羊草草原藻结皮的生态学研究
摘要
本文对吉林省羊草草甸草原上的藻结皮进行了一系列研究。实验选择羊草群落、星星草群落、虎尾草群落、针蔺群落、寸草苔群落、碱斑六个群落中地表生长的藻结皮为研究对象,首先对藻结皮的成分进行鉴定,然后研究了藻结皮化感物对虎尾草种子萌发的影响;有藻结皮样地和去藻结皮样地土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤含氮量的差别;藻结皮以及藻结皮中氮的降解;藻结皮的群体光合特性。
结果表明:藻结皮主要是由亚气生蓝藻组成的。蓝藻化感物对虎尾草种子的萌发率没有显著影响,但对发芽的虎尾草种子的根长具有抑制作用,而对芽长的作用是低浓度促进高浓度抑制,且单因素方差分析结果表明对根和芽的作用均具有显著性。有藻结皮土壤的含水量和含氮量要比去藻结皮的土壤含水量和含氮量高,但是前者只有碱斑样地的方差分析结果具有显著性。有藻结皮的土壤温度要比去藻结皮的土壤温度低,除了碱斑样地跟针蔺群落样地外其他样地的数据方差分析的结果都具有显著性。藻结皮本身的降解和藻结皮中氮的降解受多种因素影响。最后实验还尝试了用自制叶室与LI-6400光合仪相连接测藻结皮的气体交换情况。
In this paper , we studied the algae crusts which is growing in the Leymus chinensis grassland in Jilin Province. In this experiment, we selected six communities :Leymus chinensis,Puccinellia tenuiflora,Chloris virgata, Eleocharis congesta,Carex duriuscula, Alkali spot. First,we identified the species of the algae crusts,and then we studied the allelopathy of the algae crusts which has action on Chloris virgata,s germination percentage and the length of root and bud of Chloris virgata seeds. we also studied the difference of soil water content and soil temperature and nitrogen content between the sample plots with algae crusts and the sample plots without algae crusts. Last we measured the degradation of the algae crusts and the nitrogen content.We also studied the photosynthesis of algae crusts
The results showed that the algae crusts was composed of subaerial blue-green algae. The allelopathy of the algae crusts has no significant affect on Chloris virgata,s germination percentage ,but has significant affact on the length of root and bud of Chloris virgata seeds. Concerning the root ,there has allelopathic inhibition, while about the bud ,the allelopaty of algae crusts in low density can increase the lenth of bud ,and inhibit the length of bud in high density. Soil water content with algae crusts is wetter than that without algae crusts, but only the differences about Alkali spot sample plot were statistically significant. Nitrogen content of sample plots with crusts is higher than that without crusts.Soil temperature with algae crusts is lower than that without algae crusts,and the differences were statisticaly significant except for Alkali spot sample plots and Eleocharis congesta sample plots. The degradation of crusts and nitrogen in crusts is affected by many factors.At last we tried to use LI-6400 photosynthesis equipment and self-made room to measure gas exchange of crusts.
结果表明:藻结皮主要是由亚气生蓝藻组成的。蓝藻化感物对虎尾草种子的萌发率没有显著影响,但对发芽的虎尾草种子的根长具有抑制作用,而对芽长的作用是低浓度促进高浓度抑制,且单因素方差分析结果表明对根和芽的作用均具有显著性。有藻结皮土壤的含水量和含氮量要比去藻结皮的土壤含水量和含氮量高,但是前者只有碱斑样地的方差分析结果具有显著性。有藻结皮的土壤温度要比去藻结皮的土壤温度低,除了碱斑样地跟针蔺群落样地外其他样地的数据方差分析的结果都具有显著性。藻结皮本身的降解和藻结皮中氮的降解受多种因素影响。最后实验还尝试了用自制叶室与LI-6400光合仪相连接测藻结皮的气体交换情况。
In this paper , we studied the algae crusts which is growing in the Leymus chinensis grassland in Jilin Province. In this experiment, we selected six communities :Leymus chinensis,Puccinellia tenuiflora,Chloris virgata, Eleocharis congesta,Carex duriuscula, Alkali spot. First,we identified the species of the algae crusts,and then we studied the allelopathy of the algae crusts which has action on Chloris virgata,s germination percentage and the length of root and bud of Chloris virgata seeds. we also studied the difference of soil water content and soil temperature and nitrogen content between the sample plots with algae crusts and the sample plots without algae crusts. Last we measured the degradation of the algae crusts and the nitrogen content.We also studied the photosynthesis of algae crusts
The results showed that the algae crusts was composed of subaerial blue-green algae. The allelopathy of the algae crusts has no significant affect on Chloris virgata,s germination percentage ,but has significant affact on the length of root and bud of Chloris virgata seeds. Concerning the root ,there has allelopathic inhibition, while about the bud ,the allelopaty of algae crusts in low density can increase the lenth of bud ,and inhibit the length of bud in high density. Soil water content with algae crusts is wetter than that without algae crusts, but only the differences about Alkali spot sample plot were statistically significant. Nitrogen content of sample plots with crusts is higher than that without crusts.Soil temperature with algae crusts is lower than that without algae crusts,and the differences were statisticaly significant except for Alkali spot sample plots and Eleocharis congesta sample plots. The degradation of crusts and nitrogen in crusts is affected by many factors.At last we tried to use LI-6400 photosynthesis equipment and self-made room to measure gas exchange of crusts.
引文
[1]范亚军.亚气生蓝藻在草原生态系统中的作用[D].[硕士学位论文].长春:东北师范大学,2004.
[2]胡鸿均,李尧英,魏印心,朱慧忠,陈嘉佑,施之新中国淡水藻类[M].上海科技出版社1981年.
[3]关秀清,阮学军.地耳生物固氮特性及其在内蒙古草原氮素循环中的作用[J].草地学报,2000,8(1):13-17.
[4]李新荣,贾玉奎,龙利群,等.干旱半干旱区地区土壤微生物结皮的生态学意义及若干研究进展[J].中国沙漠, 2001, 21 (1) :4-11.
[5]胡春香,张德禄,刘永定.干旱区微小生物结皮中藻类研究的新进展[J].自然科学进展,2003,13(8):791-795.
[6]刘利霞,张宇清,吴斌.生物结皮对荒漠地区土壤及植物的影响研究述评[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5 (6) :106-112.
[7] Cameron R E,Blank G B.Desert algae soil crusts and diaphanous substrata as algal habitats//Technical Report[ J ].Jet Propulsion Laboratory,1966(32):1-41.
[8] Pickard J.Antarctic Oasis.Sydney:Academic Press,1986.
[9]胡春香等.半荒漠结皮中藻类的种类组成和分布[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1):61-65.
[10]张元明,陈晋,王雪芹等.古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮的分布特征[J].地理学报, 2005, 60 (1) : 52-60.
[11]周志刚,程子俊,刘志礼.沙漠结皮中藻类生态的研究[J].生态学报,1995, 15 (4) : 385-391.
[12]闫德仁,季蒙,薛英英.沙漠生物结皮土壤发育特征的研究[J].土壤通报, 2006, 37 (5) : 990-993.
[13]杨佩国,吕贻忠.荒漠结皮对土壤水分状况的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2004, 18 (2) : 76-79.
[14]何明珠,李新荣,张景光等.土壤生物结皮蒸散特征研究[J].中国沙漠, 2006, 26 (2) : 159-164.
[15]张丙昌,张元明,赵建成.古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮藻类的组成和生态分布研究[J].西北植物学报, 2005, 25 (10) :2048-2055.
[16]夏姗姗,常学秀,吴锋,刘军燕.蓝藻化感抑制作用研究进展[J].生态学报报.2008,28(8):3927-3936.
[17]胡洪营,门玉洁,李峰民.植物化感作用抑制藻类生长的研究进展[J].生态环境.2006,15(1):153-157.
[18]龙利群,李新荣.土壤微生物结皮对两种一年生植物幼苗存活和生长的影响[J].中国沙漠, 2003, 23 (6) : 656-660.
[19]苏延桂,李新荣,陈应武,谭会娟,贾荣亮.生物土壤结皮对荒漠土壤种子库和种子萌发的影响[J].生态学报.2007,27(3):938-946.
[20] D.B.George,B.A.Roundy,L.L.ST.Clair:The effects of microbiotic soil crusts on soil water loss[ J ],Arid Land Research and Management . 2003,17:113-125.
[21]沈银武,黎尚豪固氮蓝藻培养和应用的结果与展望.水生生物学报[J]. 1993, 17(4):356-362.
[22]刘丽燕,吾尔妮煞·沙衣丁,阿不都拉·阿巴斯.荒漠化地区生物结皮的研究进展.菌物研究[J].2005,3(4):26-29.
[23]陈兰周,刘永定,李敦海,等.荒漠藻类及其结皮的研究[J].中国科学基金, 2003, 17 (2) : 90-93.
[24]周广胜等.中国东北样带(NECT)与全球变化——干旱化、人类活动与生态系统[M].北京:气象出版社,2002.
[25]余玲虎尾草种子萌发特性的研究[J].草业科学,1999,16(3):51-54.
[26]孙万慧,尹健,周巍,熊建伟,张艳玲自制群体叶室在猫爪草光合特性测量中的应用研究[J].安徽农业科学,2009, 37 (2) : 911– 912.
[27] B. L. WEBB. The Effects of Microbiotic Soil Crusts on Soil Water Loss[ J ]. Taylor & Francis.2003,1532-4982.
[28] Jayne Belnap. Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah, USA. [ J ] .Biol Fertil Soils .2002, 35:128–135.
[29] Eli Zaadya,*, Uwe Kuhnb, Burkhard Wilskeb, Lisseth Sandoval-Sotob, Jurgen Kesselmeierb. Patterns of CO2 exchange in biological soil crusts of successional age[ J ]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32 (2000) 959-966.
[30] D.C. Housman_, H.H. Powers1, A.D. Collins, J. Belnap .Carbon and nitrogen fixation differ between successional stages of biological soil crusts in the Colorado Plateau and Chihuahuan Desert[ J ] .Journal of Arid Environments. 66 (2006) 620–634.
[31] J. Burgheimer, B. Wilske, K. Maseyk, A. Karnieli, E. Zaady, D. Yakir, J. Kesselmeier.Relationships between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and carbon fluxes of biologic soil crusts assessed by ground measurements [ J ].Journal of Arid Environments 64 (2006) 651–669.
[32] William N. Brostoff, M. Rasoul Sharifi, PhilipW. Rundel.Photosynthesis ofcryptobiotic soil crusts in a seasonally inundated system of pans and dunes in the western Mojave Desert[ J ].CA: Field studies Flora 200 (2005) 592–600.
[33]胡春香,刘永定,张德禄等荒漠藻结皮的胶结机理[J].科学通报2002 ,47(12):931-937.
[34]肖洪兴中国东北森林-草原样带中亚气生藻类的研究[D].东北师范大学博士学位论文2001.
[35]林碧琴,姜彬慧藻类与环境保护[M].辽宁民族出版社.
[36]王策箴东北松嫩草原区亚气生蓝藻的初步研究[J].东北师范大学学报1990,(1):96-98.
[37]杨春武复杂盐碱条件对星星草种子萌发的影响[J].草业学报2006,15(5):45-51.
[38]陈宇炜,李朋富, Martin DOKULIL浮游藻类三个常见属颤藻属直链硅藻属和针杆藻属学名变更的解释[J].湖泊科学2003,15(1):85-94.
[39]苏振宏.生物结皮中蓝藻多样性及其环境应用研究[D].[硕士学位论文].兰州:西北师范大学,2006.
[40]张丙昌.荒漠地表生物结皮中藻类区系与生态学研究——以古尔班通古特沙漠为例[D].[硕士学位论文].石家庄:河北师范大学,2006.
[41] Rao D L N , Burns R G. Use of blue-green algae and bryophyte biomass as a sourse of nitrogen for oil-seed rape[ J ].Biology and Fertility of Soil ,1990 (10) :61-64.
[42] Prasse R , Bornkamm R. Effect of microbiotic soil surface crusts on emergence of vascular plants [ J ]. Plant Ecology ,2000(150) :65-75.
[43]韩雄.模拟增温对短花针矛草原生态系统气体交换影响的研究[D]. [硕士学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2008.
[2]胡鸿均,李尧英,魏印心,朱慧忠,陈嘉佑,施之新中国淡水藻类[M].上海科技出版社1981年.
[3]关秀清,阮学军.地耳生物固氮特性及其在内蒙古草原氮素循环中的作用[J].草地学报,2000,8(1):13-17.
[4]李新荣,贾玉奎,龙利群,等.干旱半干旱区地区土壤微生物结皮的生态学意义及若干研究进展[J].中国沙漠, 2001, 21 (1) :4-11.
[5]胡春香,张德禄,刘永定.干旱区微小生物结皮中藻类研究的新进展[J].自然科学进展,2003,13(8):791-795.
[6]刘利霞,张宇清,吴斌.生物结皮对荒漠地区土壤及植物的影响研究述评[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5 (6) :106-112.
[7] Cameron R E,Blank G B.Desert algae soil crusts and diaphanous substrata as algal habitats//Technical Report[ J ].Jet Propulsion Laboratory,1966(32):1-41.
[8] Pickard J.Antarctic Oasis.Sydney:Academic Press,1986.
[9]胡春香等.半荒漠结皮中藻类的种类组成和分布[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1):61-65.
[10]张元明,陈晋,王雪芹等.古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮的分布特征[J].地理学报, 2005, 60 (1) : 52-60.
[11]周志刚,程子俊,刘志礼.沙漠结皮中藻类生态的研究[J].生态学报,1995, 15 (4) : 385-391.
[12]闫德仁,季蒙,薛英英.沙漠生物结皮土壤发育特征的研究[J].土壤通报, 2006, 37 (5) : 990-993.
[13]杨佩国,吕贻忠.荒漠结皮对土壤水分状况的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2004, 18 (2) : 76-79.
[14]何明珠,李新荣,张景光等.土壤生物结皮蒸散特征研究[J].中国沙漠, 2006, 26 (2) : 159-164.
[15]张丙昌,张元明,赵建成.古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮藻类的组成和生态分布研究[J].西北植物学报, 2005, 25 (10) :2048-2055.
[16]夏姗姗,常学秀,吴锋,刘军燕.蓝藻化感抑制作用研究进展[J].生态学报报.2008,28(8):3927-3936.
[17]胡洪营,门玉洁,李峰民.植物化感作用抑制藻类生长的研究进展[J].生态环境.2006,15(1):153-157.
[18]龙利群,李新荣.土壤微生物结皮对两种一年生植物幼苗存活和生长的影响[J].中国沙漠, 2003, 23 (6) : 656-660.
[19]苏延桂,李新荣,陈应武,谭会娟,贾荣亮.生物土壤结皮对荒漠土壤种子库和种子萌发的影响[J].生态学报.2007,27(3):938-946.
[20] D.B.George,B.A.Roundy,L.L.ST.Clair:The effects of microbiotic soil crusts on soil water loss[ J ],Arid Land Research and Management . 2003,17:113-125.
[21]沈银武,黎尚豪固氮蓝藻培养和应用的结果与展望.水生生物学报[J]. 1993, 17(4):356-362.
[22]刘丽燕,吾尔妮煞·沙衣丁,阿不都拉·阿巴斯.荒漠化地区生物结皮的研究进展.菌物研究[J].2005,3(4):26-29.
[23]陈兰周,刘永定,李敦海,等.荒漠藻类及其结皮的研究[J].中国科学基金, 2003, 17 (2) : 90-93.
[24]周广胜等.中国东北样带(NECT)与全球变化——干旱化、人类活动与生态系统[M].北京:气象出版社,2002.
[25]余玲虎尾草种子萌发特性的研究[J].草业科学,1999,16(3):51-54.
[26]孙万慧,尹健,周巍,熊建伟,张艳玲自制群体叶室在猫爪草光合特性测量中的应用研究[J].安徽农业科学,2009, 37 (2) : 911– 912.
[27] B. L. WEBB. The Effects of Microbiotic Soil Crusts on Soil Water Loss[ J ]. Taylor & Francis.2003,1532-4982.
[28] Jayne Belnap. Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah, USA. [ J ] .Biol Fertil Soils .2002, 35:128–135.
[29] Eli Zaadya,*, Uwe Kuhnb, Burkhard Wilskeb, Lisseth Sandoval-Sotob, Jurgen Kesselmeierb. Patterns of CO2 exchange in biological soil crusts of successional age[ J ]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32 (2000) 959-966.
[30] D.C. Housman_, H.H. Powers1, A.D. Collins, J. Belnap .Carbon and nitrogen fixation differ between successional stages of biological soil crusts in the Colorado Plateau and Chihuahuan Desert[ J ] .Journal of Arid Environments. 66 (2006) 620–634.
[31] J. Burgheimer, B. Wilske, K. Maseyk, A. Karnieli, E. Zaady, D. Yakir, J. Kesselmeier.Relationships between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and carbon fluxes of biologic soil crusts assessed by ground measurements [ J ].Journal of Arid Environments 64 (2006) 651–669.
[32] William N. Brostoff, M. Rasoul Sharifi, PhilipW. Rundel.Photosynthesis ofcryptobiotic soil crusts in a seasonally inundated system of pans and dunes in the western Mojave Desert[ J ].CA: Field studies Flora 200 (2005) 592–600.
[33]胡春香,刘永定,张德禄等荒漠藻结皮的胶结机理[J].科学通报2002 ,47(12):931-937.
[34]肖洪兴中国东北森林-草原样带中亚气生藻类的研究[D].东北师范大学博士学位论文2001.
[35]林碧琴,姜彬慧藻类与环境保护[M].辽宁民族出版社.
[36]王策箴东北松嫩草原区亚气生蓝藻的初步研究[J].东北师范大学学报1990,(1):96-98.
[37]杨春武复杂盐碱条件对星星草种子萌发的影响[J].草业学报2006,15(5):45-51.
[38]陈宇炜,李朋富, Martin DOKULIL浮游藻类三个常见属颤藻属直链硅藻属和针杆藻属学名变更的解释[J].湖泊科学2003,15(1):85-94.
[39]苏振宏.生物结皮中蓝藻多样性及其环境应用研究[D].[硕士学位论文].兰州:西北师范大学,2006.
[40]张丙昌.荒漠地表生物结皮中藻类区系与生态学研究——以古尔班通古特沙漠为例[D].[硕士学位论文].石家庄:河北师范大学,2006.
[41] Rao D L N , Burns R G. Use of blue-green algae and bryophyte biomass as a sourse of nitrogen for oil-seed rape[ J ].Biology and Fertility of Soil ,1990 (10) :61-64.
[42] Prasse R , Bornkamm R. Effect of microbiotic soil surface crusts on emergence of vascular plants [ J ]. Plant Ecology ,2000(150) :65-75.
[43]韩雄.模拟增温对短花针矛草原生态系统气体交换影响的研究[D]. [硕士学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2008.