网络空间论
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摘要
人类历史已经进入后现代的数字信息时代，而人类社会也正发生着天翻地覆的变化。网络信息技术，正创造出一个前所未有的、不断加速变化的时代。而网络空间，即是网络信息技术影响范围最广、影响力度也最深的科技产物。在这个意义上，置身于今天的数字信息时代，献身哲学的当代学者有责任对网络空间进行囊括了技术背景、人文底蕴和哲学反省的思考。
本论文旨在运用多种哲学理论、结合现实与实践，并以历史性、未来性的发展眼光解答当代新问题。通过解读网络空间的本质与特性，本论文考察了网络空间在当社会发展中的功能和意义，认识了网络空间所带来的现实挑战与当代谜题，并认识和预测了网络空间的未来发展。本论文希望通过把握社会现象本身，透析网络空间与人性的关系，以扩展社会认识论的视野和思路，并为建立新时代的新哲学做出贡献。
首先，本文探讨了网络空间的时代性，从技术与人的角度梳理网络空间的时代生成、社会背景及其理论建构的历程，从哲学的角度阐释其代表的后工业时代中后现代生活的基本规定和人文意蕴。其次，在信息时代中技术与人之间关系变迁的大背景下，本文探讨了网络空间生成发展的理论依据，即哲学史上两个关键概念——空间（space）与地方（place）在信息时代中的发展及新变化。通过研究网络空间、空间（包括物理空间与社会空间）、地方三者之间的联系与区别，透析网络空间的实践基础与存在本质。本文认识到了网络空间的复杂性，提出网络空间其实是作为空间隐喻的“类地方”，并总结了网络空间在哲学意义上的几种特点：在本体论意义上，体现为虚拟真实二重性与想象力表演所建构的超真实；在现象学意义上，体现为牵挂之网中的栖居于世以及解蔽的主体表征系统；而在认识论意义上，则体现为认知系统的内在组成部分以及知识和社会维度的信息系统。可以看到，网络空间的这些哲学特性具有两面性，因此，本文也从微观层面（建构流动性的网络主体）、中观层面（建构流动性的虚拟社区）以及宏观层面（建构流动性的社会文明）探讨了网络空间的多重功能性，包含积极功能和消极功能，以及对于不同主体、不同社群、社会生活不同方面甚至整个人类文明的不同作用。
通过以上对网络空间时代性、复杂性和功能性的探讨，本文认为，对网络空间功能性的探讨为认识并应对网络空间的挑战性提供了坚实的理论和逻辑基础。功能性体现了网络空间所表征的现象，而挑战性则是现象背后更深刻的本质。对应于微观层面（网络个体）、中观层面（虚拟社区）和宏观层面（社会文明）的多重功能，网络空间在为哲学理性思考提供了新的工具和概念的同时，也提出了传统哲学框架不能回答的理论问题，带来了不可忽视的当代挑战，其核心问题包括：第一，在主体意义上，网络空间是否使传统笛卡尔儿的身心分裂问题更加突出和复杂，从而使个体存在状态游离在身体在场与不在场之间？第二，在主体与社群意义上，网络空间对虚拟实践与现实实践的结合是否会使个体和社群的实践基础动荡在虚拟与现实之间？第三，同样在主体与社群意义上，网络空间对私人空间与公共空间的模糊是否会动摇个体和社群的人性基础？第四，在社会文明意义上，网络空间对集体记忆与个体想象的混合是否会动摇社会文明的精神源泉？对这些问题的应对与解决，需要对网络空间的秩序性进行深入分析，在实践中对网络空间进行组织调控，构建秩序网络。这也就意味着，一方面要把个体自由纳入秩序中，另一方面又要在秩序中谨慎地维系个体自由，最终在多样性的个体活力中整合出整体性的群体活力。这就要求建立自组织的秩序以引导突现的活力，建立潜在性的秩序引导匿名的活力，建立普遍性的秩序实现真正平等的活力，建立“区位化”的秩序整合超时空的活力。
然而，网络空间并非只是一成不变的静止实在，而是一种处于持续的变化过程之中的暂时形态：它依托于信息技术的不断发展，依托于人类社会的不断进化，依托于人对自我认识的不断深化，并会在不同的历史阶段发展为不同的形态。网络空间的未来性即表现为信息数字生态系统。在今天的信息时代，数字信息生态系统一词的出现、发展与广泛应用代表了学者们试图借用生物学概念探索人与信息技术间复杂关系的努力。通过动因、范围、动性和形态四维度的探讨，本论文认为数字信息生态系统内涵了一种更为整体性、多样性、广泛性与互动性的意蕴，从而能更清楚明晰地阐释信息环境的出现与发展，内含并突显于人与信息环境之间的互动。总而言之，本论文认为，无论从其时代性、复杂性、功能性、挑战性、秩序性和未来性来看，网络空间都与信息时代中的个体、社群和作为整体的社会文明息息相关，尤其是与人的开放性、社会性、丰富性、有限性息息相关。如何通过网络空间使人向无限世界扩展，如何通过网络空间使人的交往与社会世界变得更加丰富，如何通过网络空间帮助人们超越时空有限性，已经成为了不断提高并促进社会生活质量，从而实现人类社会的活力进步这一最终目标的关键。
The history of mankind has entered the postmodern era of digital information age,and human society is undergoing tremendous change, Network information technology(IT), is creating an unprecedented era of accelerating change. Cyberspace representsthat widest and depth impact of IT. In this sense, being in today's era of digitalinformation, we, as contemporary scholars studying philosophy, have the responsibilityof studying cyberspace in light of its technical background, cultural heritage, andphilosophical reflection，
The purpose of this paper is to use a variety of philosophical theories, acombination of reality and practice, and a historic and perspective vision to answer newproblems. Through the interpretation of the nature and characteristics of cyberspace,this paper examines the function and significance of cyberspace in the socialdevelopment, investiages the practical challenges of cyberspace and the resultedcontemporary puzzles, and predicts the future development of cyberspace. This paperendeavors to grasp the social phenomenon itself, to dialysis relations betweencyberspace and humanity, to expand the vision and ideas of social epistemology, and tocontribute to the establishment of the new philosophy of the new era.
First, this paper discusses the social contexts of cyberspace from the point ofview of technology and human beings. This paper investigates the emergence, socialbackground and theoretical construct of cyberspace, interpretating its representativenessin the post-industrial era from a philosophical point of view. Secondly, this paperdiscusses the theoretical basis for the development of cyberspace, i.e., the developmentof two key philosophical concepts-space and place in the information age. Throughstudying cyberspace, space (including the physical space and social space), as well asthe relations and differences between them, the paper provides the practical foundationand ontological premise of cyberspace. Based on the understanding of the complexity ofcyberspace, this paper proposes that the nature of cyberspace is a semi-place as a spatialmetaphor, summarizes several features of cyberspace in the philosophical sense: In the ontological sense, cyberspace is embodied as virtuality, reality and imaginativeperformances hyperreality; In the phenomenological sense, cyberspace reflects the maincharacterization system for the dwelling and representational system; In theepistemological sense, cyberspace is an embodied cognitive system, as well as theknowledge and social dimension of information systems. It is evidence that thesephilosophical characteristics of cyberspace are double-edged swords. Therefore, fromthe micro-level (construction of fluid network subject), meso level (construction of fluidvirtual community), and macro-level (construction of fluid social civilization), thispaper explores the multi-functionality of cyberspace that contains positive features andnegative features, and different roles for different subjects, different communities，different aspects of social life, and even the entire human civilization.
Based on the complexity and functionality of cyberspace, this paper argues that thefunctionality of the cyberspace provides a solid theoretical and logical basis forunderstanding and responding to the challenges of cyberspace. The functionalityembodied phenomenon characterized by cyberspace, while challenging, is behind thephenomenon is more profound nature. With multiple functions corresponding to themicro-level (network of individuals), meso level (virtual community) and macro level(social civilization), cyberspace provides new tools and concepts for philosophicalresearch, but also proposes questions that traditional philosophy can not answer,including the core issues: First, in the sense of subject, will cyberspace make thetraditional Cartesian perspective of body and mind more prominent and complex, sothat the individual state of existence wanders between body present and absent? Second,in the sense of subject and community, will cyberspace’s combination of virtual practicewith realistic practice make the practical foundation for individual and communityunrest between virtual and reality? Third, still in the sense of subject and community,will cyberspace fuzzy private space and public space, which will shake the human basisof the individual and the community? Four, in the sense of social civilization, willcyberspace’s mix of the collective memory and individual imagination shake thespiritual source of social civilization?
In order to solve these problems, it is needed for an in-depth analysis of the orderof cyberspace, and for the organization and regulation of cyberspace in the practice,which means build cyberorder. In this sense, on the one hand, we should includeindividual freedom into the cyberorder. On the other hand, we should carefully maintainindividual freedom in the cyberorder, and eventually integrate the diversity ofindividual vitality and generate collective vitality. This requires the establishment of theself-organizing order to guide the emergent vitality, the establishement of the potentialorder to guide anonymous vigor, the establishement of the universal order to achievetrue equality of vitality, and the establishment of the "nichification" order to integratetrans-temporal and trans-spatial vitality.
However, cyberspace is not just static, but also in a continuous process of change:It is relying on the continuous development of information technology, relying on thecontinuous evolution of human society, and relying on others for self-awareness. In thissense, cyberspace will be continuously deepened and developed into different forms indifferent historical stages. The future development of cyberspace is digital informationecosystem. In today's information age, the emergence of the term "ecosystem" of digitalinformation, the development and wide application on behalf of the efforts of scholarshave tried to borrow biological concepts to explore the complex relationship betweenpeople and information technology. In terms of four dimensions of motivation, range,mobility and shape, the paper argues that the meaning of digital information ecosystemincorporates integrity, diversity, extension and interactivity, which will explain theemergence and development of information environment highlights the interactionbetween people and information environment，
In sum, the paper proposes that in light of its times, complexity, functionality,challenge, order, and the future. Cyberspace has been closely related to individuals inthe Information Age, community and the social civilization as a whole, especiallyisclosely related to the openness, sociality, richness and limitation of the people. How tomake an extension to the infinite world through cyberspace, and how human interactionwith the social world through cyberspace has become richer, and how to help peoplethrough cyberspace to go beyond the limitation of time and space, have become the key to continuously improve and promote the quality of social life, and to achieve theultimate goal of the human society.
本论文旨在运用多种哲学理论、结合现实与实践，并以历史性、未来性的发展眼光解答当代新问题。通过解读网络空间的本质与特性，本论文考察了网络空间在当社会发展中的功能和意义，认识了网络空间所带来的现实挑战与当代谜题，并认识和预测了网络空间的未来发展。本论文希望通过把握社会现象本身，透析网络空间与人性的关系，以扩展社会认识论的视野和思路，并为建立新时代的新哲学做出贡献。
首先，本文探讨了网络空间的时代性，从技术与人的角度梳理网络空间的时代生成、社会背景及其理论建构的历程，从哲学的角度阐释其代表的后工业时代中后现代生活的基本规定和人文意蕴。其次，在信息时代中技术与人之间关系变迁的大背景下，本文探讨了网络空间生成发展的理论依据，即哲学史上两个关键概念——空间（space）与地方（place）在信息时代中的发展及新变化。通过研究网络空间、空间（包括物理空间与社会空间）、地方三者之间的联系与区别，透析网络空间的实践基础与存在本质。本文认识到了网络空间的复杂性，提出网络空间其实是作为空间隐喻的“类地方”，并总结了网络空间在哲学意义上的几种特点：在本体论意义上，体现为虚拟真实二重性与想象力表演所建构的超真实；在现象学意义上，体现为牵挂之网中的栖居于世以及解蔽的主体表征系统；而在认识论意义上，则体现为认知系统的内在组成部分以及知识和社会维度的信息系统。可以看到，网络空间的这些哲学特性具有两面性，因此，本文也从微观层面（建构流动性的网络主体）、中观层面（建构流动性的虚拟社区）以及宏观层面（建构流动性的社会文明）探讨了网络空间的多重功能性，包含积极功能和消极功能，以及对于不同主体、不同社群、社会生活不同方面甚至整个人类文明的不同作用。
通过以上对网络空间时代性、复杂性和功能性的探讨，本文认为，对网络空间功能性的探讨为认识并应对网络空间的挑战性提供了坚实的理论和逻辑基础。功能性体现了网络空间所表征的现象，而挑战性则是现象背后更深刻的本质。对应于微观层面（网络个体）、中观层面（虚拟社区）和宏观层面（社会文明）的多重功能，网络空间在为哲学理性思考提供了新的工具和概念的同时，也提出了传统哲学框架不能回答的理论问题，带来了不可忽视的当代挑战，其核心问题包括：第一，在主体意义上，网络空间是否使传统笛卡尔儿的身心分裂问题更加突出和复杂，从而使个体存在状态游离在身体在场与不在场之间？第二，在主体与社群意义上，网络空间对虚拟实践与现实实践的结合是否会使个体和社群的实践基础动荡在虚拟与现实之间？第三，同样在主体与社群意义上，网络空间对私人空间与公共空间的模糊是否会动摇个体和社群的人性基础？第四，在社会文明意义上，网络空间对集体记忆与个体想象的混合是否会动摇社会文明的精神源泉？对这些问题的应对与解决，需要对网络空间的秩序性进行深入分析，在实践中对网络空间进行组织调控，构建秩序网络。这也就意味着，一方面要把个体自由纳入秩序中，另一方面又要在秩序中谨慎地维系个体自由，最终在多样性的个体活力中整合出整体性的群体活力。这就要求建立自组织的秩序以引导突现的活力，建立潜在性的秩序引导匿名的活力，建立普遍性的秩序实现真正平等的活力，建立“区位化”的秩序整合超时空的活力。
然而，网络空间并非只是一成不变的静止实在，而是一种处于持续的变化过程之中的暂时形态：它依托于信息技术的不断发展，依托于人类社会的不断进化，依托于人对自我认识的不断深化，并会在不同的历史阶段发展为不同的形态。网络空间的未来性即表现为信息数字生态系统。在今天的信息时代，数字信息生态系统一词的出现、发展与广泛应用代表了学者们试图借用生物学概念探索人与信息技术间复杂关系的努力。通过动因、范围、动性和形态四维度的探讨，本论文认为数字信息生态系统内涵了一种更为整体性、多样性、广泛性与互动性的意蕴，从而能更清楚明晰地阐释信息环境的出现与发展，内含并突显于人与信息环境之间的互动。总而言之，本论文认为，无论从其时代性、复杂性、功能性、挑战性、秩序性和未来性来看，网络空间都与信息时代中的个体、社群和作为整体的社会文明息息相关，尤其是与人的开放性、社会性、丰富性、有限性息息相关。如何通过网络空间使人向无限世界扩展，如何通过网络空间使人的交往与社会世界变得更加丰富，如何通过网络空间帮助人们超越时空有限性，已经成为了不断提高并促进社会生活质量，从而实现人类社会的活力进步这一最终目标的关键。
The history of mankind has entered the postmodern era of digital information age,and human society is undergoing tremendous change, Network information technology(IT), is creating an unprecedented era of accelerating change. Cyberspace representsthat widest and depth impact of IT. In this sense, being in today's era of digitalinformation, we, as contemporary scholars studying philosophy, have the responsibilityof studying cyberspace in light of its technical background, cultural heritage, andphilosophical reflection，
The purpose of this paper is to use a variety of philosophical theories, acombination of reality and practice, and a historic and perspective vision to answer newproblems. Through the interpretation of the nature and characteristics of cyberspace,this paper examines the function and significance of cyberspace in the socialdevelopment, investiages the practical challenges of cyberspace and the resultedcontemporary puzzles, and predicts the future development of cyberspace. This paperendeavors to grasp the social phenomenon itself, to dialysis relations betweencyberspace and humanity, to expand the vision and ideas of social epistemology, and tocontribute to the establishment of the new philosophy of the new era.
First, this paper discusses the social contexts of cyberspace from the point ofview of technology and human beings. This paper investigates the emergence, socialbackground and theoretical construct of cyberspace, interpretating its representativenessin the post-industrial era from a philosophical point of view. Secondly, this paperdiscusses the theoretical basis for the development of cyberspace, i.e., the developmentof two key philosophical concepts-space and place in the information age. Throughstudying cyberspace, space (including the physical space and social space), as well asthe relations and differences between them, the paper provides the practical foundationand ontological premise of cyberspace. Based on the understanding of the complexity ofcyberspace, this paper proposes that the nature of cyberspace is a semi-place as a spatialmetaphor, summarizes several features of cyberspace in the philosophical sense: In the ontological sense, cyberspace is embodied as virtuality, reality and imaginativeperformances hyperreality; In the phenomenological sense, cyberspace reflects the maincharacterization system for the dwelling and representational system; In theepistemological sense, cyberspace is an embodied cognitive system, as well as theknowledge and social dimension of information systems. It is evidence that thesephilosophical characteristics of cyberspace are double-edged swords. Therefore, fromthe micro-level (construction of fluid network subject), meso level (construction of fluidvirtual community), and macro-level (construction of fluid social civilization), thispaper explores the multi-functionality of cyberspace that contains positive features andnegative features, and different roles for different subjects, different communities，different aspects of social life, and even the entire human civilization.
Based on the complexity and functionality of cyberspace, this paper argues that thefunctionality of the cyberspace provides a solid theoretical and logical basis forunderstanding and responding to the challenges of cyberspace. The functionalityembodied phenomenon characterized by cyberspace, while challenging, is behind thephenomenon is more profound nature. With multiple functions corresponding to themicro-level (network of individuals), meso level (virtual community) and macro level(social civilization), cyberspace provides new tools and concepts for philosophicalresearch, but also proposes questions that traditional philosophy can not answer,including the core issues: First, in the sense of subject, will cyberspace make thetraditional Cartesian perspective of body and mind more prominent and complex, sothat the individual state of existence wanders between body present and absent? Second,in the sense of subject and community, will cyberspace’s combination of virtual practicewith realistic practice make the practical foundation for individual and communityunrest between virtual and reality? Third, still in the sense of subject and community,will cyberspace fuzzy private space and public space, which will shake the human basisof the individual and the community? Four, in the sense of social civilization, willcyberspace’s mix of the collective memory and individual imagination shake thespiritual source of social civilization?
In order to solve these problems, it is needed for an in-depth analysis of the orderof cyberspace, and for the organization and regulation of cyberspace in the practice,which means build cyberorder. In this sense, on the one hand, we should includeindividual freedom into the cyberorder. On the other hand, we should carefully maintainindividual freedom in the cyberorder, and eventually integrate the diversity ofindividual vitality and generate collective vitality. This requires the establishment of theself-organizing order to guide the emergent vitality, the establishement of the potentialorder to guide anonymous vigor, the establishement of the universal order to achievetrue equality of vitality, and the establishment of the "nichification" order to integratetrans-temporal and trans-spatial vitality.
However, cyberspace is not just static, but also in a continuous process of change:It is relying on the continuous development of information technology, relying on thecontinuous evolution of human society, and relying on others for self-awareness. In thissense, cyberspace will be continuously deepened and developed into different forms indifferent historical stages. The future development of cyberspace is digital informationecosystem. In today's information age, the emergence of the term "ecosystem" of digitalinformation, the development and wide application on behalf of the efforts of scholarshave tried to borrow biological concepts to explore the complex relationship betweenpeople and information technology. In terms of four dimensions of motivation, range,mobility and shape, the paper argues that the meaning of digital information ecosystemincorporates integrity, diversity, extension and interactivity, which will explain theemergence and development of information environment highlights the interactionbetween people and information environment，
In sum, the paper proposes that in light of its times, complexity, functionality,challenge, order, and the future. Cyberspace has been closely related to individuals inthe Information Age, community and the social civilization as a whole, especiallyisclosely related to the openness, sociality, richness and limitation of the people. How tomake an extension to the infinite world through cyberspace, and how human interactionwith the social world through cyberspace has become richer, and how to help peoplethrough cyberspace to go beyond the limitation of time and space, have become the key to continuously improve and promote the quality of social life, and to achieve theultimate goal of the human society.
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