船用增压锅炉水位监控装置的研制
摘要
增压锅炉是船用蒸汽动力装置的核心设备，为确保安全，锅炉的自动控制十分重要。汽包水位是锅炉运行的主要指标，而由于各方面因素的影响，锅炉水位一直存在测不准且难以控制的问题，这种现象在动态特性变化特别大的船用增压锅炉中更加严重。为解决这一重要问题，本文做了以下工作：
1)根据船舶锅炉的工作原理，通过对锅炉汽包水位的动态特性的分析，得到锅炉汽包水位调节对象的变化规律，并通过一定的假设和简化，得到汽包水位近似数学模型。然后对锅炉的汽包水位控制算法进行了深入地分析，针对船用增压锅炉水位这种具有非线性、参数不稳定、难以建立精确的数学模型的控制对象，分析了控制的最优方法，利用Simulink对控制系统进行了在干扰作用下的仿真。
2)设计了锅炉综和检测控制装置，实现了水位信号的高精度的采集和处理，采用了各种有效的水位显示和故障报警方法，采用锅炉的水位二冲量控制系统和PID的控制模式，能有效克服假水位的影响，基于锅炉运行安全的考虑，对控制器实现冗余设计。
3)为了使程序的组装、调试及控制系统方案变更更加方便，也为了能够推广到其它过程控制对象，程序设计中采用了模块化的结构形式、各功能模块以子程序形式出现。利用监控装置与机舱集中控制台上位机的通讯，实现了锅炉运行参数的在线修改，数据自动保存等功能。系统采用友好的人机界面，方便了人员的管理。
本设计利用微计算机构成锅炉运行参数自动检测和控制系统，利用计算机软件代替数目众多的模拟式工业自动化仪表，组成具有特殊功能的控制系统。利用先进的微计算机技术改造落后的传统工业，使系统能很好的适应船用锅炉的实际特点。事实证明该系统控制效果良好，较好地实现了预期的控制要求，符合现代船舶机舱监控的需要。
Supercharge boiler is the kernel equipment of steam dynamical device in ship. In order to ensure its security, the auto-control of it is very inportant. The boiler water level is a mostly index of boiler function. Because of the influence of all aspect ,it can not be exactly measure at all times. This phenomenon is more bad in marine boiler whose dynamic characteristic changed greatly .For solving the emergent problem, This paper does some work as follows:
1) The thesis bases on the marine boiler principle of work by analysing the dynamic property of boiler drum water level, gets the variety rule of boiler drum water level, and through certain suppose and predigest, gets the approximate model. Then the thesis lucubrate the arithmetic of boiler drum water level, based on the characteristic of the boiler of ship which is inlinearity, instability parameter, and diffcultly to build accurate math model, the best mothod for controlling the water-level is analysed, and the simulation with the Simulink on control system is carried out under the action of noise.
2) We designed the boiler monitoring device which realized high precision collection and treatment of the water-level .The system takes effective method of water level display , malfunction alarm and forecast, and uses control model of three- variable and PID control in the drum water level. It can efficiently overcome the influence of fake water level. Thinking of safety, we realized redundancy controlling.
3) For making procedure assembling, debugging and change of control system project more convenient, and also for expanding the other process control of the object, We adopt modularized construction form in the procedure design and each function module appear in the sub-procedure form. By communicating with engine room centralized console, we realized online modificating working parameter and autosaving boiler work data. It is convenience for people to supervise by designing a friendly interface between people and machine in computer .
The design makes use of the tiny computer to compose of boiler movement parameters and the automatic examination of control the system, and makes use of the computer software to replace numerous industrial emulate-type automatic meter and to constitute the control system with special function, and makes use of the advanced tiny computer technique to reform the traditional unenlightened industry . The system can well fit the practicability characteristic of the ship boiler . This scheme made a good result and realized the anticipative control requirement that are in accordance with the require of engine room monitoring in modern times ship.
1)根据船舶锅炉的工作原理，通过对锅炉汽包水位的动态特性的分析，得到锅炉汽包水位调节对象的变化规律，并通过一定的假设和简化，得到汽包水位近似数学模型。然后对锅炉的汽包水位控制算法进行了深入地分析，针对船用增压锅炉水位这种具有非线性、参数不稳定、难以建立精确的数学模型的控制对象，分析了控制的最优方法，利用Simulink对控制系统进行了在干扰作用下的仿真。
2)设计了锅炉综和检测控制装置，实现了水位信号的高精度的采集和处理，采用了各种有效的水位显示和故障报警方法，采用锅炉的水位二冲量控制系统和PID的控制模式，能有效克服假水位的影响，基于锅炉运行安全的考虑，对控制器实现冗余设计。
3)为了使程序的组装、调试及控制系统方案变更更加方便，也为了能够推广到其它过程控制对象，程序设计中采用了模块化的结构形式、各功能模块以子程序形式出现。利用监控装置与机舱集中控制台上位机的通讯，实现了锅炉运行参数的在线修改，数据自动保存等功能。系统采用友好的人机界面，方便了人员的管理。
本设计利用微计算机构成锅炉运行参数自动检测和控制系统，利用计算机软件代替数目众多的模拟式工业自动化仪表，组成具有特殊功能的控制系统。利用先进的微计算机技术改造落后的传统工业，使系统能很好的适应船用锅炉的实际特点。事实证明该系统控制效果良好，较好地实现了预期的控制要求，符合现代船舶机舱监控的需要。
Supercharge boiler is the kernel equipment of steam dynamical device in ship. In order to ensure its security, the auto-control of it is very inportant. The boiler water level is a mostly index of boiler function. Because of the influence of all aspect ,it can not be exactly measure at all times. This phenomenon is more bad in marine boiler whose dynamic characteristic changed greatly .For solving the emergent problem, This paper does some work as follows:
1) The thesis bases on the marine boiler principle of work by analysing the dynamic property of boiler drum water level, gets the variety rule of boiler drum water level, and through certain suppose and predigest, gets the approximate model. Then the thesis lucubrate the arithmetic of boiler drum water level, based on the characteristic of the boiler of ship which is inlinearity, instability parameter, and diffcultly to build accurate math model, the best mothod for controlling the water-level is analysed, and the simulation with the Simulink on control system is carried out under the action of noise.
2) We designed the boiler monitoring device which realized high precision collection and treatment of the water-level .The system takes effective method of water level display , malfunction alarm and forecast, and uses control model of three- variable and PID control in the drum water level. It can efficiently overcome the influence of fake water level. Thinking of safety, we realized redundancy controlling.
3) For making procedure assembling, debugging and change of control system project more convenient, and also for expanding the other process control of the object, We adopt modularized construction form in the procedure design and each function module appear in the sub-procedure form. By communicating with engine room centralized console, we realized online modificating working parameter and autosaving boiler work data. It is convenience for people to supervise by designing a friendly interface between people and machine in computer .
The design makes use of the tiny computer to compose of boiler movement parameters and the automatic examination of control the system, and makes use of the computer software to replace numerous industrial emulate-type automatic meter and to constitute the control system with special function, and makes use of the advanced tiny computer technique to reform the traditional unenlightened industry . The system can well fit the practicability characteristic of the ship boiler . This scheme made a good result and realized the anticipative control requirement that are in accordance with the require of engine room monitoring in modern times ship.
引文
[1] M.E. Filnn. A Drum Boiler Model for Long Term Power System Dynamic Simulation 2002
[2] 金凤莲，李凤瑞，马英红．汽包水位控制系统模拟仿真的研究．大连轻工学院学报．1994．3
[3] 金龙．浅谈锅炉安全保护系统改造的体会．应用能源技术．2003第5期
[4] 侯子良 锅炉汽包水位测量系统 中国电力出版社 2006
[5] 吴征，王金生，倪云飞．125MW机组汽包水位控制系统．华东电力1994年12
[6] 锅炉汽包水位控制系统．福建电力与电工．1994．9
[7] 高启繁．锅炉汽包水位平衡容器的选型和压力校正问题探讨．热力发电．2003(9)
[8] Instuumentation in the poweu industuv Volame19, 1976.
[9] 王杰华．提高锅炉保护的准确性及稳定性．电力建设．2003．24卷第2期
[10] K wang Y. Lee IMPROVING BOILER PERFORMANCE DURING PARTIAL LOAD USING, 2002
[11] 葛有康等．1025t／h控制循环锅炉锅筒水位试验研究．锅炉技术．2000．4
[12] 吴麟．自动控制原理(上，-F)第一版北京：清华大学出版社．1990．3
[13] 张良仪等编著．工业锅炉微机控制．上海：上海交通大学出版社．1999
[14] F· Hasselbacher and M. Werner: "An Integrated Control System for Boiler Burner and Turbine on Ships" , SHIP OPERATION AUTOMATION I, IFAC/IFIP SYMPOSIUM, 1973
[15] 魏克新，王云亮，陈志敏．自动控制系统设计．北京：机械出版社．1997，8
[16] Zhang King Feng Gang.H.Out put Feedback Control Design of Fuzzy Dynamic Systems Via LMI.自动化学报，2001。27(4)
[17] 周美兰，杨东，孙立瑛．智能型电锅炉全自动控制系统．哈尔滨理土大学学报，2000，5 (3)：13-17
[18] 金以慧 方崇智．过程控制．清华大学出版社．2000．
[19] 刘镇，姜学智，李东海．PID控制参数整定方法．电子技术应用．1997年
[20] 张建伟．马志杰．汽包水位控制系统参数整定方法的研究．山西电力2001年03期
[21] Balci O, Principles and techniques of simulation of the validation verification, and testing[C] , Proceedings 1995 Winter Simulation Conference, 1995, 147—154
[22] 陈新华．MATLAB软件在锅炉水位模糊控制系统中的应用．煤矿自动化．2000(6)
[23] 胡汉才．单片机原理及其接口技术．第一版．北京：清华大学出版社．1996
[24] 何克忠．计算机控制系统分析与设计．北京：清华大学出版社，1988
[25] 马忠梅，刘滨，戚军，马岩．单片机C语言Windows环境编程宝典．北京航空航天大学出版社．2003
[26] LTCl606 Data Sheet.Samsung CO.2001
[27] 高文焕等编著．模拟电路的分析与设计．北京：清华大学出版社．2002
[28] 于英明，孙全，莫玮．计算机接口技术．电子工业出版社，1996
[29] 龚尚福主编．微机原理与接口技术．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．2003
[30] 彭军编著．传感器与检测技术．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．2002赵福平等．
[31] Rcent trend of utility boiler contuol systems,1981.
[32] 徐爱钧．智能化测量控制仪表原理与设计(第二版)．北京航空航天大学出版社
[33] 张毅刚编著．MCS-51单片机应用设计．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社．1990
[34] 张宗杰．动力机械电子控制．华中科技大学出版社．2004．
[35] max3232. Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2004
[36] 艾德才等．微型计算机总线．电子工业出版社．1996
[37] 孙传友等编著．测控系统原理与设计．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2002
[38] 王雪文，张志勇．传感器原理及应用．北京航空航天大学出版社
[39] 关德新，冯文金．单片机外围器件实用手册．电源器件分册．第一版．北京：北京航空航天出版社．1998
[40] 樊永华，王国暇．工业蒸汽锅炉微机测控系统软件的设计方案．N 动化学报：1999， 9(4)：27-29
[41] MicbaelBarr著．于志红译．c/C++嵌入式系统编程．北京：中国电力出版社，2001
[42] 徐爱钧，彭秀华．单片机高级语言C51应用程序设计．电子工业出版社．1998
[43] 李人厚．智能控制理论和方法．西安电子科技大学出版社，1999
[44] J. H. Hwang. Drum Boiler Reduced Model:a Singular Perturbation Method
[2] 金凤莲，李凤瑞，马英红．汽包水位控制系统模拟仿真的研究．大连轻工学院学报．1994．3
[3] 金龙．浅谈锅炉安全保护系统改造的体会．应用能源技术．2003第5期
[4] 侯子良 锅炉汽包水位测量系统 中国电力出版社 2006
[5] 吴征，王金生，倪云飞．125MW机组汽包水位控制系统．华东电力1994年12
[6] 锅炉汽包水位控制系统．福建电力与电工．1994．9
[7] 高启繁．锅炉汽包水位平衡容器的选型和压力校正问题探讨．热力发电．2003(9)
[8] Instuumentation in the poweu industuv Volame19, 1976.
[9] 王杰华．提高锅炉保护的准确性及稳定性．电力建设．2003．24卷第2期
[10] K wang Y. Lee IMPROVING BOILER PERFORMANCE DURING PARTIAL LOAD USING, 2002
[11] 葛有康等．1025t／h控制循环锅炉锅筒水位试验研究．锅炉技术．2000．4
[12] 吴麟．自动控制原理(上，-F)第一版北京：清华大学出版社．1990．3
[13] 张良仪等编著．工业锅炉微机控制．上海：上海交通大学出版社．1999
[14] F· Hasselbacher and M. Werner: "An Integrated Control System for Boiler Burner and Turbine on Ships" , SHIP OPERATION AUTOMATION I, IFAC/IFIP SYMPOSIUM, 1973
[15] 魏克新，王云亮，陈志敏．自动控制系统设计．北京：机械出版社．1997，8
[16] Zhang King Feng Gang.H.Out put Feedback Control Design of Fuzzy Dynamic Systems Via LMI.自动化学报，2001。27(4)
[17] 周美兰，杨东，孙立瑛．智能型电锅炉全自动控制系统．哈尔滨理土大学学报，2000，5 (3)：13-17
[18] 金以慧 方崇智．过程控制．清华大学出版社．2000．
[19] 刘镇，姜学智，李东海．PID控制参数整定方法．电子技术应用．1997年
[20] 张建伟．马志杰．汽包水位控制系统参数整定方法的研究．山西电力2001年03期
[21] Balci O, Principles and techniques of simulation of the validation verification, and testing[C] , Proceedings 1995 Winter Simulation Conference, 1995, 147—154
[22] 陈新华．MATLAB软件在锅炉水位模糊控制系统中的应用．煤矿自动化．2000(6)
[23] 胡汉才．单片机原理及其接口技术．第一版．北京：清华大学出版社．1996
[24] 何克忠．计算机控制系统分析与设计．北京：清华大学出版社，1988
[25] 马忠梅，刘滨，戚军，马岩．单片机C语言Windows环境编程宝典．北京航空航天大学出版社．2003
[26] LTCl606 Data Sheet.Samsung CO.2001
[27] 高文焕等编著．模拟电路的分析与设计．北京：清华大学出版社．2002
[28] 于英明，孙全，莫玮．计算机接口技术．电子工业出版社，1996
[29] 龚尚福主编．微机原理与接口技术．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．2003
[30] 彭军编著．传感器与检测技术．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．2002赵福平等．
[31] Rcent trend of utility boiler contuol systems,1981.
[32] 徐爱钧．智能化测量控制仪表原理与设计(第二版)．北京航空航天大学出版社
[33] 张毅刚编著．MCS-51单片机应用设计．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社．1990
[34] 张宗杰．动力机械电子控制．华中科技大学出版社．2004．
[35] max3232. Texas Instruments Incorporated. 2004
[36] 艾德才等．微型计算机总线．电子工业出版社．1996
[37] 孙传友等编著．测控系统原理与设计．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2002
[38] 王雪文，张志勇．传感器原理及应用．北京航空航天大学出版社
[39] 关德新，冯文金．单片机外围器件实用手册．电源器件分册．第一版．北京：北京航空航天出版社．1998
[40] 樊永华，王国暇．工业蒸汽锅炉微机测控系统软件的设计方案．N 动化学报：1999， 9(4)：27-29
[41] MicbaelBarr著．于志红译．c/C++嵌入式系统编程．北京：中国电力出版社，2001
[42] 徐爱钧，彭秀华．单片机高级语言C51应用程序设计．电子工业出版社．1998
[43] 李人厚．智能控制理论和方法．西安电子科技大学出版社，1999
[44] J. H. Hwang. Drum Boiler Reduced Model:a Singular Perturbation Method