于90％，所需的药剂费用仅为0.0068元／m~3。
研究了四种杀藻剂对引黄水(天津市城市供水的第二水源)中藻类的去除效能，并对其优势藻属进行分析。结果表明，实验期间，引黄水中藻类绝大多数为硅藻，优势藻属为硅藻门的直链藻属，占藻类总数的78～94％；四种杀藻剂的藻类去除率随杀藻剂投加量的增加而提高，实验条件下，四种杀藻剂的藻类去除率由大到小依次为：高锰酸钾＞次氯酸钠或硫酸铜＞过氧化氢。试验还研究了接触时间对杀藻效果的影响，给出了四种杀藻剂的适宜接触时间。
比较了三种氧化型杀藻剂对两种水源水的杀藻效果。结果表明，在两种水源水藻类数量相差不大，杀藻剂投量相同的情况下，三种杀藻剂对引滦水的藻类去除率均高于引黄水。
The main characteristics and the affecting factors of algae bloom of municipal water supply in Tianjin were analyzed.It was found that algal vigorous growth occurred from June to September in recent years. During this time both the monthly average algae density and lasting time increased year after year. The main algae forming algae bloom was Cyanophyta and the dominant generas were Microcystis. The accumulation of nutrients (such as total nitrogen and total phosphorus) with high concentration, high temperature of water and strong sunshine caused the algae bloom.
The efficiency of algae removal by four algaecides for Luanhe River water was studied. The experimental results showed that in the condition of this experiment four algaecides all had strong removing rate on algae, and their removing rate increased with dose increasing, and decreased with algae density increasing. According to the removing rate on algae and cost value or so, the sequence of four algaecides from good to bad were potassium permanganate, copper sulfate, hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite.In the condition of this experiment, the suitable dose of potassium permanganate was 0.8mg/L, the algal removing rate was beyond 90% and the cost of this algaecide was only 0.0068 /m3.
The efficiency of algae removal by four algaecides for Huanghe River water was studied.The results showed that the majority of Huanghe River water was Bacillaroiphyta, and the dominant genera was Melosira,which reached 78%~94%. The algae removing rate of four algaecides increased with dose increasing, and the sequence of four algaecides' removing rate on algae from high to low were potassium permanganate, sodium hypochlorite or copper sulfate and hydrogen peroxide. The suitable contact time of four algaecides was also given.
The paper compared with the rate of algae removal by any one of three algaecides for two source water. It was found that the rate of algae removal by any one of three algaecides
for Luan -he River water was higher than that for Huanghe River water, in the condition of the same medicamental dose and algae density.
引文
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[3] 张金松主编．饮用水二氧化氯净化技术．北京：化学工业出版社,2003．
[4] T W Lambert, C F B Holmes, S E Hrudey. Microcystin class of toxins: health effects and safety of drinking water supplies. Environ Rev, 1994,(2)：167-186.
[5] 韩志国等．淡水水体中的蓝藻毒素研究进展(综述)．暨南大学学报(自然科学版)，2001,22(3)：129—133．
[6] 濮培民、胡维平、王国祥等．太湖环境治理．见蔡启铭主编．太湖环境生态研究．北京：气象出版社，1988,188—201．
[7] 赵章元．我国江河湖海除藻的治标与治本浅析．上海《资源与环境》信息网,2001．
[8] 杨文龙．湖水藻类生长的控制技术．云南环境科学,1999,18(2)：34-36．
[9] 裴海燕、胡文容．藻类及其控制．山东环境,2001年第2期：36-38．
[10] 吕启忠等．用硫酸铜及改变水的PH值去除水中藻类．中国给水排水,2000,16(5)．
[11] 尹澄清，兰智文．围隔中水华控制研究．环境科学学报,1989,9(1)：95-99．
[12] 邓义敏、刘桂明．藻类对供水的影响及去除方法．生态水网．科普版．
[13] 彭海清等．给水处理中藻类的去除．中国给水排水．2002,18(2)：29-31．
[14] 姜应和等．受污染水体的水质恢复方法．环境污染治理技术与设备．2003,4(2)：69-72．
[15] 吕锡武，稻森悠平，丁国际。有毒蓝藻及藻毒素生物降解的初步研究．中国环境科学,1999,19(2)：138～140．
[16] 曾宇，秦松．光合细菌法在水处理中的应用．城市环境与城市生态,2000,13(6)：29-31．
[17] 福州市内河生物治污实验启动，新华网，网上健康,2000,08,10．
[18] 李雪梅，杨中艺，简曙光等，有效微生物群控制富营养化湖泊蓝藻的效应．中山大学学报(自然科学版)，2000,39(1)：81—85．
[19] 余冉．富营养化水体中藻类和藻毒素处理．环境导报,2001,4．
[20] 王国祥，濮培民．人工复合生态系统对太湖局部水域水质的净化作用．中国环境科学,1998,18(5)：410-414．
[21] 张涛．滇池草海蓝藻清除应急措施总体规划．云南环境科学,2000,19(1)：38-39．
[22] 冯永锋．武汉东湖蓝藻水华消失之密揭开．光明日报,2001,02,02．
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