基于DMC的航空摄影测量误差分析和质量控制方法研究
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摘要
二十一世纪初出现的数码航空制图系统DMC是航摄仪发展史上的一个重要里程碑。它以直接获取数字航空摄影影像的方式打破了长期以来一直以胶片记录航空影像的垄断局面,真正地将航空摄影测量技术从数字摄影测量时代引入全数字摄影测量时代,并将极大地推动航空摄影测量技术的创新和普遍应用。
DMC数码航空制图系统在组成结构、成像幅面和影像记录方式方面与胶片航摄仪完全不同,并且表现出了更高的内部几何稳定性,因此它一面世便受到航摄界的青睐,并在实际工程中得到了广泛的应用。在我国,虽然DMC引入较早,但是以胶片航摄仪获取航空影像的技术标准、规范已相当完整,工程技术流程已非常成熟,质量控制措施也相当齐全,使得DMC在实际应用中还存在着一些技术及质量控制方面的兼容问题,限制着DMC系统的应用和推广。因此,本文根据DMC在应用中存在的问题,对其成像特性、误差存在形式以及全数字摄影测量流程中相关生产环节的技术和质量要求进行了全面、深入的分析和研究,进而对DMC的应用提出相应的质量控制措施。
具体的研究工作及创新之处主要体现在：
1)详尽地分析了DMC的组成结构,成像CCD的误差特性及检校情况,系统地研究了DMC相机全色四镜头的安装方式、成像及虚拟影像融合原理,并针对DMC虚拟影像的成像原理,深入研究了由此产生的误差特性,发现了DMC虚拟影像中存在拼接误差,这种拼接误差与测区内地形高差和航摄高度的比值呈反比,并最终影响DMC影像高程方面的立体量测精度,这种拼接误差需要通过航空摄影分区时保持分区内的地形高差在一定幅度内来减少。
2)在分析航空摄影技术要求和成果质量要求的基础上,研究了现有航空摄影成果质量控制环境中各种航摄质量的影响因素,指出了测区内的地形起伏是影响航空摄影质量的关键要素。
3)根据DMC虚拟影像拼接误差和航空摄影技术设计质量均受测区地形起伏幅度影响的研究结果,详细分析了现有航空摄影技术设计的实现方式,辅助航摄技术设计软件的设计特点,指出了现有技术设计模式中存在的缺点,提出了以数字高程模型数据辅助航空摄影分区和技术设计来提高航空摄影质量的方法,并据此设计和实现了基于数据高程模型数据辅助航空摄影规划、计划、摄区分区、航空摄影技术设计及对航空摄影成果质量自动检查的航空摄影规划管理系统。
4)基于全数字航空摄影测量技术流程,探讨了航空摄影成果质量、航空摄影辅助成果质量和外业像片控制成果质量的控制方式,提出了一种顾及质量与效率的像片控制点优化设计方法,以达到减少像片控制测量工作量,提高摄影测量质量与效率的目的。
5)DMC航摄仪的面世,标志着航空摄影测量从数字摄影测量到全数字摄影测量的真正转变。本文针对这一转变,以RC30航摄仪为参考,从航空摄影、像片控制测量、空中三角测量三个方面详细地对比分析了DMC的生产效率,分析了影响作业效率高低的因素,为进一步提高航空摄影测量生产效率提供了理论依据。
The Digital Mapping Camera (DMC), emerged in the early twenty-first century, is an important milestone in the development of aerial photography cameras. Its characteristic feature, direct access to digital aerial imageries, broke the long time film monopoly on recording aerial imageries. The DMC pulls aerial photography technology out of the era of digital photogrammetry and into the era of full-digital photogrammetry. This advance will greatly promote innovative research and engineering applications in the area of aerial photogrammetry technology.
Although, the DMC's composition, imaging format, and image recording method are completely different from that of film aerial photography camera, its advantage is higher internal geometry stability than the film aerial photography camera. Thus, the aerial industry favored the launch of the DMC despite its differences, and so it has been widely used in actual projects since its introduction.
In china, although the DMC device was introduced earlier than others in the area of aerial photography, some important issues remain to be resolved. For aerial imageries produced by film aerial photography cameraes, the related technical standards and specifications are fairly comprehensive, the engineering processes are mature, and quality control measures are very complete. However, they cannot be directly adopted in practical applications with DMC, especially concerning techniques and quality control. These limit the application and promotion of DMC system more widely.
In order to establish appropriate measures of quality control, in relation to problems with DMC in practical applications, this paper conducted a comprehensive, in-depth research on DMC's imaging characteristic, the existing sources of error, and techniques and quality requirements throughout the entire full-digital photogrammetry production processes.
The major works and contributions of this thesis are as follows:
1) A detailed analysis was executed, including the DMC, its error characteristics and the calibration of imaging charge coupled device (CCD). The installation protocols and imaging principles of four panchromatic lenses, and the virtual image fusion principles are also be studied. A splicing error in the DMC virtual image is minned out by studying the imaging principle of DMC virtual images and analyzing its error characteristics. This splicing error is inversely proportional to the ratio of the elevation difference of the photography area to the flying height. Therefore, it will influence the height accuracy in stereo-measurement using DMC images. However, this error can be reduced by dividing a photography area into subareas and ensruing the height difference in any subarea to some degree.
2) Based on the analysis of the techniques and quality requirements for aerial photography, the key factors of quality control of aerial photography are explored. Based on this research, this paper pinpoints that the aerial photography area topography is the key factor that influences the quality of aerial photography technical designs.
3) Research results illustrate that the DMC virtual splice error and the quality of aerial photography technical design are both influenced by the topography of the aerial photography area. After detailed analysis of existing aerial photography technical design methodologies, and the characteristics of the assisted aerial photography technical design software, this paper pinpoints faults in existing aerial photography technical design methods. He proposes that the use of digital elevation model data in photography area subdivision and aerial photography technical design will reduce error and ensure quality. Based on this research, the paper designed and developed an aerial photography planning and management system using DEM. The system has many functional modules, including multi-year planning, one-year planning, area subdivision, area technical design, and quality auto-check for aerial photography products. The development of this system closes the software gap in China's aerial photography technical design system.
4) Based on the full-digital photogrammetry technique workflow, the paper discusses the quality control methodology for aerial photography, assisting aerial photography and photo control surveying results. To ensure the accuracy of regional network triangulation with DMC images, a means is proposed, that is to optimize the layout of photo control points, thus reducing the control surveying workload and improving photogrammetry efficiency and quality.
5) DMC aerial device are widely available, that represents a real change in aerial photogrammetry from digital photogrammetry to full-digital photogrammetry. This paper responds to this change and researchs into the factors that affect the level of operating efficiency through conducting a detailed comparative analysis of the DMC's efficiency to RC30aerial device in three fields of aerial photography, photo control surveying and aerial triangulation. The theoretical foundation will be provided for further research on raising the production efficiency of aerial photogrammetry with this paper research result.
DMC数码航空制图系统在组成结构、成像幅面和影像记录方式方面与胶片航摄仪完全不同,并且表现出了更高的内部几何稳定性,因此它一面世便受到航摄界的青睐,并在实际工程中得到了广泛的应用。在我国,虽然DMC引入较早,但是以胶片航摄仪获取航空影像的技术标准、规范已相当完整,工程技术流程已非常成熟,质量控制措施也相当齐全,使得DMC在实际应用中还存在着一些技术及质量控制方面的兼容问题,限制着DMC系统的应用和推广。因此,本文根据DMC在应用中存在的问题,对其成像特性、误差存在形式以及全数字摄影测量流程中相关生产环节的技术和质量要求进行了全面、深入的分析和研究,进而对DMC的应用提出相应的质量控制措施。
具体的研究工作及创新之处主要体现在：
1)详尽地分析了DMC的组成结构,成像CCD的误差特性及检校情况,系统地研究了DMC相机全色四镜头的安装方式、成像及虚拟影像融合原理,并针对DMC虚拟影像的成像原理,深入研究了由此产生的误差特性,发现了DMC虚拟影像中存在拼接误差,这种拼接误差与测区内地形高差和航摄高度的比值呈反比,并最终影响DMC影像高程方面的立体量测精度,这种拼接误差需要通过航空摄影分区时保持分区内的地形高差在一定幅度内来减少。
2)在分析航空摄影技术要求和成果质量要求的基础上,研究了现有航空摄影成果质量控制环境中各种航摄质量的影响因素,指出了测区内的地形起伏是影响航空摄影质量的关键要素。
3)根据DMC虚拟影像拼接误差和航空摄影技术设计质量均受测区地形起伏幅度影响的研究结果,详细分析了现有航空摄影技术设计的实现方式,辅助航摄技术设计软件的设计特点,指出了现有技术设计模式中存在的缺点,提出了以数字高程模型数据辅助航空摄影分区和技术设计来提高航空摄影质量的方法,并据此设计和实现了基于数据高程模型数据辅助航空摄影规划、计划、摄区分区、航空摄影技术设计及对航空摄影成果质量自动检查的航空摄影规划管理系统。
4)基于全数字航空摄影测量技术流程,探讨了航空摄影成果质量、航空摄影辅助成果质量和外业像片控制成果质量的控制方式,提出了一种顾及质量与效率的像片控制点优化设计方法,以达到减少像片控制测量工作量,提高摄影测量质量与效率的目的。
5)DMC航摄仪的面世,标志着航空摄影测量从数字摄影测量到全数字摄影测量的真正转变。本文针对这一转变,以RC30航摄仪为参考,从航空摄影、像片控制测量、空中三角测量三个方面详细地对比分析了DMC的生产效率,分析了影响作业效率高低的因素,为进一步提高航空摄影测量生产效率提供了理论依据。
The Digital Mapping Camera (DMC), emerged in the early twenty-first century, is an important milestone in the development of aerial photography cameras. Its characteristic feature, direct access to digital aerial imageries, broke the long time film monopoly on recording aerial imageries. The DMC pulls aerial photography technology out of the era of digital photogrammetry and into the era of full-digital photogrammetry. This advance will greatly promote innovative research and engineering applications in the area of aerial photogrammetry technology.
Although, the DMC's composition, imaging format, and image recording method are completely different from that of film aerial photography camera, its advantage is higher internal geometry stability than the film aerial photography camera. Thus, the aerial industry favored the launch of the DMC despite its differences, and so it has been widely used in actual projects since its introduction.
In china, although the DMC device was introduced earlier than others in the area of aerial photography, some important issues remain to be resolved. For aerial imageries produced by film aerial photography cameraes, the related technical standards and specifications are fairly comprehensive, the engineering processes are mature, and quality control measures are very complete. However, they cannot be directly adopted in practical applications with DMC, especially concerning techniques and quality control. These limit the application and promotion of DMC system more widely.
In order to establish appropriate measures of quality control, in relation to problems with DMC in practical applications, this paper conducted a comprehensive, in-depth research on DMC's imaging characteristic, the existing sources of error, and techniques and quality requirements throughout the entire full-digital photogrammetry production processes.
The major works and contributions of this thesis are as follows:
1) A detailed analysis was executed, including the DMC, its error characteristics and the calibration of imaging charge coupled device (CCD). The installation protocols and imaging principles of four panchromatic lenses, and the virtual image fusion principles are also be studied. A splicing error in the DMC virtual image is minned out by studying the imaging principle of DMC virtual images and analyzing its error characteristics. This splicing error is inversely proportional to the ratio of the elevation difference of the photography area to the flying height. Therefore, it will influence the height accuracy in stereo-measurement using DMC images. However, this error can be reduced by dividing a photography area into subareas and ensruing the height difference in any subarea to some degree.
2) Based on the analysis of the techniques and quality requirements for aerial photography, the key factors of quality control of aerial photography are explored. Based on this research, this paper pinpoints that the aerial photography area topography is the key factor that influences the quality of aerial photography technical designs.
3) Research results illustrate that the DMC virtual splice error and the quality of aerial photography technical design are both influenced by the topography of the aerial photography area. After detailed analysis of existing aerial photography technical design methodologies, and the characteristics of the assisted aerial photography technical design software, this paper pinpoints faults in existing aerial photography technical design methods. He proposes that the use of digital elevation model data in photography area subdivision and aerial photography technical design will reduce error and ensure quality. Based on this research, the paper designed and developed an aerial photography planning and management system using DEM. The system has many functional modules, including multi-year planning, one-year planning, area subdivision, area technical design, and quality auto-check for aerial photography products. The development of this system closes the software gap in China's aerial photography technical design system.
4) Based on the full-digital photogrammetry technique workflow, the paper discusses the quality control methodology for aerial photography, assisting aerial photography and photo control surveying results. To ensure the accuracy of regional network triangulation with DMC images, a means is proposed, that is to optimize the layout of photo control points, thus reducing the control surveying workload and improving photogrammetry efficiency and quality.
5) DMC aerial device are widely available, that represents a real change in aerial photogrammetry from digital photogrammetry to full-digital photogrammetry. This paper responds to this change and researchs into the factors that affect the level of operating efficiency through conducting a detailed comparative analysis of the DMC's efficiency to RC30aerial device in three fields of aerial photography, photo control surveying and aerial triangulation. The theoretical foundation will be provided for further research on raising the production efficiency of aerial photogrammetry with this paper research result.
引文
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