基于人机工程学交通标志有效性评价研究
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摘要
近年来,我国高等级道路网络体系建设取得长足发展,但作为道路工程附属设施的重要组成部分,某些交通标志设计、设置的不合理或未能按路网结构的发展变化进行及时的更新和完善,妨碍一些道路在路网体系中所承担功能的发挥。在以驾驶员、车辆、交通标志、道路环境构成的人机系统中,驾驶员作为交通标志的使用者,存在生理、心理上的复杂性,其信息处理过程和对标志的认知能力受系统中其它因素的影响。驾驶员能否舒适、有效的使用交通标志,最终反应交通标志设计和设置的有效性。
本文依托西部交通建设科技项目“公路交通标志视认性及设置有效性研究”,研究道路中驾驶员处理信息的过程,建立评价交通标志有效性的指标体系。文中基于人机工程学理论,分析了驾驶员所处人机系统中各元素之间的关系,并在此基础上详细分析了驾驶员使用交通标志过程中对信息的处理与加工过程,在理论分析和问卷调查的基础上,对导致交通标志不能有效发挥作用的因素进行分析提取,建立评价交通标志有效性的人机效率指标体系,并针对具体路段交通标志状况进行评价,提出改善意见与建议。
Along with the rapid development of society and economy, road network system improved continuously. It has played a very important role in traffic assignment of various regions and promoting local economic development. Traffic signs, traffic control devices, its purpose is to enable all users to move in an orderly manner, on the one hand it can enhance road safety, on the other hand it increase the efficiency of the current road, it plays a very important role in the road function. But in reality, some of traffic signs’design and set up unreasonable, it seriously affect drivers use the traffic signs correctly and effectively, affect a number of roads providing good services in the road network system, not conducive to the region’s communication with the outside word.
Based on different research purposes on traffic signs, most of scholars at home or abroad study a few of traffic signs’characteristics, very few analyse the influencing factors about traffic signs from the view of ergonomics, and few people evaluate the effectiveness of traffic signs. From the perspective of ergonomics, let traffic signs consider the feelings of people at the time of taking the service to more users, then help users to obey traffic signs, improving efficiency in the use of signs. As many factors influence and restraints each other in the design and installation of traffic signs, Specially the mutual restraints factors take troubles to the managers who design and install the traffic signs, it lead some roads can’t provide comfortable and effective services to users. In response to this situation, this paper relies on the scientific construction project of western transportation,“The research on the recognition and setting effectively of road traffic signs”, on the basis of analysing the man-machine system composed by drivers, vehicles, traffic signs, the road environment, the course of handling and processing information will be divided into four phases using markov process theory. Find the factors which impact the transfer of states, extract indexes from the view of ergonomics, then establish the evaluation system to evaluate the effectiveness of traffic signs. Finally apply the methods of ANP and SD software to analyse the problem, make a complex issue divide into various elements and elements group, then ascertain the relations among elements, found a network structure by dominated relations, input comparative data, output the limit super matrix and priorities, provide a series of conclusions and advice for the design and installation of traffic sign. Now, we sum up the main content of the whole paper:
ChapterⅠone is exordium. It mainly introduces the researching background, research situation, target, meaning, content and the technique route of this dissertation.
ChapterⅡintroduces the theory of ergonomics, on this basis, I found a man-machine systems composed by drivers, vehicles, traffic signs, road environment, elaborated the scope and role of these elements in the system. Analyse the relationship among elements in the man-machine systems.
ChapterⅢof this chapter first analyse the process of drivers handling information when drivers use traffic signs using the theory of Markov state transfer method, divide this process into four phases: discovered signs, reading signs, information processing and decision-making, reaction operation. On this basis, analyse the interaction of elements in each phase of the man-machine system. With large-scale survey, select appropriate indexes, then construct a indexes system about evaluating the efficiency of traffic signs. Finally compare several evaluation methods, select appropriate method according to the characteristics of the evaluation system and methods.
Chapter IV of this chapter uses the ANP and SD analysis software to evaluate the status of specific sections’traffic signs. Provide some advice to improve on the current situation based on the conclusion.
Chapter V is the summary. The main research content are summarized and the problems which need to be researched more deeply are presented.
The innovation of the paper:
⑴. Construct a man-machine system composed by drivers, vehicles, traffic signs, road environment based on ergonomics, and analyse the system. Then divide the course of handling and processing information into four phases using Markov theory in the man-machine system.
⑵. On the basis of ascertaining the four phases, analyse the characters of state transfer among phases. Based on the previous research results and questionaries, extract relative indexes that affect state transfer from the view of ergonomics, then ascertain the system to evaluate the effectiveness of traffic signs.
本文依托西部交通建设科技项目“公路交通标志视认性及设置有效性研究”,研究道路中驾驶员处理信息的过程,建立评价交通标志有效性的指标体系。文中基于人机工程学理论,分析了驾驶员所处人机系统中各元素之间的关系,并在此基础上详细分析了驾驶员使用交通标志过程中对信息的处理与加工过程,在理论分析和问卷调查的基础上,对导致交通标志不能有效发挥作用的因素进行分析提取,建立评价交通标志有效性的人机效率指标体系,并针对具体路段交通标志状况进行评价,提出改善意见与建议。
Along with the rapid development of society and economy, road network system improved continuously. It has played a very important role in traffic assignment of various regions and promoting local economic development. Traffic signs, traffic control devices, its purpose is to enable all users to move in an orderly manner, on the one hand it can enhance road safety, on the other hand it increase the efficiency of the current road, it plays a very important role in the road function. But in reality, some of traffic signs’design and set up unreasonable, it seriously affect drivers use the traffic signs correctly and effectively, affect a number of roads providing good services in the road network system, not conducive to the region’s communication with the outside word.
Based on different research purposes on traffic signs, most of scholars at home or abroad study a few of traffic signs’characteristics, very few analyse the influencing factors about traffic signs from the view of ergonomics, and few people evaluate the effectiveness of traffic signs. From the perspective of ergonomics, let traffic signs consider the feelings of people at the time of taking the service to more users, then help users to obey traffic signs, improving efficiency in the use of signs. As many factors influence and restraints each other in the design and installation of traffic signs, Specially the mutual restraints factors take troubles to the managers who design and install the traffic signs, it lead some roads can’t provide comfortable and effective services to users. In response to this situation, this paper relies on the scientific construction project of western transportation,“The research on the recognition and setting effectively of road traffic signs”, on the basis of analysing the man-machine system composed by drivers, vehicles, traffic signs, the road environment, the course of handling and processing information will be divided into four phases using markov process theory. Find the factors which impact the transfer of states, extract indexes from the view of ergonomics, then establish the evaluation system to evaluate the effectiveness of traffic signs. Finally apply the methods of ANP and SD software to analyse the problem, make a complex issue divide into various elements and elements group, then ascertain the relations among elements, found a network structure by dominated relations, input comparative data, output the limit super matrix and priorities, provide a series of conclusions and advice for the design and installation of traffic sign. Now, we sum up the main content of the whole paper:
ChapterⅠone is exordium. It mainly introduces the researching background, research situation, target, meaning, content and the technique route of this dissertation.
ChapterⅡintroduces the theory of ergonomics, on this basis, I found a man-machine systems composed by drivers, vehicles, traffic signs, road environment, elaborated the scope and role of these elements in the system. Analyse the relationship among elements in the man-machine systems.
ChapterⅢof this chapter first analyse the process of drivers handling information when drivers use traffic signs using the theory of Markov state transfer method, divide this process into four phases: discovered signs, reading signs, information processing and decision-making, reaction operation. On this basis, analyse the interaction of elements in each phase of the man-machine system. With large-scale survey, select appropriate indexes, then construct a indexes system about evaluating the efficiency of traffic signs. Finally compare several evaluation methods, select appropriate method according to the characteristics of the evaluation system and methods.
Chapter IV of this chapter uses the ANP and SD analysis software to evaluate the status of specific sections’traffic signs. Provide some advice to improve on the current situation based on the conclusion.
Chapter V is the summary. The main research content are summarized and the problems which need to be researched more deeply are presented.
The innovation of the paper:
⑴. Construct a man-machine system composed by drivers, vehicles, traffic signs, road environment based on ergonomics, and analyse the system. Then divide the course of handling and processing information into four phases using Markov theory in the man-machine system.
⑵. On the basis of ascertaining the four phases, analyse the characters of state transfer among phases. Based on the previous research results and questionaries, extract relative indexes that affect state transfer from the view of ergonomics, then ascertain the system to evaluate the effectiveness of traffic signs.
引文
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[6] Yi-Chang Chiu, Nathan Huynh. Location configuration design for Dynamic Message Signs under stochastic incident and ATIS scenarios [J]. Transportation Research Part C, 2007, (15): 33–50.
[7] P.J.Mackie, S.Jara-Diaz, A.S.Fowkes. The value of travel time savings in evaluation [J]. Transportation Research Part E, 2001, (37): 91–106.
[8] Luoma J.; Rama P.; Penttinen M.; Anttila V. Effects of variable message signs for slippery road conditions on reported driver behaviour [J]. Transportation Research Part F, 2000, (3): 75–84.
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[25] 相卫,曹明,杨建超. 公路交通标志规划设计[J]. 交通标准化,2006(8):60-63.
[26] 肖润谋,赵金龙,陈荫三,兰波,张立宏. 山区公路交通安全标志设计[J]. 长安大学学报(自然科学版),2006,26(3):63-67.
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[36] 张建新,邢旭东,鲁江,郑中.马尔可夫模型在洞庭湖Cd的生态地球化学评价中的应用[J].地学前缘,2007(3):204-211.
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[42] Frank Schieber. Using the “Blur Tolerance” Technique to Predict and Optimize the Legibility Distance of Symbol Highway Signs[R]. 1997.
[43] Frank Schieber. Highway Research to Enhance the Safety and Mobility of Older Road Users[R]. 2000.
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[2] Hashim Al-Madani, Abdul-Rahman Al-Janahi. Assessment of drivers’ comprehension of traffic signs based on the traffic, personal and social characteristics[J]. Transportation Research Part F, 2002, (5): 63–76.
[3] Arup Dutta,Donald L. Fisher,David A. Noyce. Use of a driving simulator to evaluate and optimize factors aecting understandability of variable message signs[J].Transportation Research Part F, 2004, (7): 209-227.
[4] Jeanne M. Purduski, Malgorzata J. Rys. Evaluations of a new Advance Flagger traffic sign[J]. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1999, (24): 107-114.
[5] Paul G.Michael, Frank C.Leeming, William O.Dwyer. Headway on urban streets: observational data and an intervention to decrease tailgating[J].Transportation Research Part F, 2000, (3): 55-64.
[6] Yi-Chang Chiu, Nathan Huynh. Location configuration design for Dynamic Message Signs under stochastic incident and ATIS scenarios [J]. Transportation Research Part C, 2007, (15): 33–50.
[7] P.J.Mackie, S.Jara-Diaz, A.S.Fowkes. The value of travel time savings in evaluation [J]. Transportation Research Part E, 2001, (37): 91–106.
[8] Luoma J.; Rama P.; Penttinen M.; Anttila V. Effects of variable message signs for slippery road conditions on reported driver behaviour [J]. Transportation Research Part F, 2000, (3): 75–84.
[9] 陈胜营,汪亚干,张剑飞. 公路设计指南[M]. 北京:人民交通出版社,2000.
[10] 中国公路学会《交通工程手册》编委会. 交通工程手册[M]. 北京:人民交通出版社,1998.
[11] 唐琤琤. 道路交通标志视认性研究[J]. 公路交通科技,2000(5):30-33.
[12] 宋颖苇. 浅谈道路标线与交通安全[J]. 交通标准化,2001(4): 37-39.
[13] 初秀民, 严新平, 章先阵, 李华. 道路交通标志标线视认性虚拟测试系统63设计[J] 武汉理工大学学报,2005(4):135-138.
[14] 潘晓东,林雨,郭雪斌,方守恩. 逆光条件下交通标志的可视距离研究[J].公路交通科技,2006(5):119-120.
[15] 刘西,张侃. 道路交通标志的量化评价方法[J]. 人类工效学,2003(4):23-26.
[16] 林雨,潘晓东,方守恩. 指路标志信息量与认知性关系研究[J]. 交通运输工程与信息学报,2005(3):73-77.
[17] 张兰芳,方守恩. 出入城市的道路交通指路标志系统设置方法研究[J]. 交通与运输,2006(3):21-23.
[18] 徐扬. 城市道路交通指路标志系统设置方法[J]. 湖北警官学院学报,2004(79):55-60.
[19] 王跃辉,彭国雄. 指路标志设置位置的研究[J]. 技术与方法,2004(3):26-31.
[20] 丛涛. 北京市道路交通标志指路标志的设置[J]. 技术与方法,2005(5):35-38.
[21] 袁满荣,李学敏,毕鑫鑫,陈淑翔. 城市道路交通标志设计新方法[J]. 交通运输系统工程与信息,2006(2):62-67.
[22] 石臣鹏. 对城市道路交通标志设置的探讨[J]. 四川警官高等专科学校学报,2006,18(4):79-84.
[23] 李令举,张继民,宋舒. 道路交通标志的设计[J]. 云南交通科技,1999,15(1):6-12.
[24] 唐琤琤, 吴凡. 标志设置的路侧安全性考虑及对策[J]. 公路交通科技,2005,22(9):142-145.
[25] 相卫,曹明,杨建超. 公路交通标志规划设计[J]. 交通标准化,2006(8):60-63.
[26] 肖润谋,赵金龙,陈荫三,兰波,张立宏. 山区公路交通安全标志设计[J]. 长安大学学报(自然科学版),2006,26(3):63-67.
[27] 潘晓东,驾驶员心率和血压变动与山区公路曲线半径关系[J]. 同济大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(7):900-903.
[28] 龙升照, 黄端生, 陈道木, 曾固. 人-机-环境系统工程理论及应用基础[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2004.8.
[29] 产品设计人机工程学 何灿群 北京 化学工业出版社 2006.
[30] 浅居喜代治,刘高送. 现代人机工程学理论[M]. 北京:科学出版社,1992,3.
[31] 马江彬.人机工程学及其应用[M]. 北京:机械工业出版社出版,1993,12.
[32] 曹琦,武振业.人机工程设计[M]. 四川:西南交通大学出版社,1998,11.
[33] 郭亚军,金先级.人机交互[M]. 武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2005,6.
[34] 王苏,汪安圣.认知心理学[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社,1992.
[35] 李长城,苏文英,吴京梅,宋楠等.道路交通标志[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006,1.
[36] 张建新,邢旭东,鲁江,郑中.马尔可夫模型在洞庭湖Cd的生态地球化学评价中的应用[J].地学前缘,2007(3):204-211.
[37] 李忠范,高文森.数理统计与随机过程[M].吉林:吉林大学出版社,2000,10.
[38] 陈永明,罗东.现代认知心理学[M].北京:团结出版社,1989.
[39] Mikko Rasanen, Heikki Sammala. Car Drivers’ Adjustments to Cyclists at Roundabouts[J]. Transportation Human Factors, 2000(1): 1-17.
[40] 田光.枣庄市机动车驾驶员光选择反应时间和暗适应时间正常值探讨[J].预防医学文献信息,2002(9):620-621.
[41] Frank Schieber, Charles H. Goodspeed. Nighttime Conspicuity of Highway Signs as a Function of Sign Brightness, Background Complexity and Age of Observer[R].1997.
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