企业集群治理及其投融资合作研究
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摘要
近年来,经营环境的巨大变化,使企业集群原有的低成本竞争优势迅速消退,资金供求矛盾日益尖锐,依托技术创新实现产业升级迫在眉睫。本文从集群治理视角,研究突破集群企业融资和投资困境的路径,从财务角度探索企业集群域内合作问题。
投融资合作能整合集群企业财务资源、扩张企业财务能力,实现投融资规模效应。经典财务理论因假设投融资活动发生在单一产权主体边界内而无法解释这种跨企业边界的投融资合作。本文首先运用数理模型、理论分析和案例分析方法,阐述了集群企业开展域内合作的动因;然后构建了旨在指导集群企业投融资合作的集群治理基本理论框架;最后,根据企业集群的实际情况,构建了相应的投融资合作机制。研究结果表明,面对外部环境的不利变化,企业集群应该借助集体行动来应对共同危机,通过融资合作突破融资困境,利用技术创新投资合作实现产业技术升级,进而捕获新的获利机会。
本文率先从集群自治理角度探索长期制约中小集群企业发展的融资难和技术创新投资难问题,率先从财务角度挖掘产业集聚效应。这使本研究具有较强的新颖性,主要表现为以下四方面:
其一,初步建立了集群治理基本理论框架,丰富了集群集体效率理论。集群治理基本理论体系是由治理内涵与观念、治理主体与客体、治理目标与治理逻辑等要素构成的有机体。治理活动始于培养集群竞争优势是个群体的、交互的过程理念;由产业精英倡导的、承载协调分工合作知识和能力的民间商会是集群治理主体;企业间关系为集群治理客体,集群剩余最大化是集群治理目标;企业集群的运行逻辑表现为价格、权威与信任交织运行。最终形成了由治理内涵出发、以治理目标为导向、以治理逻辑为线索,治理主体对治理客体作出关系安排,由纵向价值链治理和横向网链治理构成的基本框架。
其二,提出信贷融资合作是解决集群企业融资难的战略工具的观点,从变革借款方组织形式角度建设合作融资机制。合作融资将企业规模“由小变大”,进而扩张企业融资能力。针对联赛式集群、焦点式集群和非联赛非焦点式集群,分别构建了以民间商会为核心的横向信用合作组织、以焦点企业为核心的纵向信用合作组织及集群企业联保互助合作组织三种不同的合作融资模式和机制,推动企业开展合作融资。
其三,主张技术创新投资合作是集群产业升级的战略选择,借助“合力”弥补企业个体研发能力和研发资源缺口。技术创新是集群产业升级、企业转型的必由之路,研究开发是技术创新的基本来源,但研发能力不足、研发资源贫乏使集群企业必须选择合作研发进行技术创新。共性技术作为通用技术,可以采取官产学研联合体进行开发,竞争性技术则适合依托产业链上下游企业间的纵向合作联盟和以“集群产业技术创新中心”为平台建立研发联合体进行开发。
其四,跨企业的投融资合作研究,一定程度上拓宽了财务学边界。企业集群域内投融资合作是跨越企业边界的财务活动,这使财务学的研究视角从企业内部转向了企业外部,从微观财务走向中观财务。
In recent years, the advantages of clustering through competitive (or low) costs have been on a decline.Conflicts in the demand and supply of capital have consequently rendered it imperative that an enterprise upgrade its industrial status on the basis of innovation and technology. On the base of conducting one cluster- governance theory, this study addresses local co-operations amongst clusters of enterprises from a financial management perspective.
Co-operations between financing and investment can reconfigure financial resources of the clusters, enhance financial capabilities of the enterprises involved, and help an enterprise achieve the scope or range of investment and financing. However, the classic financial management theory fails to account for such financing and investment co-operations across the enterprises because of its conventional wisdom or assumption that financing and investment activities normally occur within the boundaries of an entity. This paper, addresses the motivation for a cluster of enterprises to develop cooperation by the approaches of mathematical models, theoretical analysis and case analysis,then, constructs a theory framework about cluster governance to guide the investment and financing cooperation. Finally, the corresponding investment and financing mechanisms of cooperation are advised.In result, facing the common crises, the enterprises should cooprate each other,so that they can get new profit chance.
Exploring financing difficulty and failures in technological innovations for clustering enterprises from the view of cluster governance, mining industrial clustering effect from finance point, this paper has a strong novelty, as the four followings:
Firstly, this thesis builds up the basic theory frame of cluster governance and enriches the efficiency theory of cluster. Cluster governance theory is a unity composed inherently by governance concept, and connotation of subject and object, management objectives and governance logic elements. A notion of interaction, cluster governance originates from the idea of nurturing competitive strengths. Civil chambers of commerce, that is, self-regulated organizations with elitist advocacies and government support, should become the entity of governance in the clustering of enterprises. Enterprise relationship is the object of cluster governance, and cluster surplus maximization is cluster governance target. The interwoven operation of price, authority and trust is the logic of enterprise cluster's operation. In the end, the basic frame is built up which is based on governance concept, guided by governance objective, threaded by governance logic. And under the basic frame, governance subject arranges the governance object, and the basic frame has the horizontal linkage and longitudinal linkage.
Secondly, this thesis proposes that credit and financing cooperation is the strategy tool which builds up financing mechanism from the angle of organization form transition of borrowers. Financing cooperation enhances the financing capability by enlarge the enterprise size. On account of chain of clusters, concentrations of clusters and enterprises clustered by means other than chains and concentrations, this thesis proposes that A chain of clusters (e.g., clustering through chambers of commerce) is a suitable mode of collaborative financing through horizontal credit cooperation; concentrations of clusters (e.g., clustering around a core enterprise) are effective for collaborative financing through vertical credit cooperation; whereas enterprises clustered by means other than chains and concentrations could opt for collaborative financing on the basis of voluntary participation and mutual benefits and interactions. Compared to structural reformations of financial institutions, these innovations in the organizational mode of financing are pro-active and of greater practical value for an enterprise to move beyond the dilemma in cluster financing.
Thirdly; this thesis claims that technology innovation cooperation is the strategy choice to enhance the status of cluster industry, taking up the slack of individual enterprise's R&D capability and R&D resources with the help of "resultant force". Technology innovation is essential to upgrading the cluster industry and enterprise transition. R&D is the source of technology innovation, and the limitation of R&D capability and R&D resources make it is essential to make technology innovation cooperatively. Common technology can be researched by government, enterprise and school. Competent technology can be researched by enterprises which has longitude linkage based on "cluster industry technology innovation center".
Finally, this thesis claims that inter-enterprise's investment and financing cooperation widens the boundary of finance. Enterprises' iner-cluster investment and financing cooperation is some kind of border crossing finance activities which bring about the financial perspective from internal to external, from microcosmic towards madhyamika.
投融资合作能整合集群企业财务资源、扩张企业财务能力,实现投融资规模效应。经典财务理论因假设投融资活动发生在单一产权主体边界内而无法解释这种跨企业边界的投融资合作。本文首先运用数理模型、理论分析和案例分析方法,阐述了集群企业开展域内合作的动因;然后构建了旨在指导集群企业投融资合作的集群治理基本理论框架;最后,根据企业集群的实际情况,构建了相应的投融资合作机制。研究结果表明,面对外部环境的不利变化,企业集群应该借助集体行动来应对共同危机,通过融资合作突破融资困境,利用技术创新投资合作实现产业技术升级,进而捕获新的获利机会。
本文率先从集群自治理角度探索长期制约中小集群企业发展的融资难和技术创新投资难问题,率先从财务角度挖掘产业集聚效应。这使本研究具有较强的新颖性,主要表现为以下四方面:
其一,初步建立了集群治理基本理论框架,丰富了集群集体效率理论。集群治理基本理论体系是由治理内涵与观念、治理主体与客体、治理目标与治理逻辑等要素构成的有机体。治理活动始于培养集群竞争优势是个群体的、交互的过程理念;由产业精英倡导的、承载协调分工合作知识和能力的民间商会是集群治理主体;企业间关系为集群治理客体,集群剩余最大化是集群治理目标;企业集群的运行逻辑表现为价格、权威与信任交织运行。最终形成了由治理内涵出发、以治理目标为导向、以治理逻辑为线索,治理主体对治理客体作出关系安排,由纵向价值链治理和横向网链治理构成的基本框架。
其二,提出信贷融资合作是解决集群企业融资难的战略工具的观点,从变革借款方组织形式角度建设合作融资机制。合作融资将企业规模“由小变大”,进而扩张企业融资能力。针对联赛式集群、焦点式集群和非联赛非焦点式集群,分别构建了以民间商会为核心的横向信用合作组织、以焦点企业为核心的纵向信用合作组织及集群企业联保互助合作组织三种不同的合作融资模式和机制,推动企业开展合作融资。
其三,主张技术创新投资合作是集群产业升级的战略选择,借助“合力”弥补企业个体研发能力和研发资源缺口。技术创新是集群产业升级、企业转型的必由之路,研究开发是技术创新的基本来源,但研发能力不足、研发资源贫乏使集群企业必须选择合作研发进行技术创新。共性技术作为通用技术,可以采取官产学研联合体进行开发,竞争性技术则适合依托产业链上下游企业间的纵向合作联盟和以“集群产业技术创新中心”为平台建立研发联合体进行开发。
其四,跨企业的投融资合作研究,一定程度上拓宽了财务学边界。企业集群域内投融资合作是跨越企业边界的财务活动,这使财务学的研究视角从企业内部转向了企业外部,从微观财务走向中观财务。
In recent years, the advantages of clustering through competitive (or low) costs have been on a decline.Conflicts in the demand and supply of capital have consequently rendered it imperative that an enterprise upgrade its industrial status on the basis of innovation and technology. On the base of conducting one cluster- governance theory, this study addresses local co-operations amongst clusters of enterprises from a financial management perspective.
Co-operations between financing and investment can reconfigure financial resources of the clusters, enhance financial capabilities of the enterprises involved, and help an enterprise achieve the scope or range of investment and financing. However, the classic financial management theory fails to account for such financing and investment co-operations across the enterprises because of its conventional wisdom or assumption that financing and investment activities normally occur within the boundaries of an entity. This paper, addresses the motivation for a cluster of enterprises to develop cooperation by the approaches of mathematical models, theoretical analysis and case analysis,then, constructs a theory framework about cluster governance to guide the investment and financing cooperation. Finally, the corresponding investment and financing mechanisms of cooperation are advised.In result, facing the common crises, the enterprises should cooprate each other,so that they can get new profit chance.
Exploring financing difficulty and failures in technological innovations for clustering enterprises from the view of cluster governance, mining industrial clustering effect from finance point, this paper has a strong novelty, as the four followings:
Firstly, this thesis builds up the basic theory frame of cluster governance and enriches the efficiency theory of cluster. Cluster governance theory is a unity composed inherently by governance concept, and connotation of subject and object, management objectives and governance logic elements. A notion of interaction, cluster governance originates from the idea of nurturing competitive strengths. Civil chambers of commerce, that is, self-regulated organizations with elitist advocacies and government support, should become the entity of governance in the clustering of enterprises. Enterprise relationship is the object of cluster governance, and cluster surplus maximization is cluster governance target. The interwoven operation of price, authority and trust is the logic of enterprise cluster's operation. In the end, the basic frame is built up which is based on governance concept, guided by governance objective, threaded by governance logic. And under the basic frame, governance subject arranges the governance object, and the basic frame has the horizontal linkage and longitudinal linkage.
Secondly, this thesis proposes that credit and financing cooperation is the strategy tool which builds up financing mechanism from the angle of organization form transition of borrowers. Financing cooperation enhances the financing capability by enlarge the enterprise size. On account of chain of clusters, concentrations of clusters and enterprises clustered by means other than chains and concentrations, this thesis proposes that A chain of clusters (e.g., clustering through chambers of commerce) is a suitable mode of collaborative financing through horizontal credit cooperation; concentrations of clusters (e.g., clustering around a core enterprise) are effective for collaborative financing through vertical credit cooperation; whereas enterprises clustered by means other than chains and concentrations could opt for collaborative financing on the basis of voluntary participation and mutual benefits and interactions. Compared to structural reformations of financial institutions, these innovations in the organizational mode of financing are pro-active and of greater practical value for an enterprise to move beyond the dilemma in cluster financing.
Thirdly; this thesis claims that technology innovation cooperation is the strategy choice to enhance the status of cluster industry, taking up the slack of individual enterprise's R&D capability and R&D resources with the help of "resultant force". Technology innovation is essential to upgrading the cluster industry and enterprise transition. R&D is the source of technology innovation, and the limitation of R&D capability and R&D resources make it is essential to make technology innovation cooperatively. Common technology can be researched by government, enterprise and school. Competent technology can be researched by enterprises which has longitude linkage based on "cluster industry technology innovation center".
Finally, this thesis claims that inter-enterprise's investment and financing cooperation widens the boundary of finance. Enterprises' iner-cluster investment and financing cooperation is some kind of border crossing finance activities which bring about the financial perspective from internal to external, from microcosmic towards madhyamika.
引文
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