虚拟软件企业组织构建及有效运行研究
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摘要
随着信息技术的飞速发展及全球信息网络的形成,软件系统的规模越来越大,复杂程度越来越高,用户对软件系统的要求也越来越高,单个软件企业所拥有的资源和知识已经无法满足现代软件系统开发的全部需求。把虚拟企业的思想应用于软件行业,组建虚拟软件企业,通过集中优势资源和专门知识这种“强强联手”的方式,解决单个软件企业的能力不能满足软件系统开发需求的问题,正在逐渐发展成为软件企业发展与经营管理的主流模式。这种创新的组织形式将改变传统软件企业的运营理念、组织模式和管理方法,提高软件企业适应市场、把握机遇的能力,从而使其获得持续的竞争力。组建虚拟软件企业,企业间优势互补,也是增强我国软件企业尤其是中小软件企业技术创新能力便捷而有效的途径。因此,研究虚拟软件企业具有重大的理论意义和现实意义。
论文首先对虚拟软件企业的内涵进行了研究,总结了虚拟软件企业的特征,并将其与软件外包、战略联盟、企业集团等跨企业协作模式进行对比研究,辨析了它们之间的区别与联系,从而进一步阐明虚拟软件企业的本质特性;结合虚拟软件企业的现状,根据管理主体的不同,提炼出目前常见的四种虚拟软件企业的运行模式,并提出中介协作模式,通过分析,本文认为它将成为虚拟软件企业组建模式的发展趋势之一,由此提出虚拟软件企业中介(VSCSA)的概念,并对其支持系统的功能、系统结构、实现流程等等进行了创新性的分析和探讨。
按照软件项目的分解结构和软件开发流程,提出软件模块重要性、专家决策力的概念。在分析虚拟软件企业对合作伙伴的特殊需求的基础上,通过多元统计方法明确虚拟软件企业合作伙伴选择的评价指标体系,通过仔细分析虚拟软件企业伙伴选择的特点,创新性地将软件模块重要程度、专家决策力、软件模块关联关系、备选企业意愿一同纳入虚拟软件企业的伙伴选择,并提出基于粗糙集综合评价的伙伴选择方法。
组织既是有形的,又是无形的,前者称为组织体系,而将无形的、组织内的关系网络或者力量协作系统称作组织结构,本文对这两者都做了深入研究。在对传统软件企业的软件研发模式进行仔细分析的基础上,充分考虑虚拟软件企业组织与生产的特点,提出虚拟软件企业的组织体系,并且在理清虚拟软件企业各组成部分的内在关系的基础上,设计虚拟软件企业组织结构。
组建虚拟软件企业的目的是比单个的传统软件企业更快更好地完成软件研发任务,而虚拟软件企业的有效运作是有效保障之一,运行不畅会造成效率低下甚至导致合作的失败。本文在界定虚拟软件企业有效运行含义的基础上,通过问卷调查,采用因子分析的方法对虚拟软件企业有效运行的影响因素进行分析,得到主要的影响因素,并依据粗糙集信息量的思想编制程序计算各个影响因素的相对重要程度,针对计算结果,进一步地从四个方面给出了对应的解决办法和途径,分别是:重视模块分解和明确接口标准、建立企业之间的沟通信任机制、建立公平的利益分配机制、提高企业间的合作水平。通过仔细考察虚拟软件企业利益分配的动态过程,提出了基于软件项目分解结构的虚拟软件企业利益分配方法,明确指出其利益分配必须包括分配公平和程序公平,即不单要关注结果,也要重视合作过程。根据对合作企业的信任和沟通策略的分析情况,认识到虚拟软件企业对于合作伙伴的管理会依照它们所承担软件模块的特性不同而有所区别,提出基于软件模块特性和关联关系的伙伴关系管理策略。
Along with the rapid development of information technology, the scale and the degree of complication of software system are becoming greater. Users have lots of demand on the software systems. It is comparatively difficult for single software corporation to meet all requirements of software development only with their own resources and knowledge. The organization of VSC(virtual software corporation), which inherits from the management thought of VE(virtual enterprise), makes use of preponderant resources and expertise of those corporations in this kind of dynamic league that could not be possessed by single software company. This new organization mode will surely be the direction of the development of global software industry and will thoroughly change management conception and ways of the traditional software organization. In addition, it will definitely pour new vitality and vigor into them. At present, to organize VSC is a convenient and efficient way for software enterprises especially Midium-Small ones to increase their competition power. Therefore, studies on VSC are of great significance.
For one thing, the connotation of VSC is studied in this paper and the characteristics are summaried. The similarities and difference are clarified after relative comparation is made between VSC, Software outsourcing, Strategic alliance and so on. As a result, the essence of VSC is getting clearer. According to actuality of VSC, the existing operational modes of VSC are divided into 4 modes and a new mode called Collaborative Agent Mode is for the first time put forward in this research which is considered the main trend of VSC in the future. At the same time, VSCSA is also brought forward. To bring the new mode into actual play, research on VSCSA's support system is necessary so much creative job has been done on the systematic functions, structure and process in this dissertation.
For another thing, according to software project decomposition structure and development process, module value coefficient and expert's decision power are presented and RST is adopted for their calculation for the first time. Based on analysis of the VSC's special need for partner, partner's selection evaluation indices system is established through mutiple statistics. Module value coefficient, expert's decision power, modules' associated relation and the cooperative desire of potential partners are all been taken into account during the partners'selecting process, then, a new method for selecting partners is been presented which is easily operated.
This paper has done much on organization system and organization structure, the former is tangible while the latter is intangible. Combined with the characteristics of software modules, VSC's organization system is investigated on software development mode. Furthermore, after careful analysis of internal relationship among each part of the league, VSC's organization structure is put forward based on software developing process.
The aim of organizing VSC is to do much better job than single traditional software enterprise, and efficient cooperation of VSC is effective guarantee, inefficiency even failure can occure if cooperation is unfavorable. After theorical analysis, a questionnaire survey has been conducted and then the influence factors of VSC's efficient cooperation are found out and their relative importance degree are gained after a correspongding programme developed in terms of RST was run, furthermore, some useful solutions and suggestion are presented in terms of the calculation result. After the dynamic VSC profit allocation process been studied, this dissertation points out that both cooperation results and process should be considerd in VSC profit allocation and a profit allocation method based on software project decomposition structure is given. At last, cooperating partners' relationship management strtegies are advanced in terms of their corresponding software modules' characteristics.
论文首先对虚拟软件企业的内涵进行了研究,总结了虚拟软件企业的特征,并将其与软件外包、战略联盟、企业集团等跨企业协作模式进行对比研究,辨析了它们之间的区别与联系,从而进一步阐明虚拟软件企业的本质特性;结合虚拟软件企业的现状,根据管理主体的不同,提炼出目前常见的四种虚拟软件企业的运行模式,并提出中介协作模式,通过分析,本文认为它将成为虚拟软件企业组建模式的发展趋势之一,由此提出虚拟软件企业中介(VSCSA)的概念,并对其支持系统的功能、系统结构、实现流程等等进行了创新性的分析和探讨。
按照软件项目的分解结构和软件开发流程,提出软件模块重要性、专家决策力的概念。在分析虚拟软件企业对合作伙伴的特殊需求的基础上,通过多元统计方法明确虚拟软件企业合作伙伴选择的评价指标体系,通过仔细分析虚拟软件企业伙伴选择的特点,创新性地将软件模块重要程度、专家决策力、软件模块关联关系、备选企业意愿一同纳入虚拟软件企业的伙伴选择,并提出基于粗糙集综合评价的伙伴选择方法。
组织既是有形的,又是无形的,前者称为组织体系,而将无形的、组织内的关系网络或者力量协作系统称作组织结构,本文对这两者都做了深入研究。在对传统软件企业的软件研发模式进行仔细分析的基础上,充分考虑虚拟软件企业组织与生产的特点,提出虚拟软件企业的组织体系,并且在理清虚拟软件企业各组成部分的内在关系的基础上,设计虚拟软件企业组织结构。
组建虚拟软件企业的目的是比单个的传统软件企业更快更好地完成软件研发任务,而虚拟软件企业的有效运作是有效保障之一,运行不畅会造成效率低下甚至导致合作的失败。本文在界定虚拟软件企业有效运行含义的基础上,通过问卷调查,采用因子分析的方法对虚拟软件企业有效运行的影响因素进行分析,得到主要的影响因素,并依据粗糙集信息量的思想编制程序计算各个影响因素的相对重要程度,针对计算结果,进一步地从四个方面给出了对应的解决办法和途径,分别是:重视模块分解和明确接口标准、建立企业之间的沟通信任机制、建立公平的利益分配机制、提高企业间的合作水平。通过仔细考察虚拟软件企业利益分配的动态过程,提出了基于软件项目分解结构的虚拟软件企业利益分配方法,明确指出其利益分配必须包括分配公平和程序公平,即不单要关注结果,也要重视合作过程。根据对合作企业的信任和沟通策略的分析情况,认识到虚拟软件企业对于合作伙伴的管理会依照它们所承担软件模块的特性不同而有所区别,提出基于软件模块特性和关联关系的伙伴关系管理策略。
Along with the rapid development of information technology, the scale and the degree of complication of software system are becoming greater. Users have lots of demand on the software systems. It is comparatively difficult for single software corporation to meet all requirements of software development only with their own resources and knowledge. The organization of VSC(virtual software corporation), which inherits from the management thought of VE(virtual enterprise), makes use of preponderant resources and expertise of those corporations in this kind of dynamic league that could not be possessed by single software company. This new organization mode will surely be the direction of the development of global software industry and will thoroughly change management conception and ways of the traditional software organization. In addition, it will definitely pour new vitality and vigor into them. At present, to organize VSC is a convenient and efficient way for software enterprises especially Midium-Small ones to increase their competition power. Therefore, studies on VSC are of great significance.
For one thing, the connotation of VSC is studied in this paper and the characteristics are summaried. The similarities and difference are clarified after relative comparation is made between VSC, Software outsourcing, Strategic alliance and so on. As a result, the essence of VSC is getting clearer. According to actuality of VSC, the existing operational modes of VSC are divided into 4 modes and a new mode called Collaborative Agent Mode is for the first time put forward in this research which is considered the main trend of VSC in the future. At the same time, VSCSA is also brought forward. To bring the new mode into actual play, research on VSCSA's support system is necessary so much creative job has been done on the systematic functions, structure and process in this dissertation.
For another thing, according to software project decomposition structure and development process, module value coefficient and expert's decision power are presented and RST is adopted for their calculation for the first time. Based on analysis of the VSC's special need for partner, partner's selection evaluation indices system is established through mutiple statistics. Module value coefficient, expert's decision power, modules' associated relation and the cooperative desire of potential partners are all been taken into account during the partners'selecting process, then, a new method for selecting partners is been presented which is easily operated.
This paper has done much on organization system and organization structure, the former is tangible while the latter is intangible. Combined with the characteristics of software modules, VSC's organization system is investigated on software development mode. Furthermore, after careful analysis of internal relationship among each part of the league, VSC's organization structure is put forward based on software developing process.
The aim of organizing VSC is to do much better job than single traditional software enterprise, and efficient cooperation of VSC is effective guarantee, inefficiency even failure can occure if cooperation is unfavorable. After theorical analysis, a questionnaire survey has been conducted and then the influence factors of VSC's efficient cooperation are found out and their relative importance degree are gained after a correspongding programme developed in terms of RST was run, furthermore, some useful solutions and suggestion are presented in terms of the calculation result. After the dynamic VSC profit allocation process been studied, this dissertation points out that both cooperation results and process should be considerd in VSC profit allocation and a profit allocation method based on software project decomposition structure is given. At last, cooperating partners' relationship management strtegies are advanced in terms of their corresponding software modules' characteristics.
引文
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