沥青紫外光老化特性研究
|
摘要
沥青在使用过程中的老化,导致沥青路面性能劣化,影响了路面的使用寿命。太阳光中的紫外光辐射是引起沥青在路面服务期间发生老化的主要自然因素之一,尤其在海拔较高的强紫外光辐射地区。对沥青在紫外光老化过程中的老化机理、流变特性、路用性能及残余疲劳寿命进行深入系统的研究,可以为评价和预测沥青的抗紫外光老化性能提供理论基础和技术指导。
(1)应用红外光谱分析和流变学方法相结合,研究了紫外光辐射强度、温度、沥青试样膜厚、老化时间等因素对室内沥青加速紫外光老化模拟试验结果的影响规律,优化了室内加速紫外光老化模拟试验条件。研究发现,紫外光辐射强度越高,沥青的羰基指数增加速度越快,即沥青的氧化速度越快;紫外光老化主要发生在沥青的表层,当沥青膜厚小于200μm时,紫外光老化对沥青流变性能和老化特征官能团的影响较大。
(2)采用四组分、红外光谱等现代分析技术,研究沥青在紫外光老化过程中发生的化学组成变化。研究结果表明:紫外光老化后沥青的羰基和亚砜基指数显著增加,产生了更多的极性官能团,导致形成了更多的分子量相对较大的沥青质,其胶体结构更趋凝胶型;SBS改性沥青中,紫外光老化除了导致其基质沥青中含氧极性官能团的增加外,还使得丁二烯官能团含量减少,SBS改性剂裂解,这两种反应过程决定了SBS改性沥青紫外光老化后的化学组成结构。
(3)核磁共振氢谱研究发现,沥青在紫外光老化过程中发生了异构化、脱烷、裂解等化学反应。
(4)沥青的原子力显微镜图显示,沥青在老化过程中的化学组成结构的变化引起了沥青表面微观结构形态的改变;老化使基质沥青中沥青质缔合结构增大,SBS改性沥青的网络结构消失,SBS改性沥青的表观形态向基质沥青靠近;SBS改性剂的引入,可以部分的改善老化沥青中沥青质的分布状况;沥青的原子力显微镜测试结果与沥青的四组分分析、傅立叶红外光谱分析及核磁共振氢谱分析结果具有很好的相关性。
(5)利用美国SHRP研究成果推荐的布氏粘度、动态剪切流变仪等技术手段,研究紫外光老化对沥青流变性能、路用性能的影响。研究结果表明:紫外光老化使沥青粘度增加、温度敏感性降低,在低温情况下,老化的增粘效应较高温条件下明显;紫外光老化作用显著增大了沥青复合剪切模量G~*并降低了相位角δ,使沥青变硬;紫外光老化使SBS改性沥青的相位角平台区逐渐向高温方向移动,最后消失。
(6)通过对沥青试样反复施加恒定应变,进行DSR时间扫描疲劳试验,测试其残余疲劳寿命。试验结果表明,紫外光老化使沥青的残余疲劳寿命急剧降低,且紫外光老化对沥青疲劳性能的影响比其他技术性能的影响大。
(7)SBS改性沥青对基质沥青路用性能的改良作用随着紫外光老化时间的延长逐渐降低,但在各老化条件下其路用性能仍好于基质沥青。
(8)沥青老化前后技术指标变化幅度研究结果表明:短期的紫外光老化就比PAV老化严酷;与PAV老化试验相比,室内加速紫外光老化与自然暴露紫外光老化试验之间具有更好的对应关系。
Oxidation degradation causes hardening of asphalt and, consequently, may make a contribution to the deterioration of asphalt pavements. The principal reason of asphalt oxidation and embrittlement during service period is ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, especially in the high elevation areas where there is intensive ultraviolet radiation. The profound researches on the mechanism of photooxidation, rheological properties, service performance and retained fatigue life of asphalt binder, under the condition of ultraviolet radiation, are important for evaluating and forecasting the photooxidation resistance of asphalt.
(1) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) were used to investigate the dominant effect factors in the indoor accelerated ultraviolet radiation (UV) ageing test, including ultraviolet radiation intensity, temperature, sample thickness and ageing time. Based on the estimation of the environmental conditions, a suitable ultraviolet radiation ageing condition was chosen for UV test. The higher the ultraviolet radiation intensity was, the faster the speed of carbonyl index increased. The effect of UV radiation was dominant, in particularly when the film thickness was smaller than 100μm.
(2) By methods of four components analysis and FTIR, the influences of ultraviolet radiation ageing on chemical structural evolutions of asphalt binders were investigated. Results indicated that the carbonyl and sulphoxide indices of asphalt increased remarkably, resulting in more polar groups and the fraction of asphaltenes after ultraviolet radiation ageing as well as the formation of gels. With respect to the aging of SBS modified asphalt, there were more carbonyl and sulphoxide groups but less chain segments of butadiene. The analysis of FTIR spectra demonstrates that oxidation of base asphalt and degradation of SBS modifier occurs in parallel during ageing, which contribute to the changes on the chemical structure of SBS modified asphalt after ageing.
(3) By ~1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (~1H NMR), test results show that during the ultraviolet radiation ageing process, several chemical reactions were occurred including isomerization, dealkylation and dissociation.
(4) Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), test results indicate that the distinct changes of asphalt in surface morphology occurred as a result of chemical structure changes during ageing. Due to ageing, asphaltene aggregates in base asphalt become larger, and network structure in SBS modified asphalt was disappeared and the surface morphology of SBS modified asphalt became close to base asphalt. The existence of SBS can only partly improve the dispersion of asphaltenes in bitumen after ageing, in consistence with the results of four components analysis, FTIR and ~1H NMR analysis.
(5) Based on Brookfield viscosity and DSR tests, the effects of ultraviolet radiation ageing on the rheology and pavement performances of asphalt were investigated. Results indicate that viscosity of asphalt was enhanced, particularly in low temperature when compared to high temperature. The temperature sensibility was weakened after ultraviolet radiation ageing. The complex modulus was increased, while the phase angle was decreased, and the aged asphalt became hard. The flat area of phase angle of SBS modified asphalt was moved to high temperature area and then disappeared with the extension of the ageing time.
(6) DSR time sweep fatigue test in constant strain was conducted to study the fatigue life of asphalt. Results indicate that ultraviolet radiation ageing caused the decrease of fatigue performance distinctly, and the influence of ultraviolet radiation on fatigue life of asphalt was the greatest among other factors.
(7) SBS modifier improved the performance of base asphalt, while the improvement effect reduced gradually with the ageing time, whereas the property of SBS modified asphalt was still better than that of base asphalt.
(8) The short-term ultraviolet radiation ageing may be stronger than PAV ageing that is recommended to assess the long-term ageing effect. It is especially true in the high latitude regions where the solar radiation is expected to be very strong. At the same time, compared with the PAV experiment, the UV test has a better corresponding relationship with the outdoor Natural Exposure Ageing (NEA) test.
(1)应用红外光谱分析和流变学方法相结合,研究了紫外光辐射强度、温度、沥青试样膜厚、老化时间等因素对室内沥青加速紫外光老化模拟试验结果的影响规律,优化了室内加速紫外光老化模拟试验条件。研究发现,紫外光辐射强度越高,沥青的羰基指数增加速度越快,即沥青的氧化速度越快;紫外光老化主要发生在沥青的表层,当沥青膜厚小于200μm时,紫外光老化对沥青流变性能和老化特征官能团的影响较大。
(2)采用四组分、红外光谱等现代分析技术,研究沥青在紫外光老化过程中发生的化学组成变化。研究结果表明:紫外光老化后沥青的羰基和亚砜基指数显著增加,产生了更多的极性官能团,导致形成了更多的分子量相对较大的沥青质,其胶体结构更趋凝胶型;SBS改性沥青中,紫外光老化除了导致其基质沥青中含氧极性官能团的增加外,还使得丁二烯官能团含量减少,SBS改性剂裂解,这两种反应过程决定了SBS改性沥青紫外光老化后的化学组成结构。
(3)核磁共振氢谱研究发现,沥青在紫外光老化过程中发生了异构化、脱烷、裂解等化学反应。
(4)沥青的原子力显微镜图显示,沥青在老化过程中的化学组成结构的变化引起了沥青表面微观结构形态的改变;老化使基质沥青中沥青质缔合结构增大,SBS改性沥青的网络结构消失,SBS改性沥青的表观形态向基质沥青靠近;SBS改性剂的引入,可以部分的改善老化沥青中沥青质的分布状况;沥青的原子力显微镜测试结果与沥青的四组分分析、傅立叶红外光谱分析及核磁共振氢谱分析结果具有很好的相关性。
(5)利用美国SHRP研究成果推荐的布氏粘度、动态剪切流变仪等技术手段,研究紫外光老化对沥青流变性能、路用性能的影响。研究结果表明:紫外光老化使沥青粘度增加、温度敏感性降低,在低温情况下,老化的增粘效应较高温条件下明显;紫外光老化作用显著增大了沥青复合剪切模量G~*并降低了相位角δ,使沥青变硬;紫外光老化使SBS改性沥青的相位角平台区逐渐向高温方向移动,最后消失。
(6)通过对沥青试样反复施加恒定应变,进行DSR时间扫描疲劳试验,测试其残余疲劳寿命。试验结果表明,紫外光老化使沥青的残余疲劳寿命急剧降低,且紫外光老化对沥青疲劳性能的影响比其他技术性能的影响大。
(7)SBS改性沥青对基质沥青路用性能的改良作用随着紫外光老化时间的延长逐渐降低,但在各老化条件下其路用性能仍好于基质沥青。
(8)沥青老化前后技术指标变化幅度研究结果表明:短期的紫外光老化就比PAV老化严酷;与PAV老化试验相比,室内加速紫外光老化与自然暴露紫外光老化试验之间具有更好的对应关系。
Oxidation degradation causes hardening of asphalt and, consequently, may make a contribution to the deterioration of asphalt pavements. The principal reason of asphalt oxidation and embrittlement during service period is ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, especially in the high elevation areas where there is intensive ultraviolet radiation. The profound researches on the mechanism of photooxidation, rheological properties, service performance and retained fatigue life of asphalt binder, under the condition of ultraviolet radiation, are important for evaluating and forecasting the photooxidation resistance of asphalt.
(1) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) were used to investigate the dominant effect factors in the indoor accelerated ultraviolet radiation (UV) ageing test, including ultraviolet radiation intensity, temperature, sample thickness and ageing time. Based on the estimation of the environmental conditions, a suitable ultraviolet radiation ageing condition was chosen for UV test. The higher the ultraviolet radiation intensity was, the faster the speed of carbonyl index increased. The effect of UV radiation was dominant, in particularly when the film thickness was smaller than 100μm.
(2) By methods of four components analysis and FTIR, the influences of ultraviolet radiation ageing on chemical structural evolutions of asphalt binders were investigated. Results indicated that the carbonyl and sulphoxide indices of asphalt increased remarkably, resulting in more polar groups and the fraction of asphaltenes after ultraviolet radiation ageing as well as the formation of gels. With respect to the aging of SBS modified asphalt, there were more carbonyl and sulphoxide groups but less chain segments of butadiene. The analysis of FTIR spectra demonstrates that oxidation of base asphalt and degradation of SBS modifier occurs in parallel during ageing, which contribute to the changes on the chemical structure of SBS modified asphalt after ageing.
(3) By ~1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (~1H NMR), test results show that during the ultraviolet radiation ageing process, several chemical reactions were occurred including isomerization, dealkylation and dissociation.
(4) Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), test results indicate that the distinct changes of asphalt in surface morphology occurred as a result of chemical structure changes during ageing. Due to ageing, asphaltene aggregates in base asphalt become larger, and network structure in SBS modified asphalt was disappeared and the surface morphology of SBS modified asphalt became close to base asphalt. The existence of SBS can only partly improve the dispersion of asphaltenes in bitumen after ageing, in consistence with the results of four components analysis, FTIR and ~1H NMR analysis.
(5) Based on Brookfield viscosity and DSR tests, the effects of ultraviolet radiation ageing on the rheology and pavement performances of asphalt were investigated. Results indicate that viscosity of asphalt was enhanced, particularly in low temperature when compared to high temperature. The temperature sensibility was weakened after ultraviolet radiation ageing. The complex modulus was increased, while the phase angle was decreased, and the aged asphalt became hard. The flat area of phase angle of SBS modified asphalt was moved to high temperature area and then disappeared with the extension of the ageing time.
(6) DSR time sweep fatigue test in constant strain was conducted to study the fatigue life of asphalt. Results indicate that ultraviolet radiation ageing caused the decrease of fatigue performance distinctly, and the influence of ultraviolet radiation on fatigue life of asphalt was the greatest among other factors.
(7) SBS modifier improved the performance of base asphalt, while the improvement effect reduced gradually with the ageing time, whereas the property of SBS modified asphalt was still better than that of base asphalt.
(8) The short-term ultraviolet radiation ageing may be stronger than PAV ageing that is recommended to assess the long-term ageing effect. It is especially true in the high latitude regions where the solar radiation is expected to be very strong. At the same time, compared with the PAV experiment, the UV test has a better corresponding relationship with the outdoor Natural Exposure Ageing (NEA) test.
引文
[1]沈金安.沥青与沥青混合料路用性能.北京:人民交通出版社,2001.
[2]柳永行,范耀华,张吕详.石油沥青.北京:石油工业出版社,1984.
[3]中华人民共和国交通部.JTJ 052-2000.公路工程沥青及沥青混合料试验规程.北京:人民交通出版社,2000.
[4]Lewis R.H.and Welborn J.Y.Report on the properties of the residues of 50-60 and 85-100penetration asphalts from oven tests and exposure.Proc.Assn.Asphalt Paving Technol,1940,11:86-157.
[5]Hveem F.N.,Zube E.and Skog J.Proposed new tests and specifications for paving grade asphalts.Proc.Assn.Asphalt Paving Technol,1963,32:247-327.
[6]Lu Xiaohu,Ulf Isacsson.Effect of ageing on bitumen chemistry and rheology.Construction and Building Materials,2002,16:15-22.
[7]中华人民共和国交通部.JTG F40—2004.公路沥青路面施工技术规范.北京:人民交通出版社,2004.
[8]贾娟,张肖宁,袁燕.对改性沥青旋转薄膜烘箱试验RTFOT的探讨.公路,2003,10(10):79-82.
[9]Annual book of ASTM standards D 6373.Standard specification for performance graded asphalt binder,1999.
[10]SHRP superior performing asphalt pavements(superpave):the product of SHRP asphalt research program.Strategic Highway Research Program A-410,National Research Council,Washington,DC,1994.
[11]Migliori F.and Corte J-F.Comparative study of RTFOT and PAV ageing simulation laboratory tests.Proc.Eurobitume Workshop 99(Luxembourg),Paper 1999.No.045.
[12]张书红,王子军,李锐.国产重交通道路沥青抗老化性能研究.石油沥青,2003,17(2):13-17.
[13]汪东杰,葛折胜,黄晓明,等.沥青抗老化指标探讨.公路交通科技,2003,20(3):15-18.
[14]张争奇,梁晓莉,李平.沥青老化性能评价方法.交通运输工程学报,2005,5(1):1-5.
[15]Bocci M,Cerni G.The ultraviolet radiation in short-term and long-term aging of bitumen.Proc.2nd Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress,Session 1:Performance Testing and Specifications for Binder and Mixtures,(Barcelona),2000.49-58.
[16]Montepara A,Giuliani F.Performance testing and specification tests of road bitumen.Proc.2nd Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress,Session 1:Performance Testing and Specifications for Binder and Mixtures,(Barcelona),2000.518-523.
[17]叶奋,黄彭.沥青紫外线老化仿真系统的建立.建筑材料科学,2005,8(5):567-571.
[18]叶奋,黄彭.强紫外线辐射对沥青路用性能的影响.同济大学学报,2005,33(7):909-913.
[19]Airey G.D.State of the art report on aging test methods for bituminous pavement materials.The International Journal of Pavement Engineering,2003,4(3):165-176.
[20]Vallerga B.A,Monismith C.L,Granthem K.A study of some factors influencing the weathering of paving asphalts.Proc.Assn.Asphalt Paving Technol,1957,26:126-150.
[21]Traxler R.N.Durability of asphalt cements.Proc.Assn.Asphalt Paving Technol,1963,32:44-58.
[22]Montepara A.,Santagata E.,Tosi G..Photochemical degradation of pure bitumen by UV radiation.Proc.Ist Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress(Strasbourg),E&E,1996,5:133.
[23]Kuppens E.A.M.,Sanches F.,Nandelli L.,Jongmans E C.Bitumen-ageing tests for predicting durability of porous asphalt.In:Di Benedetto H,Francken L,eds,Pro.Fifth International RILEM Symposium MTBM Lyon,Mechanical Tests for Bituminous Materials (Balkema,Rotterdam),1997.71-77.
[24]Glotvoa N.A.,Kats B.I.and Gorshkov V.S.Photooxidation of asphalts in thin films.Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel,1974,11:45-48.
[25]李国庆,夏辉华.高分子材料日光老化、人工氛灯老化中光学因素的分析.化学建材,2007,23(4):10-11.
[26]Francoise Durrieu,Fabienne Farcas,Virginie Mouillet.The influence of UV aging of a SBS modified bitumen:Comparison between laboratory and on site aging.Fuel,2007,86:1446-1451.
[27]Katsuyuki yamaguchi,Lwao Sasaki,and Seishi Meiarashi.Photodegradation test of asphalt binder using pressed thin film samples.Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering,2005,32(6):1166-1169.
[28]Katsuyuki yamaguchi,Lwao Sasaki,et al.Effect of film thickness,wavelength,and carbon black on photodegradation of asphalt.Journal of Japan Petroleum institute,2005,48(3):150-155.
[29]Von Quintas H.,Scherocman J.,Kennedy T.W.and Hughes C.S.(1988).Asphalt aggregate mixture analysis system.Final Report to NCHRP.
[30]Harrigan E.T.,Leahy R.B.and Youtcheff J.S.(1994)The Superpave mix design system:manual of specifications,test methods and practices,SHRP-A-379,Strategic Highway Research Program(National Research Council,Washington,D.C,).
[31]虞将苗,邹桂莲,胡学斌,等.沥青混合料老化模拟试验方法与验证研究.公路交通科技,2005,22(10):14-17.
[32]Korsgaard H.Ch.,Blumensen J.,Sundahl J.et al.(1996)Accelerated ageing of asphalt in pressure ageing vessel.Proc.1st Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress,E&E,4.048(Strasbourg).
[33]Hveem F.N.,Zube E.and Skog J.Proposed new tests and specifications for paving grade asphalts.Proc.Assn.Asphalt Paving Technol,1963,32:247-327.
[34]Kemp G.R.and Prodoehl N.H.A comparison of field and laboratory environments on asphalt durability.Proc.Assn.Asphalt Paving Technol,1981,50:492-537.
[35]Tia M,Ruth B.E.,Charai C.T.,et al.(1988)Investigation of original and in-service asphalt properties for the development of improved specifications -final phase of testing and analysis.Final Report.Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station(University of Florida,Gainesville,FL).
[36]Siddiqui M.N.,Ali M.F.Investigation of chemical transformations by NMR and GPC during the laboratory aging of Arabian asphalt.Fuel,1999,78:1407 -1416.
[37]Robert Karlsson and Ulf Isacsson.Application of FTIR-ATR to characterization of bitumen rejuvenator diffusion.Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2003,15(2):157-165.
[38]Lamontagnea J.,Dumas P.,Mouillet V.,et al.Comparison by fourier transform infrared (FTIR)spectroscopy of different ageing techniques:application to road bitumens.Fuel,2001,80:483-488.
[39]Mohammad Nahid Siddiqui,Mohammad Farhat Ali,John Shirokoff.Use of x-ray diffraction in assessing the aging pattern of asphalt fractions.Fuel,2002,81:51-58.
[40]Siddiqui M.N.,Ali M.F.Studies on the aging behavior of the Arabian asphalts.Fuel,1999,78:1005-1015.
[41]刘忠安,金鸣林.道路沥青老化过程中组成与分子量分布的变化.公路,2001,5(5):74-76.
[42]周安娜,朱静.道路沥青老化过程中沥青组成与分子量分布的变化.安徽工业大学学报,2001,18(4):347-351.
[43]戴跃玲,刘道胜,杨鹏,等.道路沥青老化后组成与使用性能关系的研究.公路,2002,22(2):9-13.
[44]魏荣梅,余剑英,吴少鹏,等.紫外光老化对沥青化学族组成和物理性能的影响.石油沥青,2006,20(1):6-10.
[45]朱静,魏林,金鸣林,等.胜利100B道路沥青老化研究.公路交通科技,2000,17(2):1-4
[46]Loeber L.,Sutton O.,Morel J.,et al.New direct observations of asphalts and asphalt binder by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.Journal of Microscopy,1996,182:32-39.
[47]Steven J.,Rozeveld E.,Eugene Shin,et al.Network morphology of straight and polymer modified asphalt cements.Microscopy Research and Technioue,1997,38:529-543.
[48]Poirier M.A.and Sawatzky H.Changes in chemical component type composition and effect on rheological properties of asphalts.Preprints of Symposium:Chemistry and Characterization of Asphalts,Division of Petroleum Chemistry,American Chemistry Society,1990,35(3):301-307.
[49]莫一魁,田小革,王文强.沥青使用性能随老化时间变化关系的研究.公路与汽运,2004,4(4):59-61.
[50]王芳,袁万杰,陈忠达.沥青老化性能评价指标研究.公路交通科技,2005,4(2):57-59.
[51]Shell.Addendum to the Shell Pavement Design Manual.Shell International Petroleum Company,Limited,London,1985.
[52]Chantal de La Roche.Study of asphalt thin films fracture and healing under repeated tension.Chantal Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[53]Bor-Wen Tsai.High temperature fatigue and fatigue damage process of aggregate-asphalt mixes.Ph.D.Dissertation,University of California,Berkeley.
[54]David A.,Anderson,etc.Prediction of fatigue damage in binders.Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[55]Bahia H.Design and specifications based on damage characteristics.Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[56]Chantal de La Roche.Study of asphalt thinfilms fracture and healing under repeated tension.Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[57]Jean-Pascal Planche,Gilles Gauthier,Yann Le Hir,et al.A contribution to the prediction of fatigue damage in binders.Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[58]Per Redelius,Hilde Soenen.Binder fatigue prediction.Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[59]Mike Zupanick.Binder fatigueldeas and issues.Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[60]成志辉.老化对沥青路面的影响.湖南交通科技,2005,31(3):44-46.
[61]田小革,莫一魁,郑健龙.抽提回收过程对沥青老化程度评价的影响.交通运输工程学报,2005,5(2):23-26.
[62]陈惠敏.国外聚合物改性道路沥青技术和应用动向.石油沥青,1992,(4):59-64.
[63]Gordon D,Airey.Rheological properties of styrene butadiene styrene polymer modified road bitumens.Fuel,2003,82(14):1709-1719.
[64]Blanco R.,Rodriguez R.,Garcia-Garduno M.,et al.Rheological properties of styrene-butadiene copolymer reinforced asphalt.J.Appl.Polym.Sci,1996,61:1493-1501.
[65]Yu Jian-ying,Wang Xi-lin,Duan Zhong-xia,Wang Lin.Effect of reactive assistant on rheological properties of SBS modified bitumens.Journal of Wuhan University of Technology,2006,28:8-10.
[66]Yen T F,Chilingarian G V.Asphaltenes and asphalts.Elsevier Science,1994.381-387.
[67]Whiteoak D.壳牌沥青手册.北京:英国壳牌石油公司沥青部,1995.
[68]Whiteoak D.(1990)The Shell bitumen handbook.Shell Bitumen UK,Riversdell House,Surrey,UK.
[69]Shull J.(1995)An investigation of the fundamental chemical,physical,and thermodynamic properties of polymer modified asphalt cements.M.S.thesis,Department of Chemical Engineering,Michigan State University,E.Lansing,MI.
[70]Cortizo M.S.,Larsen D.O.,Bianchetto H.,et al.Effect of the thermal degradation of SBS copolymers during the ageing of modified asphalts.Polymer Degradation and Stability,2004,86:275-282.
[71]Johansson U.and Linde S.Polymer modified asphalt binder Part 1,Swedish National Testing and Researeh Insititute,SP Report1991.02.
[72]Xiaohu Lu and Ulf Isacsson.Chemical and rheological evaluation of ageing properties of SBS polymer modified bitumens.Fuel,1998,77(9-10):961-972.
[73]Gordon D.Airey and Stephen F.Brown.Rheological performance of aged polymer modified bitumens,AAPT,1998.
[74]Gordon D.Airey.Rheological properties of styrene butadiene styrene polymer modified road bitumens.Fuel,2003,82:1709-1719.
[75]Yonghong Ruan,Richard R.Davison,Charles J.Glover.The effect of long-term oxidation on the rheological properties of polymer modified asphalts.Fuel,2003,82:1763-1773.
[76]Ruan Y.H.,Davison R.R.,Glover C.J.Oxidation and viscosity hardening of polymer-modified asphalts.Energy & Fuels,2003,17(4):991-998.
[77]张争奇,李平,王秉纲.SBS改性沥青性能及老化的影响.公路,2005,9(9):150-154.
[78]王仕峰,张玉军,王迪珍,等.SBS改性沥青的老化行为.合成橡胶工业,2003,26(5):301-304.
[79]郭淑华,吉永海,王子军,等.SBS的结构对改性沥青性能的影响.石油沥青,2001,15(3):29-32.
[80]胡行俊.合成材料的大气老化.合成材料老化与应用,2005,34(3):41-44.
[81]Huo Kai-Fu,Zhai Yu-Chun,Liao Ke-Jian,et al.A study on change of family composition and properties of LiaoShu paving asphalt on aging.Petroleum Science and Technology,2001,19(5-6):651-660.
[82]黄晓明,吴少鹏,赵永利.沥青与沥青混合料.南京:东南大学出版社,2002.
[83]肖鹏,康爱红,李雪峰.基于红外光谱法的SBS改性沥青共混机理.江苏大学学报(自然科学版),2005,26(6).529-532.
[84]Wu S.P.,Mo L.T.,Lin Z.H.Study on modified asphalt film-thickness and properties of modified asphalt for modified asphalt mixture.J.Wuhan University of Technology.Materials Science,2004,24:51-54.
[85]Radovskiy B.Analytical formulas for film thickness in compacted asphalt mixture.Transportation Research Record.2003.1829:26-32.
[86]穆光照.自由基反应.北京:高等教育出版社,1985.
[87]Petersen J.C.Comparison of oxidation of SHRP asphalts by two different methods.Fuel Sci.Technol,Int'1,1993,11(1):89-121.
[88]Henington P.R.,Atrick J.E.,George F.A.B.Oxidation of roading asphalts.Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,1994,33(11):2801-2809.
[89]Petersen J.C.Factors affecting the kinetics and mechanisms of asphalt oxidation and the relative effects of oxidation products on age hardening.Prepr.Pap.-Am.Chem.Soc.,Div.Fuel Chem,1996,44(4):1322-1344.
[90]张先亮,陈新兰.精细化学品化学.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1999.
[91]王积涛,胡青眉,张宝申,等.有机化学.天津:南开大学出版社,1993.
[92]化学工业部合成材料老化研究所.高分子材料老化与防老化.北京:化学工业出版社,1979.
[93]张倩,赵洁,史梦琪,等.自然因素作用下沥青老化化学机理分析.西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,36(4):457-459.
[94]马全红.原子力显微镜中探针与样品间作用力及AFM的应用.大学化学,2000,15(5):33-36.
[95]白春礼.扫描隧道显微术及其应用.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1991.
[96]郭宁,秦紫瑞.原子力显微镜的发展和表面成像技术.理化检验-物理分册,1998,34(10):13.
[97]Bai X.Q.Assessment of relationship between dynamic and seismic modulus of asphalt concrete mixtures.Master Dissertation,University of Texas at El Paso,2004.
[98]Goodrich J.L.Asphalt and polymer modified asphalt properties related to the performance of asphalt concrete mixes.Asphalt Paving Technologists,1988,57:116-175.
[99]Bahia H.U.,Anderson D.A.The SHRP binder rheological parameters:Why are they required and how do they compare to conventional properties? Transportation Research Record,1995,1488:32-39.
[100]卢永贵,赵可.沥青玛蹄脂性能试验研究.中国公路学报,2001,14(4):9-13.
[101]Huachun Zhai.Superpave protocols for modified asphalt binders.PhD themes,University of Wisconsin-Madison,2001.51-68.
[102]Bahia H.U.,Hanson D.I.,Zeng M.,et al.Characterization of modified asphalt binders in Superpave mix design,National Academy Press,2001.60-65.
[103]Bahia,H.U.,Hanson D.I.,Zeng M.,et al.Characterization of modified asphalt binders in Superpave mix design,National Academy Press,2001.21-24.
[104]Anderson D.A.,Le Hir,Marasteanu M.Y.Evaluation of fatigue criteria for asphalt binder,in Transportation Research Record,2001,1766:48-56.
[105]Soenen H.and Eckmann B.Fatigue testing of bituminous binders with a Dynamic Shear Rhcometer.Proceeding of the 2nd Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress,Barcelona 2000.
[2]柳永行,范耀华,张吕详.石油沥青.北京:石油工业出版社,1984.
[3]中华人民共和国交通部.JTJ 052-2000.公路工程沥青及沥青混合料试验规程.北京:人民交通出版社,2000.
[4]Lewis R.H.and Welborn J.Y.Report on the properties of the residues of 50-60 and 85-100penetration asphalts from oven tests and exposure.Proc.Assn.Asphalt Paving Technol,1940,11:86-157.
[5]Hveem F.N.,Zube E.and Skog J.Proposed new tests and specifications for paving grade asphalts.Proc.Assn.Asphalt Paving Technol,1963,32:247-327.
[6]Lu Xiaohu,Ulf Isacsson.Effect of ageing on bitumen chemistry and rheology.Construction and Building Materials,2002,16:15-22.
[7]中华人民共和国交通部.JTG F40—2004.公路沥青路面施工技术规范.北京:人民交通出版社,2004.
[8]贾娟,张肖宁,袁燕.对改性沥青旋转薄膜烘箱试验RTFOT的探讨.公路,2003,10(10):79-82.
[9]Annual book of ASTM standards D 6373.Standard specification for performance graded asphalt binder,1999.
[10]SHRP superior performing asphalt pavements(superpave):the product of SHRP asphalt research program.Strategic Highway Research Program A-410,National Research Council,Washington,DC,1994.
[11]Migliori F.and Corte J-F.Comparative study of RTFOT and PAV ageing simulation laboratory tests.Proc.Eurobitume Workshop 99(Luxembourg),Paper 1999.No.045.
[12]张书红,王子军,李锐.国产重交通道路沥青抗老化性能研究.石油沥青,2003,17(2):13-17.
[13]汪东杰,葛折胜,黄晓明,等.沥青抗老化指标探讨.公路交通科技,2003,20(3):15-18.
[14]张争奇,梁晓莉,李平.沥青老化性能评价方法.交通运输工程学报,2005,5(1):1-5.
[15]Bocci M,Cerni G.The ultraviolet radiation in short-term and long-term aging of bitumen.Proc.2nd Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress,Session 1:Performance Testing and Specifications for Binder and Mixtures,(Barcelona),2000.49-58.
[16]Montepara A,Giuliani F.Performance testing and specification tests of road bitumen.Proc.2nd Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress,Session 1:Performance Testing and Specifications for Binder and Mixtures,(Barcelona),2000.518-523.
[17]叶奋,黄彭.沥青紫外线老化仿真系统的建立.建筑材料科学,2005,8(5):567-571.
[18]叶奋,黄彭.强紫外线辐射对沥青路用性能的影响.同济大学学报,2005,33(7):909-913.
[19]Airey G.D.State of the art report on aging test methods for bituminous pavement materials.The International Journal of Pavement Engineering,2003,4(3):165-176.
[20]Vallerga B.A,Monismith C.L,Granthem K.A study of some factors influencing the weathering of paving asphalts.Proc.Assn.Asphalt Paving Technol,1957,26:126-150.
[21]Traxler R.N.Durability of asphalt cements.Proc.Assn.Asphalt Paving Technol,1963,32:44-58.
[22]Montepara A.,Santagata E.,Tosi G..Photochemical degradation of pure bitumen by UV radiation.Proc.Ist Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress(Strasbourg),E&E,1996,5:133.
[23]Kuppens E.A.M.,Sanches F.,Nandelli L.,Jongmans E C.Bitumen-ageing tests for predicting durability of porous asphalt.In:Di Benedetto H,Francken L,eds,Pro.Fifth International RILEM Symposium MTBM Lyon,Mechanical Tests for Bituminous Materials (Balkema,Rotterdam),1997.71-77.
[24]Glotvoa N.A.,Kats B.I.and Gorshkov V.S.Photooxidation of asphalts in thin films.Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel,1974,11:45-48.
[25]李国庆,夏辉华.高分子材料日光老化、人工氛灯老化中光学因素的分析.化学建材,2007,23(4):10-11.
[26]Francoise Durrieu,Fabienne Farcas,Virginie Mouillet.The influence of UV aging of a SBS modified bitumen:Comparison between laboratory and on site aging.Fuel,2007,86:1446-1451.
[27]Katsuyuki yamaguchi,Lwao Sasaki,and Seishi Meiarashi.Photodegradation test of asphalt binder using pressed thin film samples.Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering,2005,32(6):1166-1169.
[28]Katsuyuki yamaguchi,Lwao Sasaki,et al.Effect of film thickness,wavelength,and carbon black on photodegradation of asphalt.Journal of Japan Petroleum institute,2005,48(3):150-155.
[29]Von Quintas H.,Scherocman J.,Kennedy T.W.and Hughes C.S.(1988).Asphalt aggregate mixture analysis system.Final Report to NCHRP.
[30]Harrigan E.T.,Leahy R.B.and Youtcheff J.S.(1994)The Superpave mix design system:manual of specifications,test methods and practices,SHRP-A-379,Strategic Highway Research Program(National Research Council,Washington,D.C,).
[31]虞将苗,邹桂莲,胡学斌,等.沥青混合料老化模拟试验方法与验证研究.公路交通科技,2005,22(10):14-17.
[32]Korsgaard H.Ch.,Blumensen J.,Sundahl J.et al.(1996)Accelerated ageing of asphalt in pressure ageing vessel.Proc.1st Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress,E&E,4.048(Strasbourg).
[33]Hveem F.N.,Zube E.and Skog J.Proposed new tests and specifications for paving grade asphalts.Proc.Assn.Asphalt Paving Technol,1963,32:247-327.
[34]Kemp G.R.and Prodoehl N.H.A comparison of field and laboratory environments on asphalt durability.Proc.Assn.Asphalt Paving Technol,1981,50:492-537.
[35]Tia M,Ruth B.E.,Charai C.T.,et al.(1988)Investigation of original and in-service asphalt properties for the development of improved specifications -final phase of testing and analysis.Final Report.Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station(University of Florida,Gainesville,FL).
[36]Siddiqui M.N.,Ali M.F.Investigation of chemical transformations by NMR and GPC during the laboratory aging of Arabian asphalt.Fuel,1999,78:1407 -1416.
[37]Robert Karlsson and Ulf Isacsson.Application of FTIR-ATR to characterization of bitumen rejuvenator diffusion.Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2003,15(2):157-165.
[38]Lamontagnea J.,Dumas P.,Mouillet V.,et al.Comparison by fourier transform infrared (FTIR)spectroscopy of different ageing techniques:application to road bitumens.Fuel,2001,80:483-488.
[39]Mohammad Nahid Siddiqui,Mohammad Farhat Ali,John Shirokoff.Use of x-ray diffraction in assessing the aging pattern of asphalt fractions.Fuel,2002,81:51-58.
[40]Siddiqui M.N.,Ali M.F.Studies on the aging behavior of the Arabian asphalts.Fuel,1999,78:1005-1015.
[41]刘忠安,金鸣林.道路沥青老化过程中组成与分子量分布的变化.公路,2001,5(5):74-76.
[42]周安娜,朱静.道路沥青老化过程中沥青组成与分子量分布的变化.安徽工业大学学报,2001,18(4):347-351.
[43]戴跃玲,刘道胜,杨鹏,等.道路沥青老化后组成与使用性能关系的研究.公路,2002,22(2):9-13.
[44]魏荣梅,余剑英,吴少鹏,等.紫外光老化对沥青化学族组成和物理性能的影响.石油沥青,2006,20(1):6-10.
[45]朱静,魏林,金鸣林,等.胜利100B道路沥青老化研究.公路交通科技,2000,17(2):1-4
[46]Loeber L.,Sutton O.,Morel J.,et al.New direct observations of asphalts and asphalt binder by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.Journal of Microscopy,1996,182:32-39.
[47]Steven J.,Rozeveld E.,Eugene Shin,et al.Network morphology of straight and polymer modified asphalt cements.Microscopy Research and Technioue,1997,38:529-543.
[48]Poirier M.A.and Sawatzky H.Changes in chemical component type composition and effect on rheological properties of asphalts.Preprints of Symposium:Chemistry and Characterization of Asphalts,Division of Petroleum Chemistry,American Chemistry Society,1990,35(3):301-307.
[49]莫一魁,田小革,王文强.沥青使用性能随老化时间变化关系的研究.公路与汽运,2004,4(4):59-61.
[50]王芳,袁万杰,陈忠达.沥青老化性能评价指标研究.公路交通科技,2005,4(2):57-59.
[51]Shell.Addendum to the Shell Pavement Design Manual.Shell International Petroleum Company,Limited,London,1985.
[52]Chantal de La Roche.Study of asphalt thin films fracture and healing under repeated tension.Chantal Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[53]Bor-Wen Tsai.High temperature fatigue and fatigue damage process of aggregate-asphalt mixes.Ph.D.Dissertation,University of California,Berkeley.
[54]David A.,Anderson,etc.Prediction of fatigue damage in binders.Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[55]Bahia H.Design and specifications based on damage characteristics.Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[56]Chantal de La Roche.Study of asphalt thinfilms fracture and healing under repeated tension.Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[57]Jean-Pascal Planche,Gilles Gauthier,Yann Le Hir,et al.A contribution to the prediction of fatigue damage in binders.Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[58]Per Redelius,Hilde Soenen.Binder fatigue prediction.Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[59]Mike Zupanick.Binder fatigueldeas and issues.Western Research Institute Fatigue Symposium.Laramie,Wyoming,July 19,2001.
[60]成志辉.老化对沥青路面的影响.湖南交通科技,2005,31(3):44-46.
[61]田小革,莫一魁,郑健龙.抽提回收过程对沥青老化程度评价的影响.交通运输工程学报,2005,5(2):23-26.
[62]陈惠敏.国外聚合物改性道路沥青技术和应用动向.石油沥青,1992,(4):59-64.
[63]Gordon D,Airey.Rheological properties of styrene butadiene styrene polymer modified road bitumens.Fuel,2003,82(14):1709-1719.
[64]Blanco R.,Rodriguez R.,Garcia-Garduno M.,et al.Rheological properties of styrene-butadiene copolymer reinforced asphalt.J.Appl.Polym.Sci,1996,61:1493-1501.
[65]Yu Jian-ying,Wang Xi-lin,Duan Zhong-xia,Wang Lin.Effect of reactive assistant on rheological properties of SBS modified bitumens.Journal of Wuhan University of Technology,2006,28:8-10.
[66]Yen T F,Chilingarian G V.Asphaltenes and asphalts.Elsevier Science,1994.381-387.
[67]Whiteoak D.壳牌沥青手册.北京:英国壳牌石油公司沥青部,1995.
[68]Whiteoak D.(1990)The Shell bitumen handbook.Shell Bitumen UK,Riversdell House,Surrey,UK.
[69]Shull J.(1995)An investigation of the fundamental chemical,physical,and thermodynamic properties of polymer modified asphalt cements.M.S.thesis,Department of Chemical Engineering,Michigan State University,E.Lansing,MI.
[70]Cortizo M.S.,Larsen D.O.,Bianchetto H.,et al.Effect of the thermal degradation of SBS copolymers during the ageing of modified asphalts.Polymer Degradation and Stability,2004,86:275-282.
[71]Johansson U.and Linde S.Polymer modified asphalt binder Part 1,Swedish National Testing and Researeh Insititute,SP Report1991.02.
[72]Xiaohu Lu and Ulf Isacsson.Chemical and rheological evaluation of ageing properties of SBS polymer modified bitumens.Fuel,1998,77(9-10):961-972.
[73]Gordon D.Airey and Stephen F.Brown.Rheological performance of aged polymer modified bitumens,AAPT,1998.
[74]Gordon D.Airey.Rheological properties of styrene butadiene styrene polymer modified road bitumens.Fuel,2003,82:1709-1719.
[75]Yonghong Ruan,Richard R.Davison,Charles J.Glover.The effect of long-term oxidation on the rheological properties of polymer modified asphalts.Fuel,2003,82:1763-1773.
[76]Ruan Y.H.,Davison R.R.,Glover C.J.Oxidation and viscosity hardening of polymer-modified asphalts.Energy & Fuels,2003,17(4):991-998.
[77]张争奇,李平,王秉纲.SBS改性沥青性能及老化的影响.公路,2005,9(9):150-154.
[78]王仕峰,张玉军,王迪珍,等.SBS改性沥青的老化行为.合成橡胶工业,2003,26(5):301-304.
[79]郭淑华,吉永海,王子军,等.SBS的结构对改性沥青性能的影响.石油沥青,2001,15(3):29-32.
[80]胡行俊.合成材料的大气老化.合成材料老化与应用,2005,34(3):41-44.
[81]Huo Kai-Fu,Zhai Yu-Chun,Liao Ke-Jian,et al.A study on change of family composition and properties of LiaoShu paving asphalt on aging.Petroleum Science and Technology,2001,19(5-6):651-660.
[82]黄晓明,吴少鹏,赵永利.沥青与沥青混合料.南京:东南大学出版社,2002.
[83]肖鹏,康爱红,李雪峰.基于红外光谱法的SBS改性沥青共混机理.江苏大学学报(自然科学版),2005,26(6).529-532.
[84]Wu S.P.,Mo L.T.,Lin Z.H.Study on modified asphalt film-thickness and properties of modified asphalt for modified asphalt mixture.J.Wuhan University of Technology.Materials Science,2004,24:51-54.
[85]Radovskiy B.Analytical formulas for film thickness in compacted asphalt mixture.Transportation Research Record.2003.1829:26-32.
[86]穆光照.自由基反应.北京:高等教育出版社,1985.
[87]Petersen J.C.Comparison of oxidation of SHRP asphalts by two different methods.Fuel Sci.Technol,Int'1,1993,11(1):89-121.
[88]Henington P.R.,Atrick J.E.,George F.A.B.Oxidation of roading asphalts.Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,1994,33(11):2801-2809.
[89]Petersen J.C.Factors affecting the kinetics and mechanisms of asphalt oxidation and the relative effects of oxidation products on age hardening.Prepr.Pap.-Am.Chem.Soc.,Div.Fuel Chem,1996,44(4):1322-1344.
[90]张先亮,陈新兰.精细化学品化学.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1999.
[91]王积涛,胡青眉,张宝申,等.有机化学.天津:南开大学出版社,1993.
[92]化学工业部合成材料老化研究所.高分子材料老化与防老化.北京:化学工业出版社,1979.
[93]张倩,赵洁,史梦琪,等.自然因素作用下沥青老化化学机理分析.西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,36(4):457-459.
[94]马全红.原子力显微镜中探针与样品间作用力及AFM的应用.大学化学,2000,15(5):33-36.
[95]白春礼.扫描隧道显微术及其应用.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1991.
[96]郭宁,秦紫瑞.原子力显微镜的发展和表面成像技术.理化检验-物理分册,1998,34(10):13.
[97]Bai X.Q.Assessment of relationship between dynamic and seismic modulus of asphalt concrete mixtures.Master Dissertation,University of Texas at El Paso,2004.
[98]Goodrich J.L.Asphalt and polymer modified asphalt properties related to the performance of asphalt concrete mixes.Asphalt Paving Technologists,1988,57:116-175.
[99]Bahia H.U.,Anderson D.A.The SHRP binder rheological parameters:Why are they required and how do they compare to conventional properties? Transportation Research Record,1995,1488:32-39.
[100]卢永贵,赵可.沥青玛蹄脂性能试验研究.中国公路学报,2001,14(4):9-13.
[101]Huachun Zhai.Superpave protocols for modified asphalt binders.PhD themes,University of Wisconsin-Madison,2001.51-68.
[102]Bahia H.U.,Hanson D.I.,Zeng M.,et al.Characterization of modified asphalt binders in Superpave mix design,National Academy Press,2001.60-65.
[103]Bahia,H.U.,Hanson D.I.,Zeng M.,et al.Characterization of modified asphalt binders in Superpave mix design,National Academy Press,2001.21-24.
[104]Anderson D.A.,Le Hir,Marasteanu M.Y.Evaluation of fatigue criteria for asphalt binder,in Transportation Research Record,2001,1766:48-56.
[105]Soenen H.and Eckmann B.Fatigue testing of bituminous binders with a Dynamic Shear Rhcometer.Proceeding of the 2nd Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress,Barcelona 2000.