我国红火蚁主要行为特征、抗寒能力及发生风险分析的研究
|
摘要
红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren(膜翅目:蚁科)是我国大陆于2004年发现、2005年确认的入侵害虫。目前红火蚁已在我国广东、广西、湖南、福建和江西等省区以及台湾、香港、澳门的局部地区发生。由于红火蚁威胁人体健康及生命安全,破坏生物多样性,损毁公共设施,危害农牧业生产,并给入侵地带来重大的经济损失。因此是被入侵国家或地区明文加以根除或限制扩散的对象,同时也是非发生(入侵)地区的头号检疫对象。但是我国对红火蚁的发生危害规律了解不多,监测、检疫及防治效果还不很理想。为了研究和阐明我国红火蚁的发生危害规律,为改善和提高红火蚁的监测、检疫和防治技术提供科学依据,并为控制红火蚁的蔓延和危害做出贡献,本文在认真分析了国内外已有研究结果的基础上,针对我国红火蚁监控实践中迫切需要解决的关键问题,对我国红火蚁的社会型、巢内蚁群结构、巢外活动的季节性规律、抗寒性和地理分布预测及风险评估等进行了较为系统的研究,取得了一些有意义的结果,主要的为:
应用行为及生态学方法对红火蚁的社会型、蚁群内工蚁、幼虫和蛹的结构动态规律,以及蚁巢体积与巢内工蚁数量的关系进行了系统的研究,取得了一些新的结果:应用工蚁的攻击性结合蚁巢蚁后数量的测定方法对陆川、广州、珠海和深圳红火蚁的社会型进行研究的结果表明,我国的红火蚁以多蚁后型为主。在所测定的79个蚁巢中,多后型蚁巢占了73个,比例高达92.4%。其中陆川、珠海和深圳的蚁群全为多蚁后型,广州的30个巢群中有6个单后型蚁群。这些结果不仅再次肯定了我国的红火蚁主要是以多后型为主的结论,而且也为红火蚁社会型的判别提供了简易、可行的操作方法;从9月份到次年7月份每两月调查一次的结果表明,红火蚁蚁丘体积从开始调查时逐渐增大,到一月份增大到最大值后便开始逐渐变小,到五月份达到最小值后又逐渐增加。从而使得这一研究年中的蚁丘体积变化呈“V”型变化,并使不同季节之间的蚁巢大小差异显著;蚁巢内总蚁量及工蚁的百分比含量的变化也因季节的不同而异,并与蚁丘大小相对应。即蚁巢内的总蚁量在下半年持续增加,到1月达最大值后逐渐减少到7月份。不同季节间的蚁巢内个体数量差异显著;蚁丘内工蚁总量与蚁丘底部直径有显著的相关性(R=0.78,P<0.05),可以用y=1.335x2.894(r2=0.765,P<0.05)来描述两者之间的关系;幼虫、蛹、有翅蚁占蚁群个体总量的比在不同的季节中也存在着显著的差异,但他们的数量比与工蚁的数量比呈现出相反的趋势。这些结果不仅较为系统地阐明了我国红火蚁主要发生危害区的种群及结构动态规律,而且为改善和提高红火蚁的监控技术水平提供了重要的实验依据。
应用行为生态学方法对红火蚁工蚁季节及白天巢外活动,以及有翅蚁的婚飞规律进行研究的结果表明:工蚁一年中的巢外活动强度随季节或月份的不同而存在着显著差异。就工蚁的季节性活动节律而言,以6月和10月份的活动强度最高,1月和2月份的活动最弱,工蚁在其余月份的活动强度居于这两个时间段之间。工蚁巢外活动的日节律随季节的不同而异:1～2月,工蚁活动较少,在气温较高的晴天才可能在中午前后活动;3～4月,工蚁中午活动最盛,呈单峰型;7～10月,中午活动减弱,呈双峰型;5～6月和11～12月,呈不明显的双峰型。这些结果表明,工蚁的巢外活动受气温的影响极大。另外,降雨后有利于工蚁的巢外活动,但在降雨时刻可抑制工蚁的巢外活动。在试验观察区内全年都可见到有翅蚁婚飞的现象,但婚飞主要集中在3～5月份,婚飞活动主要发生在雨前或雨后。这些首次获得的结果为开展红火蚁的监控活动以及制定正确、有效的监控技术提供了重要的科学依据。
应用低、中和高三种干扰强度对大小不同的蚁群进行干扰后的工蚁行为反应进行观察的结果表明:蚁群受侵扰后出巢工蚁的最大数量随侵扰强度加大而增大。小型蚁巢对低侵扰强度反应时间(0.80±0.03s)明显长于对中(0.40±0.04s)、高侵扰强度时的反应时间(0.51±0.02s);但大、中型蚁巢对所有侵扰强度都能做出快速反应;侵扰强度越大、蚁巢越大,出巢的工蚁量越多,这个过程可以用不同的房室模型描述;1.5m和0.5m两种侵扰强度下任一计数时刻工蚁中大工蚁的百分比无显著差异;工蚁在蚁丘上同方位的等面积区域蚁量因距离加大而减少,在与中心等距离的等面积区域工蚁数量不因方位不同而异。这些结果为进一步了解红火蚁的攻击行为以及如何防护人体免于红火蚁的攻击提供了重要的实验依据。
应用昆虫抗寒性原理及抗寒能力的研究方法测定了我国红火蚁蚁群中不同等级、虫态、地理种群、季节,以及不同饥饿程度的工蚁过冷却点。所得的结果表明:蚁群中不同等级和虫态的过冷却点差异显著。工蚁成虫的过冷却点(-11.8℃)显著低于有翅雌蚁(-8.1℃)及蚁后(-7.9℃)的,工蚁蛹和幼虫的过冷却点分别为-13.6℃和-12.1℃,蚁后蛹和幼虫的分别为-13.3℃和-12.2℃。工蚁蛹的过冷却点均显著低于成虫和幼虫的。蚁后蛹与幼虫的没有显著差异,但与成虫的差异显著。同一未成熟期不同等级之间的也没有显著差异;工蚁过冷却点有着明显的季节性差异,按春(-4.3±0.1℃)、夏(-6.6±0.2℃)、秋(-9.4±0.1℃)、冬(-12.0±0.2℃)依次降低;深圳、珠海、广州和陆川4个地理种群的工蚁过冷却点在春、秋和冬季的无显著差异,饥饿可使工蚁的过冷却点明显升高,但大工蚁较小工蚁的升高的幅度更大,饥饿15 d后的大工蚁比饥饿前的过冷却点升高了7.0℃,而小工蚁仅升高了4.9℃。这些结果的获得,为进一步明确红火蚁抗寒能力的发展,及其在我国分布北界的确定提供了进一步的实验依据。
以高于发育起点温度的有效积温作为决定性因子,以年均降雨量和1月等温线-2℃作为限制性因子,应用GIS的Kriging空间插值功能对我国红火蚁的潜在分布区进行了预测的结果表明,红火蚁在我国的适生性分布情况可以分为高度适生区、适生区、轻度适生区和非适生区四个类型。其中海南、台湾最南部、南海诸岛、广东大部、香港、澳门、广西大部、云南玉溪市的局部、福建南角和西南角、江西和湖北大部是红火蚁的高度适生区。这些区域约占全国面积的7.4%;云南西南边陲窄长地带和玉溪极其周边局部地区以及楚雄与四川攀枝花交接处,广东西部及北部,广西北部小区域,河南与湖北和安徽交界处的局部极小区域,安徽西南角,浙江南部及濒临上海部分地区,上海市、江苏靠近上海的极小面积,重庆大部,四川靠近重庆小部分区域以及攀枝花与云南楚雄交接处小范围区域,湖南大部,贵州铜仁靠近湖南的部分区域,福建大部,台湾除南端外的大部,是红火蚁的适生区,这些区域主要是华中、华东和西南的部分地区,约占国土面积的8.4% ;轻度适生区主要分布在贵州东中部,云南大部,川、甘、陇交界附近地区,鲁、豫、皖、苏交界附近地区,福建戴云山周边高海拔地区,约占国土面积的6.0%。我国的西北、东北和华北以及西南的大部分地区,华中、华东部分地区,湖南雪峰山周边及衡山到湘西南的桂东、汝城山地,为红火蚁的非适生区,约占国土面积的78.2%。红火蚁的各类适生区涉及到中国大陆19个省、直辖市和自治区,以及港、澳、台等地,约占国土面积的21.8%。
采用“多指标综合风险评估方法”对红火蚁生物学、地理分布、危害严重程度及经济影响,并结合上述研究结果的综合分析,对红火蚁在我国的检疫地位进行了系统的评价。结果显示红火蚁的综合风险值为2.23,属于高风险外来入侵生物,在我国具有很高的分布和危害风险,必须采取严格的检验措施防范该虫的传入与扩散。这些结果为政府扑灭红火蚁及制定检疫措施提供了科学依据。
The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is an invasive pest that was found firstly in 2004 and affirmed to establish permanent colonies in Mainland China in 2005. At present, it distributes sporadically in parts of the Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Fujian and Jiangxi, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, with the largest areas spreading in Guangdong province. The S. invicta, as one of the most detrimental pests that has tremendous capacity to injury and threaten to the safety of human being, living storks, wild animals, crop production and public utilities has been treated as a quarantine and eradicating species since it was found in China. However, the monitoring, quarantine and control efficacy of S. invicta in China is limited for it is a new pest to the country. The variations in social forms in different geographic locations, composition and supercooling points of various castes and developmental stages in the colonies, out-nest activity of worker ants and nuptial flight of alates, potential expansion range and the integrated risk assessment for S. invicta in China were studied to improve its monitoring, quarantine and management techniques, which are necessary to reduce the population and damages of fire ant in mainland China. The main results obtained were summarized as follows:
Results on the social forms, variations in proportions of the worker ants, larvae and pupae in the colonies, relation between nest volume and the number of individuals were demonstrated through a year field investigation by applying ecological and behavioral principles and methods. Results obtained through combined investigations of aggressive behaviors of worker ants and nest dissection for queen numbers showed that 92.4% (73/79) of the colonies identified in four locations of Guangdong and Guangxi were belonged to polygene, while a small portion (6/30) investigated in Guangzhou was monogyne. These results were consistent to those identified by multiplex PCR of Gp-9 alleles and hence, provided a reliable and simplified method for the social forms identification methods that may used in the field. The results obtained from bimonthly field investigations from September to July showed that volume of the active mounds continued to increase from July and decrease after the mounds reached to their maximum volumes in January. The mounds kept to decrease afterwards until they reached to the minimum in March. Variations in mound volume made their annual growth curve look like a V shape and differed significantly. Total number of individuals and percentage of the worker ants in the mound corresponded to the size of mound and differed as the season varied. That is, total number of individuals in the mound increased and reached the maximum from September to November, then decreased until it reached the minimum in March, and increased again until July. Percentages of the larvae, pupae and alates in the mounds however, showed an opposite trend to that of the worker ants. There was a close relationship between the size of the mound and number of worker ants (r =0.78, P<0.05), which could be described by the formula Y = 1.335x2.894 (r2 = 0.765, P<0.05). All these results not only demonstrated the ecological and behavioral aspects of S. invicta in mainland China but also provided a substantiate basis to improve its monitoring and managing techniques.
Daily and seasonal out-net activity of the workers and nuptial flights of the reproductive forms (alates) investigated in Guangzhou area (113°45E′, 22°43′N) of Guangdong province demonstrated that these activities of S. invicta differed significantly as season or month varied. Annually, the out-net activity of worker ants peaked in June and October, while that occurred in January and February was the lowest although they could be found in sunny and warm days during these period. The out-net activity of worker ants in a day also differed in different months. From January to February, worker ants hardly left their nest in general except the time when it was at noon on a warm and sunny day. From March to April, workers’activity peaked at noon, but from July to October, workers were more active in the morning and afternoon. From May to June, and November to December, the out-net activity of worker ants declined at noon in comparison with that in the morning and evening. All the out-nest activity of worker ants is dominated by temperatures. On the other hand, the out-nest activities of worker ants were enhanced before and after reining but was held back by depositions. Nuptial flights of alates took place all the year around, but occurred mainly in the afternoon from March to May. The nuptial flights of alates were also enhanced before or after raining.
Results obtained showed that worker ants responded differently to various degrees of nest intrusion and size of the colonies. In general, the response of worker ants to the nest intrusion were speeded up as the intention of disturbance increased, which was exemplified by the evidences that the worker ants needed 0.80±0.03 s, 0.4±0.04 s and 0.51±0.02 s to rush out from the mounds that were hit by the ball fallen from the heights of 0.5 m, 1.0 m and 1.5 m, respectively. There were no significant difference between the percentages of large workers by the intrusions of balls fallen from the height of 1.5m and 0.5m. Besides, the response and number of worker ants from the larger mounds were much quicker and greater than those from the smaller mounds at the same degree of intrusion. As a consequence of that, the greater mounds would have more worker ants rush out when they subjected heavier intrusion. The processes of worker ants in different size of the mounds responded to different intrusion could be described by the Fang’s formulas. One thing worthy to be mentioned was that the number of worker ants was decreasing as the distance from center of the disturbing mound increasing but were insignificantly different at different orientation. These newly obtained data provided not only a basis to understand the aggressive behavior of S. invicta but also some helps to human beings to protect themselves from its attacks.
To elucidate the cold hardness and provide basis for its risk assessment in mainland China, the supercooling points (SCPs) of various castes of adults, pupae and larvae, workers collected in different geographic locations and seasons and treated by durative starvations were examined and reported here. Our results indicated that the SCPs of fire ants differed significantly among castes and developmental stages. The worker ants had a significant lower SCP (-11.8℃) than those of the reproductive adults. Adults had a higher mean SCP than immature individuals. Queens had the highest SCPs (-7.9℃) while the pupae of workers had the lowest (-13.6℃). The SCPs was not significantly different in workers collected from different geographic locations of Luchuan, Guangzhou, Zhuhai and Shenzhen in spring, autumn and winter except those colleted in summer. SCPs of worker ants decreased as the season progressed, with the highest for spring (-4.3℃), the second for summer (-6.6℃), and third for autumn (-9.4℃) and lowest (-12.0℃) for winter colonies. The SCPs of worker ants increased greatly by a durative starvation of 15 days. The distribution of their SCPs shifted from a range of -14.7℃and -8.6℃before starvation to -10.4℃and -2.0℃at end of 15-days test. The SCP of major workers and minor workers increased 7.0℃and 4.9℃, respectively during the test period, indicating that the major workers are less resistant to starvations than the minor workers.
The potential distribution range of S. invicta in China was predicted by using Kriging spatial interpolation function in the geographic information system (GIS) software, the number of degree-days as main determinant, and annual precipitation of 500 mm and the average temperature of -2℃in January as limiting factors. Results obtained demonstrated that the potential distribution range of S. invicta in China could be divided into four regions. They were named as the most suitable region (MSR), suitable region (STR), less suitable region (LSR) and unsuitable region (USR). The MSR included Hainan, Hong Kong, Macao, the great part of Guangdong, Jiangxi and Hubei, central and southern Guangxi, and part of southern Yunnan and Taiwan. The STR included northern and western Guangdong and Guangxi, the great part of Fujian, Hunan and Chongqing, northern Taiwan, southern Guizhou, the area of Sichuan near Chongqing, the southwestern area near the border line in Yunan, the southern and the northeastern of Zhejiang near to Shanghai, a small area of southern Jiangsu and the southwestern Anhui. The LSR included the central and eastern Guizhou, the area near the common boundary of Sichuan, Gansu and Shanxi, the area near the common boundary of Henan and Shandong. The other regions in the country that were not previously mentioned were the unsuitable area because of the limitations of drought and low temperature. The MSR, STR, LSR possesses 7.4%,8.4% and 6.0% of China’s territory, respectively. Briefly, the total ranges suitable for the expansion of S. invicta in China including large or small parts of 19 provinces, which equals to 21.8% of the territory in the country.
The rank of quarantine importance of S. invicta was evaluated by an integrated risk assessment method combining analysis of the data on its biology, destructive capacity, potential geographic rage, economic impact and cost of eradication. The result showed that the integrated risk score for this pest is 2.23, suggesting that China is being at risk for S. invicta infestation and detrimental impacts. These results implied that quarantine officials should be vigilant for any accidental introductions of S. invicta in suitable regions of China and the quarantine regulations against this pest should be strictly followed in the country.
应用行为及生态学方法对红火蚁的社会型、蚁群内工蚁、幼虫和蛹的结构动态规律,以及蚁巢体积与巢内工蚁数量的关系进行了系统的研究,取得了一些新的结果:应用工蚁的攻击性结合蚁巢蚁后数量的测定方法对陆川、广州、珠海和深圳红火蚁的社会型进行研究的结果表明,我国的红火蚁以多蚁后型为主。在所测定的79个蚁巢中,多后型蚁巢占了73个,比例高达92.4%。其中陆川、珠海和深圳的蚁群全为多蚁后型,广州的30个巢群中有6个单后型蚁群。这些结果不仅再次肯定了我国的红火蚁主要是以多后型为主的结论,而且也为红火蚁社会型的判别提供了简易、可行的操作方法;从9月份到次年7月份每两月调查一次的结果表明,红火蚁蚁丘体积从开始调查时逐渐增大,到一月份增大到最大值后便开始逐渐变小,到五月份达到最小值后又逐渐增加。从而使得这一研究年中的蚁丘体积变化呈“V”型变化,并使不同季节之间的蚁巢大小差异显著;蚁巢内总蚁量及工蚁的百分比含量的变化也因季节的不同而异,并与蚁丘大小相对应。即蚁巢内的总蚁量在下半年持续增加,到1月达最大值后逐渐减少到7月份。不同季节间的蚁巢内个体数量差异显著;蚁丘内工蚁总量与蚁丘底部直径有显著的相关性(R=0.78,P<0.05),可以用y=1.335x2.894(r2=0.765,P<0.05)来描述两者之间的关系;幼虫、蛹、有翅蚁占蚁群个体总量的比在不同的季节中也存在着显著的差异,但他们的数量比与工蚁的数量比呈现出相反的趋势。这些结果不仅较为系统地阐明了我国红火蚁主要发生危害区的种群及结构动态规律,而且为改善和提高红火蚁的监控技术水平提供了重要的实验依据。
应用行为生态学方法对红火蚁工蚁季节及白天巢外活动,以及有翅蚁的婚飞规律进行研究的结果表明:工蚁一年中的巢外活动强度随季节或月份的不同而存在着显著差异。就工蚁的季节性活动节律而言,以6月和10月份的活动强度最高,1月和2月份的活动最弱,工蚁在其余月份的活动强度居于这两个时间段之间。工蚁巢外活动的日节律随季节的不同而异:1～2月,工蚁活动较少,在气温较高的晴天才可能在中午前后活动;3～4月,工蚁中午活动最盛,呈单峰型;7～10月,中午活动减弱,呈双峰型;5～6月和11～12月,呈不明显的双峰型。这些结果表明,工蚁的巢外活动受气温的影响极大。另外,降雨后有利于工蚁的巢外活动,但在降雨时刻可抑制工蚁的巢外活动。在试验观察区内全年都可见到有翅蚁婚飞的现象,但婚飞主要集中在3～5月份,婚飞活动主要发生在雨前或雨后。这些首次获得的结果为开展红火蚁的监控活动以及制定正确、有效的监控技术提供了重要的科学依据。
应用低、中和高三种干扰强度对大小不同的蚁群进行干扰后的工蚁行为反应进行观察的结果表明:蚁群受侵扰后出巢工蚁的最大数量随侵扰强度加大而增大。小型蚁巢对低侵扰强度反应时间(0.80±0.03s)明显长于对中(0.40±0.04s)、高侵扰强度时的反应时间(0.51±0.02s);但大、中型蚁巢对所有侵扰强度都能做出快速反应;侵扰强度越大、蚁巢越大,出巢的工蚁量越多,这个过程可以用不同的房室模型描述;1.5m和0.5m两种侵扰强度下任一计数时刻工蚁中大工蚁的百分比无显著差异;工蚁在蚁丘上同方位的等面积区域蚁量因距离加大而减少,在与中心等距离的等面积区域工蚁数量不因方位不同而异。这些结果为进一步了解红火蚁的攻击行为以及如何防护人体免于红火蚁的攻击提供了重要的实验依据。
应用昆虫抗寒性原理及抗寒能力的研究方法测定了我国红火蚁蚁群中不同等级、虫态、地理种群、季节,以及不同饥饿程度的工蚁过冷却点。所得的结果表明:蚁群中不同等级和虫态的过冷却点差异显著。工蚁成虫的过冷却点(-11.8℃)显著低于有翅雌蚁(-8.1℃)及蚁后(-7.9℃)的,工蚁蛹和幼虫的过冷却点分别为-13.6℃和-12.1℃,蚁后蛹和幼虫的分别为-13.3℃和-12.2℃。工蚁蛹的过冷却点均显著低于成虫和幼虫的。蚁后蛹与幼虫的没有显著差异,但与成虫的差异显著。同一未成熟期不同等级之间的也没有显著差异;工蚁过冷却点有着明显的季节性差异,按春(-4.3±0.1℃)、夏(-6.6±0.2℃)、秋(-9.4±0.1℃)、冬(-12.0±0.2℃)依次降低;深圳、珠海、广州和陆川4个地理种群的工蚁过冷却点在春、秋和冬季的无显著差异,饥饿可使工蚁的过冷却点明显升高,但大工蚁较小工蚁的升高的幅度更大,饥饿15 d后的大工蚁比饥饿前的过冷却点升高了7.0℃,而小工蚁仅升高了4.9℃。这些结果的获得,为进一步明确红火蚁抗寒能力的发展,及其在我国分布北界的确定提供了进一步的实验依据。
以高于发育起点温度的有效积温作为决定性因子,以年均降雨量和1月等温线-2℃作为限制性因子,应用GIS的Kriging空间插值功能对我国红火蚁的潜在分布区进行了预测的结果表明,红火蚁在我国的适生性分布情况可以分为高度适生区、适生区、轻度适生区和非适生区四个类型。其中海南、台湾最南部、南海诸岛、广东大部、香港、澳门、广西大部、云南玉溪市的局部、福建南角和西南角、江西和湖北大部是红火蚁的高度适生区。这些区域约占全国面积的7.4%;云南西南边陲窄长地带和玉溪极其周边局部地区以及楚雄与四川攀枝花交接处,广东西部及北部,广西北部小区域,河南与湖北和安徽交界处的局部极小区域,安徽西南角,浙江南部及濒临上海部分地区,上海市、江苏靠近上海的极小面积,重庆大部,四川靠近重庆小部分区域以及攀枝花与云南楚雄交接处小范围区域,湖南大部,贵州铜仁靠近湖南的部分区域,福建大部,台湾除南端外的大部,是红火蚁的适生区,这些区域主要是华中、华东和西南的部分地区,约占国土面积的8.4% ;轻度适生区主要分布在贵州东中部,云南大部,川、甘、陇交界附近地区,鲁、豫、皖、苏交界附近地区,福建戴云山周边高海拔地区,约占国土面积的6.0%。我国的西北、东北和华北以及西南的大部分地区,华中、华东部分地区,湖南雪峰山周边及衡山到湘西南的桂东、汝城山地,为红火蚁的非适生区,约占国土面积的78.2%。红火蚁的各类适生区涉及到中国大陆19个省、直辖市和自治区,以及港、澳、台等地,约占国土面积的21.8%。
采用“多指标综合风险评估方法”对红火蚁生物学、地理分布、危害严重程度及经济影响,并结合上述研究结果的综合分析,对红火蚁在我国的检疫地位进行了系统的评价。结果显示红火蚁的综合风险值为2.23,属于高风险外来入侵生物,在我国具有很高的分布和危害风险,必须采取严格的检验措施防范该虫的传入与扩散。这些结果为政府扑灭红火蚁及制定检疫措施提供了科学依据。
The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is an invasive pest that was found firstly in 2004 and affirmed to establish permanent colonies in Mainland China in 2005. At present, it distributes sporadically in parts of the Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Fujian and Jiangxi, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, with the largest areas spreading in Guangdong province. The S. invicta, as one of the most detrimental pests that has tremendous capacity to injury and threaten to the safety of human being, living storks, wild animals, crop production and public utilities has been treated as a quarantine and eradicating species since it was found in China. However, the monitoring, quarantine and control efficacy of S. invicta in China is limited for it is a new pest to the country. The variations in social forms in different geographic locations, composition and supercooling points of various castes and developmental stages in the colonies, out-nest activity of worker ants and nuptial flight of alates, potential expansion range and the integrated risk assessment for S. invicta in China were studied to improve its monitoring, quarantine and management techniques, which are necessary to reduce the population and damages of fire ant in mainland China. The main results obtained were summarized as follows:
Results on the social forms, variations in proportions of the worker ants, larvae and pupae in the colonies, relation between nest volume and the number of individuals were demonstrated through a year field investigation by applying ecological and behavioral principles and methods. Results obtained through combined investigations of aggressive behaviors of worker ants and nest dissection for queen numbers showed that 92.4% (73/79) of the colonies identified in four locations of Guangdong and Guangxi were belonged to polygene, while a small portion (6/30) investigated in Guangzhou was monogyne. These results were consistent to those identified by multiplex PCR of Gp-9 alleles and hence, provided a reliable and simplified method for the social forms identification methods that may used in the field. The results obtained from bimonthly field investigations from September to July showed that volume of the active mounds continued to increase from July and decrease after the mounds reached to their maximum volumes in January. The mounds kept to decrease afterwards until they reached to the minimum in March. Variations in mound volume made their annual growth curve look like a V shape and differed significantly. Total number of individuals and percentage of the worker ants in the mound corresponded to the size of mound and differed as the season varied. That is, total number of individuals in the mound increased and reached the maximum from September to November, then decreased until it reached the minimum in March, and increased again until July. Percentages of the larvae, pupae and alates in the mounds however, showed an opposite trend to that of the worker ants. There was a close relationship between the size of the mound and number of worker ants (r =0.78, P<0.05), which could be described by the formula Y = 1.335x2.894 (r2 = 0.765, P<0.05). All these results not only demonstrated the ecological and behavioral aspects of S. invicta in mainland China but also provided a substantiate basis to improve its monitoring and managing techniques.
Daily and seasonal out-net activity of the workers and nuptial flights of the reproductive forms (alates) investigated in Guangzhou area (113°45E′, 22°43′N) of Guangdong province demonstrated that these activities of S. invicta differed significantly as season or month varied. Annually, the out-net activity of worker ants peaked in June and October, while that occurred in January and February was the lowest although they could be found in sunny and warm days during these period. The out-net activity of worker ants in a day also differed in different months. From January to February, worker ants hardly left their nest in general except the time when it was at noon on a warm and sunny day. From March to April, workers’activity peaked at noon, but from July to October, workers were more active in the morning and afternoon. From May to June, and November to December, the out-net activity of worker ants declined at noon in comparison with that in the morning and evening. All the out-nest activity of worker ants is dominated by temperatures. On the other hand, the out-nest activities of worker ants were enhanced before and after reining but was held back by depositions. Nuptial flights of alates took place all the year around, but occurred mainly in the afternoon from March to May. The nuptial flights of alates were also enhanced before or after raining.
Results obtained showed that worker ants responded differently to various degrees of nest intrusion and size of the colonies. In general, the response of worker ants to the nest intrusion were speeded up as the intention of disturbance increased, which was exemplified by the evidences that the worker ants needed 0.80±0.03 s, 0.4±0.04 s and 0.51±0.02 s to rush out from the mounds that were hit by the ball fallen from the heights of 0.5 m, 1.0 m and 1.5 m, respectively. There were no significant difference between the percentages of large workers by the intrusions of balls fallen from the height of 1.5m and 0.5m. Besides, the response and number of worker ants from the larger mounds were much quicker and greater than those from the smaller mounds at the same degree of intrusion. As a consequence of that, the greater mounds would have more worker ants rush out when they subjected heavier intrusion. The processes of worker ants in different size of the mounds responded to different intrusion could be described by the Fang’s formulas. One thing worthy to be mentioned was that the number of worker ants was decreasing as the distance from center of the disturbing mound increasing but were insignificantly different at different orientation. These newly obtained data provided not only a basis to understand the aggressive behavior of S. invicta but also some helps to human beings to protect themselves from its attacks.
To elucidate the cold hardness and provide basis for its risk assessment in mainland China, the supercooling points (SCPs) of various castes of adults, pupae and larvae, workers collected in different geographic locations and seasons and treated by durative starvations were examined and reported here. Our results indicated that the SCPs of fire ants differed significantly among castes and developmental stages. The worker ants had a significant lower SCP (-11.8℃) than those of the reproductive adults. Adults had a higher mean SCP than immature individuals. Queens had the highest SCPs (-7.9℃) while the pupae of workers had the lowest (-13.6℃). The SCPs was not significantly different in workers collected from different geographic locations of Luchuan, Guangzhou, Zhuhai and Shenzhen in spring, autumn and winter except those colleted in summer. SCPs of worker ants decreased as the season progressed, with the highest for spring (-4.3℃), the second for summer (-6.6℃), and third for autumn (-9.4℃) and lowest (-12.0℃) for winter colonies. The SCPs of worker ants increased greatly by a durative starvation of 15 days. The distribution of their SCPs shifted from a range of -14.7℃and -8.6℃before starvation to -10.4℃and -2.0℃at end of 15-days test. The SCP of major workers and minor workers increased 7.0℃and 4.9℃, respectively during the test period, indicating that the major workers are less resistant to starvations than the minor workers.
The potential distribution range of S. invicta in China was predicted by using Kriging spatial interpolation function in the geographic information system (GIS) software, the number of degree-days as main determinant, and annual precipitation of 500 mm and the average temperature of -2℃in January as limiting factors. Results obtained demonstrated that the potential distribution range of S. invicta in China could be divided into four regions. They were named as the most suitable region (MSR), suitable region (STR), less suitable region (LSR) and unsuitable region (USR). The MSR included Hainan, Hong Kong, Macao, the great part of Guangdong, Jiangxi and Hubei, central and southern Guangxi, and part of southern Yunnan and Taiwan. The STR included northern and western Guangdong and Guangxi, the great part of Fujian, Hunan and Chongqing, northern Taiwan, southern Guizhou, the area of Sichuan near Chongqing, the southwestern area near the border line in Yunan, the southern and the northeastern of Zhejiang near to Shanghai, a small area of southern Jiangsu and the southwestern Anhui. The LSR included the central and eastern Guizhou, the area near the common boundary of Sichuan, Gansu and Shanxi, the area near the common boundary of Henan and Shandong. The other regions in the country that were not previously mentioned were the unsuitable area because of the limitations of drought and low temperature. The MSR, STR, LSR possesses 7.4%,8.4% and 6.0% of China’s territory, respectively. Briefly, the total ranges suitable for the expansion of S. invicta in China including large or small parts of 19 provinces, which equals to 21.8% of the territory in the country.
The rank of quarantine importance of S. invicta was evaluated by an integrated risk assessment method combining analysis of the data on its biology, destructive capacity, potential geographic rage, economic impact and cost of eradication. The result showed that the integrated risk score for this pest is 2.23, suggesting that China is being at risk for S. invicta infestation and detrimental impacts. These results implied that quarantine officials should be vigilant for any accidental introductions of S. invicta in suitable regions of China and the quarantine regulations against this pest should be strictly followed in the country.
引文
1.陈晨,龚伟荣,胡白石,周国梁,包云轩,刘凤权,基于地理信息系统的红火蚁在中国适生区的预测.应用生态,2006,17(11):2093～2097.
2.陈浩涛,罗礼智,江幸福,我国大陆红火蚁不同等级和虫态过冷却点的测定.昆虫学报,2009,52(05):502～508.
3.陈林,Korzukhin M.D.,程登发,陆庆光,王福详,基于GIS和气候、种群动态模型的红火蚁适生性分析.植物保护学报,2006,33(4):384～390.
4.陈益,唐觉,鼎突多刺蚁巢外活动规律的研究.浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),1992(2):45～48.
5.杜予州,顾杰,郭建波,戴霖,鞠瑞亭,胡学难,入侵害虫红火蚁在中国的适生性分布研究.中国农业科学,2007,40(1):99～106.
6.高艳,罗礼智,红火蚁触角形态及感受器的扫描电镜观察.昆虫学报,2005,48(6):986～992.
7.胡树泉,徐学荣,周卫川,张辉,宁昭玉,红火蚁在中国的潜在地理分布预测模型.福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2008,37(2):205～209.
8.胡树泉,外来生物红火蚁在福建危害的风险及损失评估[硕士学位论文].福州:福建农林大学,2008.
9.黄海勇,黄吉勇,松材线虫等5种有害生物在贵州省的风险分析.中国森林病虫,2005,24(6):14～17.
10.黄绍宁,罗礼智,张蕾,张森泉,王文荣,深圳红火蚁蚁巢密度、社会型研究及防治效果评价.植物保护,2009,35(6):142～145.
11.景晓红,康乐,昆虫抗寒性研究进展.生态学报,2002,22(12):2202～2207.
12.李莉,松材线虫病入侵陕西的风险分析.陕西林业科技,2004,(4):53～59.
13.李宁东,曾玲,梁广文,陆永跃,广东吴川红火蚁消长规律.昆虫知识,2008,45(1):54～57.
14.刘杰,吕利华,冯夏,陈焕瑜,周小毛,张德雍,黄华,何余容,美国红火蚁防治饵剂的研制应用与启示.广东农业科学,2006,19(5):12～17.
15.罗礼智,基于控制我国红火蚁危害的几点思考,植物保护,2005,31(2):5～8.
16.罗礼智,覃贵亮,王漫波,彭启德,刘华荣,应用硫氟磺酰胺毒饵防治红火蚁.植物保护,2006,32(1):22～26.
17.罗礼智,黄家善,张海翔,陈景成,彭熙棉,氟磺酰胺毒饵使用量对红火蚁防治效果的影响.植物保护,2007,33(01):87～90.
18.农业部,中国红火蚁防控记. 2006.
19.秦玉川,杨建才,一种便携式测定昆虫过冷却点的方法.昆虫知识,2000,37(4):236～238.
20.任东升,刘起勇,孟凤霞,吴海霞,栗冬梅,红火蚁及其综合治理.中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2005,16(4):319～323.
21.容剑东,吴川市红火蚁伤人事件流行病学调查分析.医学动物防制,2005,21(4):265～266.
22.邵敬国,罗礼智,陈浩涛,江幸福,雷朝亮,应用多元PCR技术对我国红火蚁社会型的鉴定.昆虫学报,2008,51(5):551～555.
23.沈文军,王雅男,万方浩,应用相似离度法预测红火蚁在中国适生区域极其入侵概率.中国农业科学,2008,41(6):1673～1683.
24.宋侦东,陆永跃,吴碧球,曾玲,广东红火蚁多个生境中诱饵对蚂蚁诱集作用比较.华南农业大学学报,2007,28(4):19～22.
25.苏艳超,入侵红火蚁主要生态学特性及其控制研究[硕士学位论文].福州:福建农林大学,2009.
26.田伟金,庄天勇,程树兰,王春晓,梁梅芳,曾环标,红火蚁专性药剂红蚁净对剑尾鱼的急性毒性试验.昆虫知识,2005,42(6):650～653.
27.王卫东.中国松材线虫病风险分析[硕士学位论文].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2004.
28.吴能简,卢文成,罗会明,何紫电,何剑峰,梁康斌,杨春,柯建义,肖康寿,中国大陆首次发现红火蚁伤人事件调查报告.中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2005,16(5):342～344.
29.吴志红,覃贵亮,邓铁军,王凯学,黄家善,陈景成,硫氟磺酰胺毒饵防治红火蚁的应用研究.中国植保导刊,2006,(4):40～42.
30.杨伟东,余道坚,陈志粦,红火蚁对农业生态环境和社会、经济的影响.植物保护,2005,(5):75～78.
31.肖明山,袁会珠,罗礼智,郑永权,齐淑华,彭启德,硫氟磺酰胺、氟虫腈和苯氧威3种饵剂对红火蚁的防效初探.农药科学与管理,2006,27(1):10～13.
32.辛明,贺答汉,关晓庆,人工固沙林草地红林蚁(Formica sinae Emery)巢外活动规律研究.宁夏农学院学报,2003,24(2):15～18.
33.薛大勇,李红梅,韩红香,张润志,红火蚁在中国的分布区预测.昆虫知识,2005,42(1):57～60.
34.许益镌,陆永跃,曾玲,梁广文,华南地区典型生境中红火蚁觅食行为及工蚁召集规律.华南农业大学学报,2007,27(3):855～861.
35.许益镌,红火蚁入侵生态学基础研究[博士学位论文].广州:华南农业大学,2007.
36.许益镌,陆永跃,黄俊,曾玲,梁广文,红火蚁自然种群耐寒性的研究.昆虫学报,2009(9):974～983.
37.张巧利,林立丰,陈浩田,陈平华,卢文成,李燕军,中国首起红火蚁咬伤致死事件调查报告.疾病监测,2006,21(12):654～656.
38.张庆,罗礼智,黄绍宁,保幼激素类似物对红火蚁的影响作用研究进展.植物保护,2009,(4):15～19.
39.曾玲,陆永跃,何晓芳,张维球,梁广文,入侵中国大陆的红火蚁的鉴定及发生为害调查.昆虫知识,2005,42(2):144～148.
40.曾鑫年,熊忠华,郭景,黄田福,吴上新,多杀菌素对红火蚁的毒力及传导毒杀作用.华南农业大学学报,27(3):26～29.
41.郑华,赵宇翔,外来有害生物红火蚁风险分析及防控对策.林业科学研究,2005,18(4):479～483.
42.郑基焕,张润杰,蜻蜓捕食婚飞红火蚁的初步观察.中山大学学报,2007,46(2):120～122.
43.周卫川,红火蚁在中国的地理分布预测.植物检疫,2005,19(3):155～157.
44.朱均权,赖沛茂,熊忠华,曾鑫年,多杀菌素饵剂防治红火蚁田间药效试验初报.广东农业科学,2006,(8):64～65.
45.庄天勇,田伟金,李小妮,王春晓,吴仕豪,王琳,梁梅芳,红蚁净防治红火蚁的药效试验.昆虫知识,2007, 44(5):746～748.
46. Abigail Q., Richard M.K., Sherman A.P., Supercooling of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on a latitudinal temperature gradient in Texas. Southwest. Nat. 2005,50: 302-306.
47. Adams C.T. , Banks W.A., Lofgren C.S. Focks F.A., Prewitt J.C., Impact of the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the growth and yield of soybeans. J. Econ. Entomol. 1983, 76:1129-1132.
48. Adams C.T., Agricultural and medical impact of the imported fire ants, pp. 48-57. In C. S. Lofgren and R. K. Vander Meer [eds.], Fire ants and leaf cutting ants: Biology and management. Westview Press , Boulder, CO. 1986.
49. Adams E.S., Territory size and shape in fire ants: a model based on neighborhood interactions. Ecology 1998, 79:1125-1134.
50. Agnew C.W., Sterling W.L., Predation rates of the red imported fire ant on eggs of the tobacco budworm. Prot. Ecol. 1982, 4:151-158.
51. Ali D., Reagan T.E., Flynn J.L., Influence of Selected Weedy and Weed-Free Sugarcane Habitats on Diet Composition and Foraging Activity of the Imported Fire Ant. Proc. Of the 1984 Imported Fire Ant Conference (M.E. Mispagel, ed.) University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Gainesville, FL (Abstract only) p. 7. 1984.
52. Allen C.R., Demaris S., Lutz R. S., Red imported fire ant impact on wildlife: an overview. Texas J. Sci. 1994, 46:51-59.
53. Allen C.R., Lutz R.S., Demarais S., Red imported fire ant impacts on northern bobwhite populations. Eco. App. 1995, 53(5): 632-638.
54. Allen C. R., Forys E. A., Rice K. G., Wojcik D. P., Effects of fire ants on hatching turtles and prevalence of fire ants on sea turtle nesting beaches in Florida. Florida Entomol. 2001, 84: 250-253.
55. Allen C.R., Epperson D.M., Garmestani A.S., Red imported fire ant impacts on wildlife: Adecade of research. Am. Midl. Nat. 2004, 152: 88-103.
56. Balas M.T., Adams E.S., Nestmate discrimination and competition in incipient colonies of fire ants. Anim. Behav. 1996, 51: 49-59.
57. Bale J.S., Hansen T.N., Baust J.G., Nucleators and sites of nucleation in the freeze tolerant larvae of the gallfly Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch). J. Insect Physiol. 1989, 35: 291-298.
58. Banks W.A.,Lofgren C.S.,Jouvenaz D.P., Stringer C.E., Bishop P.M., Williams D.F., Wojcik D.P., Glancey B.M., Techniques for collecting,rearing,and handling imported fire ants. 1981, USDA, SEA, AATS-S-21.
59. Barr G.L., Drees B.M., Results from the texas veterinarian survey:Impact of red imported fire ants on animal healthy. Proceeding,Imported Fire Ant Conference.1994.12
60. Bass J.A., Hays S.B., Nuptial flights of the imported fire ant in South Carolina. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 1979, 14:158-161.
61. Bissmire S., Red imported fire ants found at Whirinaki. Biosecurity 2006, 69: 9.
62. Bloom F.L., DelMastro P.R., Imported fire ant death, a documented case report. J. Fla. Med. Assoc. 1984, 71:87-90.
63. Buren W.F., Revisionary studies on the taxonomy of the imported fire ants. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 1972,7:1-27.
64. Buren W.F., Allen G.E., Whitcomb W.H. Lennartz F.E., Williams R.N., Zoogeography of the imported fire ants. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 1974,82:113-124.
65. Camazine S., Deneubourg J.L., Franks N.R., Sneyd J., Bonabeau E., Therau G., Self-organisation in Biological Systems 217-255 (Princeton Univ. Press, New Jersey,2001.
66. Caldwell S.T., Schuman S.H., Simpson W.M., Fire ants: a continuing community health threat in South Carolina. J. South Carolina Medical Assn. 1999, 95:231-235.
67. Callcott A.M.A., Collins H.L., Invasion and range expansion of imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in North America from 1918-1995. Florida Entomol. 1996, 79: 240-251.
68. Callcott A.M.A., David H.O., Collins H.L., Williams D.F.,Lockley T.C., Seasonal studies of an isolated red inported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)population in eastern Tennessee. Environ. Entomol. 2000, 29: 788-794.
69. Callcott A.M.A., Range expansion of the imported fire ant 1918-2001. In: Diffie SK (ed) 2002 Annual Imported Fire Ant.
70. Cannon R.J.C., Block W., Cold tolerance of microarthropods, Biol. Rev. 1988, 63: 23-77.
71. Carthy J.D., The orientation of two allied species of British ant. II. Odour trail laying and following in Acanthomyops (Lasius) fuliginosus. Behaviour 1951, 3:304-318.
72. Cassill D.L., Tschinkel W.R., Regulation of diet in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. J. Insect Behav. 1999, 12(3):307-328.
73. Cassill D.L., Tschinkel W.R., Vinson S.B., Nest complexity, group size and brood rearing in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Insectes Soc. 2002, 49:158-163.
74. Cassill D.L., Kim Vo, Becker B., Yong fire ant workers feign death and survive aggressive neighbors, Naturwissenschaften, 2008, 95:617-624.
75. Chad T.H., Micky D.U., Effect of habitat complexity on biological control by the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in collards. Biol. Contr. 2004, 29:348-358.
76. Cokendolpher J.C., Francke O.F., Temperature preferences of four species of fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis). Psyche 1985,92: 91-101.
77. Cokendolpher J.C., Phillips Jr., Critical thermal limits and locomotor activity of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Environ. Entomol. 1990, 19(4):878-881.
78. Cook J.L., Conservation of biodiversity in an areaimpacted by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Biodivers. Conserv. 2003, 12: 187-195.
79. Cook T.J., Lowery M.B., Frey T.N. Rowe K.E., Lynch L.R., Effect of Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporida: Thelohaniidae) on weight and reproductive status of polygynous red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), alates, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 2003,82:201-203.
80. Culpepper G. H., The distribution of the imported fire ant in the Southern States. Proceedings of the Association of Agricultural Workers 1953, 50:102.
81. Davidson N.A., Stone N.D., Imported fire ants.In: Dahlsten, DL Garcia, R, Lorraine, H(eds), Eradication of exotic pests.Yale Univ.Press,1989,PP.196-217.
82. DeShazo R.D.,Williams D.F., Moak E.S., Fire ant attacks on residents in health care facilities: a report of two cases.Ann. Intern. Med. 1999, 131(6):424-429.
83. Dick J., Platvoet D., Invading predatory crustacean (Dikerogammarus villosus) eliminates both native and exotic species. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 2000, 267:977-983.
84. Dickinson V., Red imported fire ant predation on Crested Caracara nestlings in south Texas. Wilson Bull. 1995,107:761-762.
85. Diffie S.K., Sheppard D.C., Supercooling studies on the imported fire ants: Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and their hybrid. J. Entomol. Sci. 1989, 24:361-364.
86. Drees B.M., Red imported fire ant predation on nestlings of colonial waterbirds. Southwest. Entomol. 1994, 19: 355-359.
87. Dorigo A.C.M., Maniezzo V., Distributed optimization by ant colonies, 1991.
88. Ebermann E., Moser J.C., Mites (Acari: Scutacaridae) associated with the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) , from Louisiana and Tennessee, U. S. A. Internat. J. Acarol. 2008, 34(1):55-69.
89. Duman J.G., Antifreeze agents of terrestrial arthropods. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1983,73 (4): 545-555.
90. Eden W.G., Arant F.S., Control of the imported fire ant in Alabama. J. Econ. Entomol. 1949, 42: 976-979.
91. Feener D.H.Jr., Competition between ant species: outcome controlled by parasitic flies. Science 1981, 214: 815-817.
92. Feener D.H.Jr., Size-selective oviposition in Pseudacteon crawfordi (Diptera: Phoridae), a parasite of fire ants. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 1987, 80: 148-151.
93. Forys E.A., Quistorff A., Allen C.R., Wojcik D.P., The likely cause of extinction of the tree snail Orthalicus resesreses (Say). J. Mollus. Stud. 2001, 67: 369-376.
94. Fletcher D.J.C., Blum M.S.,Whitt T.V., Temple N., Monogyny and polygyny in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 1980,73: 658-661.
95. Francke O.F., Cokendolpher J.C., Temperature tolerances of the red imported fire ant. In;Lofgren C.S. and. Vander Meer R.K., editors. Fire ants and leafcutting ants:biology and management. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. 1986, Pages 104-113.
96. Fritz G.N., Vander Meer R.K., Sympatry of polygyne and monogyne colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 2003, 96: 86-92.
97. Gilbert L.E., Patrock R.J.W., Phorid flies for the biological suppression of imported fire ant in Texas: Region specific challenges, recent advances and future prospects. Southwest. Entomol. (supplement) 2002. 25:7-17.
98. Glancey B.M., Two additional dragonfly predators of queens of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta buren. Florida Entomol. 1981, 64:194-195.
99. Glancey B.M., Nickerson J.C., Wojcik D., Trager J., Banks W.A., Adams C.T., The increasing incidence of the polygynous form of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Florida. Florida Entomol. 1987, 70: 400-402.
100. Glancey B.M., Banks W.A., Obin M.S., The effect of fenoxycarb on alates of the red imported fire ant. J. Entomol. Sci. 1989, 24: 29-297.
101. Glancey BM.,Vander Meer R.K.,Wojcik D.P., Polygyny in hybrid imported fire ants. Florida Entomol. 1989, 72: 632-636.
102. Good W.R., Stoiy I.M., Galkm N.W., Winter cold hardiness and supercooling of Metzneria paucipunctella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a moth introduced for the bioloaical control of spotted knapweed. Environ. Entomol. 1997, 26:1131-1135.
103. Gotelli N.J.,Arnett A.E., Biogcographic effects of the red fire ant invasion.Ecology Letters 2000, 3: 257-261.
104. Green H.B., Imported fire ant mortality due to cold. J. Econ. Entomol. 1959,52:347.
105. Greenberg, Fletcher D.J.C., Vinson S.B., Differences in worker size and mound distribution in monogynous and polygynous colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 1985, 58: 9-18.
106. Hahn D.A., Martin A.R., Porter S.D., Body size, but not cooling rate affects supercooling points in the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Environ. Entomol. 2008, 37(5): 1074-1080.
107. Harris R., Blatant Breaches of the Border. Stowaways 2001, 1-11.
108. Hays K.L., Ecological observations on the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel, in Alabama. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 1959, 30:14-18.
109. Hochachka P.W., Somero G., Biochemical Adaptation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1984. H?lldobler B., Wilson E.O., The Ants (Belknap Press, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990.
110. Horton D.R., Reduced cold-hardiness of pear psylla caused by exposure to external water and surfactants. Can. Entomol. 1996, 128 (5): 825-830.
111. Hu G.Y., Frank J.H., Effect of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on dung-inhabiting arthropods in Florida. Environ. Entomol. 1996, 25:1290-1296.
112. Hubbard M.D.,Cunningham W.G., Orientation of mounds in the ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera:Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Insectes Soc. 1977, 24: 3-7.
113. Hung A.C.F., Vinson S.B., Summerlin J.W. Male sterility in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1974, 67: 909-912.
114. James T.V., Arthur G.A., Mark S.W., Flight energetics and dispersal capability of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. J. Insect Physiol. 2000, 46: 697-770.
115. James S.S., Pereira R.M., Vail K.M. Ownley B.H., Survival of imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species subjected to freezing and near-freezing temperatures. Environ. Entomol. 2002, 31:127-133.
116. Jetter K.M., Hamilton J., Klotz J.H., Red imported fire ants threaten agriculture, wildlife and homes. Calif. Agric. 2002, 56: 26-34.
117. Jouvenaz, D.P., Wojcik D.P., Vander Meer R.K., First observation of polygyny in fire ants, Solenopsis spp., in South America. Psyche 1989, 96: 161-165.
118. Julie P.S.N., Lee C.Y., Identification key to common urban pest ants in Malaysia. Trop. Biomed. 2001. 18:1-17.
119. Kaspari M., Vargo E. L., Colony size as a buffer against seasonality: Bergmann’s rule in social insects. Am. Nat. 1995, 145: 610-632.
120. Keller L., Ross K.G., Phenotypic basis of reproductive success in a social insect: genetic and social determinants. Science 1993, 260: 1107-1110.
121. Keller L., Chapuisat M., Cooperation among selfish individuals in insect colonies. BioScience, 1999, 49: 899-909.
122. Khaustov A.A., Moser J.C., Two new species of mites of the genera Petalamium Cross and Caesarodispus Mahunka (acari Heterostigmata Neopygm ephoridae, Microdispidae) associated with solenopsis invicta Buren(hymenoptera: Formicdae) from the U.S.A. Internat. J. Acarol., 2008, 34(2): 155-122.
123. Killion M.J., Grant W.E., Vinson S.B., Response of baiomys taylori to changes in density of imported fire ants. J. Mammal. 1995, 76: 141-147.
124. Killion M.J., Grant W.E., A colony-growth model for the imported fire ant: potential geographic range of an invading species. Ecol. Modell 1995, 77:73-84.
125. Klotz J.H., Jetter K.M., Greenberg L., Hamilton J., Kabashima J., Williams D., An insect pest of agricultural, urban, and wildlife areas: The red imported fire ant. In: Sumner D A ed., Exotic Pest and Diseases: Biology and Economics for Biosecurity. Blackwell Publishing, ames, I A, 2003.
126. Korzukhin M.D., Porter S.D., Thompson L.C., Modeling temperature-dependent range limits for the fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) in the United States. Environ. Entomol. 2001, 30: 645-655.
127. Kostal V., Slachta M., Simek P., Cryoprotective role of ployols independent of the increase in supercooling capacity in diapausing adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera:Insecta). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 2001, 130:365-374.
128. Krieger M.J.B., Ross K.G., Identification of a major gene regulating complex social behavior. Science 2002, 295: 328-332.
129. Landry C.E., Phillips S.A., Potential of icenucleating active bacteria for management of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Environ. Entomol. 1996, 25: 859-866.
130. Layne J.R., Lee R.E., Huang J.L., Inoculation triggers freezing at high subzero temperatures in a freeze-tolerant frog (Rana sylvatica) and insect(Eurosta solidaginis). Can. J. Zool. 1990, 68: 506-510.
131. Leather S.R., Walters K.F.A.,Bale J.S., The Ecology of Insect Overwintering. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ,1993.
132. Lee R.E., Chen C.P., Mecham M.H., Ontogenetic patterns of cold-hardiness and glycerol production in Sarcophaga crassipalpis. J. Insect Physiol. 1987,33: 587-592.
133. Lee R.E., Principles of insect low temperature tolerance. In: R. E. Lee, Jr., and D. L. Denlinger, editors. Insects at low temperature. Chapman& Hall, New York. 1991a:17-46.
134. Lee R.E., Denlinger D.L., Insects at Low Temperature, New York: Chapman and Hall 1991b:17-46.
135. Lee R.E., Strong-Gunderson J.M., Lee M.R., Ice nucleating bacteria decrease the cold-hardiness of stored grain insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 1992, 58: 371-374.
136. Lockey R.F., Allergic and other adverse reactions caused by the imported fire ant. In:
137. Oehling A., Mathov E., Glazer I., Arbesman C., Advances in Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1980. 441-448
138. Lockley T.C., Effect of imported fire ant predation on a population of the least tern: an endangered species. Southwest. Entomol. 1995, 20(4):517-519.
139. Lofgren C.S., Banks W.A., Glancey B.M., Biology and control of imported fire ants. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1975, 20: 1-30.
140. Lofgren C.S., Williams D.F., Polygynous colonies of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Florida. Florida Entomol. 1984,67: 484-486.
141. Lofgren C.S., History of imported fire ants in the United States, pp. 36-47. In C. S. Lofgren and R. K. Vander Meer [eds.], Fire ants and leaf cutting ants: Biology and management.Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 1986.
142. Lofgren C.S., Vander Meer R.K., Fire Ants and Leaf-cutting Ants: Biology and Management. Boulder, USA: Westview Press, 1986: 36-47.
143. Luo LZ, The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta in mainland China. In: Proceedings of the Red Imported Fire Ant Conference, pp 60-61. Mobile, Alabama, March, 2006.
144. Mack M.C., Antonio C.M., Impacts of biological invasions on disturbance regimes. Trends Ecol. Evolu. 1998, 13: 195-198.
145. Markin G.P., Dillier J.H., Hill S.O., Blum M.S., Hermann H.R, Nuptial flight and flight ranges of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri (Hymenoptera:Formicidae). J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 1971, 6: 145-156.
146. Markin G.P., Collins H.L., Dillier J.H., Colony founding by queens of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 1972, 65(5):1053-1058.
147. Markin G.P., O'Neil J., Dillier J.H., Collins H.L., Regional variation in the seasonal activity of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri. Environ. Entomol. 1974, 3: 446-452.
148. Maxwell F.G., Population dynamics of the IFA. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Imported Fire Ant. 1982: 67-74.
149. McCuskey E.S., Soong S.M.A., Rhythm variables as taxonomic characters in ant. Psyche 1979, 86 (1): 91-l02.
150. McGlynn T.P., The worldwide transfer of ants: geographical distribution and ecological invasions. J. Biogeogr 1999, 26: 535-548.
151. Mehdiabadi N.J., Kawazoe E.A., Gilbert L.E., Phorid fly parasitoids of invasive fire ants indirectly improve the competitive ability of a native ant. Ecol. Entomol. 2004. 29: 621-627.
152. Korzukhin M.D., Porter S.D., Thompson L.C., Wiley S.,Modeling temperature Dependent range limits for the fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) in the United States. Environ. Entomol. 2001, 30 : 645-655.
153. Milio J., Lofgren S.C., Williams D.E., Nuptial flight studies of field-collected colonies of Solenopsis invicta Buren, Pages 419-431 in advances in Myrmecology. Trager JCE. Brill J editor, 1988, New York.
154. Miller L.K., Cold-hardiness strategies of some adult and immature insects overwintering in interior Alaska. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 1982, 73: 595-604.
155. Mirenda J.T., Vinson S.B., Single and multiple queen colonies of imported fire ants in Texas. Southwest. Entomol. 1982, 7: 135-141.
156. Moloney S., Vanderwoude C., Red imported fire ants: an ecological threat to eastern Australia’s threatened wildlife? Ecol. Manage Restor 2002, 3: 167-175.
157. Morel L., Vander Meer R.K., Lofgren C.S., Comparison of nestmate recognition between monogyne and polygyne populations of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera:Formicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1990,83: 642-647.
158. Morrill W.L., Production and flight of alate red imported fire ants. Environ. Entomol. 1974, 3:265-271.
159. Morrill W.L., Martin P.B., Sheppard D.C., Overwinter survival of the red imported fire ant;effects of various habitats and food supply. Environ. Entomol. 1978,7: 262-264.
160. Morril W.L., Gabor J.W., Wichman D., Mortality of the wheat stem sawfly. Environ. Entomol. 1993, 22:1358-1361.
161. Morrison L.W., Indirect effects of phorid fly parasitoids on the mechanisms of interspecific competition among ants. Oecologia 1999, 121:113-122.
162. Morrison L.W., Biology of Pseudacteon (Diptera: Phoridae) ant parasitoids and their potential to control imported Solenopsis fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In S. G. Pandalai (ed.), Recent Res. Dev. Entomol. 2000 , 3: 1-13.
163. Morrison L.W., Porter S.D., Korzukhin M.D., Potential global range expansion of the invasive fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Biol. Invas. 2004, 6: 183-191.
164. Nattrass R., Vanderwoude C., A preliminary investigation of the ecological effects of red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) in Brisbane. Ecol. Managem. Restor. 2001, 2: 220-223.
165. Obin M.S., Nestmate recognition cues in laboratory and field colonies of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Effects of environment and the role of cuticular hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Ecol. 1986, 12: 1965-1975.
166. Obin M.S., Morel L., Vander Meer R.K., Unexpected, well-developed nestmate recognition in laboratory colonies of polygyne imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Insect Behav . 1993 , 6: 579-589.
167. Obin M.S., Vander Meer R.K., Alate semiochemicals release worker behavior during fire ant nuptial flights. J. Entomol. Sci. 1994, 29:143-151.
168. Pascoe A., Turning up the heat on fire ants. Biosecurity 2001, 32: 6.
169. Pell A.S., Tidemann C.R., The impact of two exotic hollow-nesting birds on two native parrots in savannah and woodland in Eastern Australia. Biol. Conserv. 1997, 79 : 145-153.
170. Penickl C.A., Tschinke W.R., Thermoregulatory brood transport in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Insect. Soc. 2008, 55:176-182.
171. Petralia R.S., Vinson S.B., Feeding in the larvae of the imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta: Behavior and morphological adaptations. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 1978, 71:643-648.
172. Petralia R.S., Vinson S.B., Developmental morphology of larvae and eggs of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1979, 72:472-484.
173. Pimentel D., Lach L., Zuniga R., Morrison D., Environmental and economic costs associated with non-indigenous species in the United States. BioSci. 1999, 50: 53-65.
174. Pinson C.K., The temperature regime in the Solenopsis invicta mound and its effect on behavior. M.S. thesis, Texas Tech University, Lubbock,TX. 1980.
175. Porter S.D., Tschinkel W.R., Foraging in Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera:Formicidae):effects of weather and season. Environ. Entomol. 1987, 16: 802-808.
176. Porter S.D., Impact of temperature on colony growth and developmental rates of the ant,Solenopsis invicta. J. Insect Physiol. 1988, 34: 1127-1133.
177. Porter S.D., Jorgensen C.D., Longevity of harvester ant colonies in southern Idaho. J. Range Manage 1988, 41: 104-107.
178. Porter S.D., Van Eimeren B., Gilbert L.E., Invasion of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): microgeography of competitive replacement. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1988, 81: 913-918.
179. Porter S.D., Effects of diet on the growth of laboratory fire ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 1989, 62: 288-291.
180. Porter S.D., Savignano D.A., Invasion of polygyne fire ants decimates native ants and disrupts arthropod community. Ecology 1990, 71: 2095-2106.
181. Porter S.D., Origins of new queens in polygyne red imported fire ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 1991, 26: 474-478.
182. Porter S.D., Bhatkar A.P., Mulder R., Vinson S.B., Clair D.J., Distribution and density of polygyne fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Texas. J. Econ. Entomol. 1991, 84: 866-874.
183. Porter S.D., Frequency and distribution of polygyne fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Florida. Florida Entomol. 1992, 75: 248-257.
184. Porter S.D.,Fowler H.G.,McKay W.P., Fire ant mound densities in the United States and Brazil (Hymenoptera:Formicidae).J. Econ. Entomol., 1992, 85:1154-1161.
185. Porter S.D., Stability of polygyne and monogyne fire ant populations (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis invicta) in the United States. J. Econ. Entomol. 1993, 86: 1344-1347.
186. Porter S.D., Tschinkel W.R., Fire ant thermal preferences: behavioral control of growth and metabolism. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1993, 32: 321-329.
187. Potts L.P., Francke O.F., Cokendolpher J.C., Humidity preferences of four species of fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis). Insectes Sociaux 1984, 31:335-340.
188. Rhoades W.C., Davis D.R., Effects of meteorological factors on the biology and control of the imported fire ant. J. Econ. Entomol. 1967,60:554-58.
189. Reagan T.E., Beneficial aspects of the imported fire ant: a field ecology approach, pp. 58–71. In C.S. Lofgren and R.K. Vander Meer [eds.], Fire ants and leaf cutting ants, biology and management. Westview, Boulder, CO.1986.
190. Rhoades R.B., Stafford C.T., James F.K.Jr., Survey of fatal anaphylactic reactions to imported fire ants stings. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1989, 84: 159-162.
191. Ricks B.L., Vinson S.B., Changes in nutrient content during one year in workers of the imported fire ant. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 1972, 65:135-138.
192. Ross K.G., Keller L., Ecology and evolution of social organization: insights from the ants and other highly eusocial insects. Ann. Rev. Eco.l Syst. 1995, 26: 631-656.
193. RossK.G., Vargo E.L.,Keller L., Simple genetic basis for important social traits in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Evolution 1996, 50: 2387-2399.
194. Ross K.G., Multilocus evolution in the ants: effects of selection, gene flow and recombination.Genetics 1997, 145: 961-974.
195. Ross K.G., Keller L., Genetic control of social organization in an ant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95: 14232-14237.
196. Ross K.G., Shoemarker D.D.W., Estimation of the number of founders of an invasive pest insect population: the fire ant Solenopsis invicta in the USA. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2008, 275(1648): 2231-2240.
197. Schone H., Spatial Orientation . Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1984.
198. Shannon S.J., Roberto M.P., Karen M.V., Bonnie H.O., Survival of imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species subjected to freezing and near-freezing temperatures. Environ. Entomol. 2002, 31:127-133.
199. Ruberson J.R., Herzog G.A, Lambert W.R., Lewis W.J., Management of the beet armyworm: integration of control approaches. Proc. 1994 Beltwide Cotton Prod. Conf. 1994,2: 857-859.
200. Simberloff D., Eradication. In: Simberloff D, Schmitz DC, Brown TC. ed. Strangers in Paradise. Washington: Island Press, 1997, 221-228.
201. Solley G.O., Vanderwoude C., Knight G.K., Anaphylaxis due to red imported fire ant sting. Med. J. Aust. 2002, 176:521-523.
202. S?mme L., Supercooling and winter survival in terrestrial arthropods. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.A 1982, 73: 519-543.
203. Stablein J.J., Lockey R.F., Hensel A.E., Death from imported fire ant stings. Immunol. Allergy Prac. 1985, 7: 279-282.
204. Stamps W.T., Vinson S.B., Raiding in newly founded colonies of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Environ. Entomol. 1991, 20: 1037-1041.
205. Stevens A.J., Stevens N.M., Darby P.C., Percival H.F., Observations of fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) attacking apple snails (Pomacea paludosa) exposed during dry down conditions. J. Mollus. Stud. 1999, 65: 507-510.
206. Stewart J.S., Vinson S.B., Red imported fire ant damage tocommercial cucumber and sunflower plants. Southwest. Entomol. 1991, 16: 168-170.
207. Stiles J.H., Jones R.H., Top-down control by the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta). Am. Midl. Natur. 2001, 146: 171-185.
208. Stoker R.L., Ferris D.K., Grant W.E.,Folse L.J., Simulating colonization by exotic species: a model of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) in North America. Ecol. Modell. 1994,73: 281-292.
209. Sutherst R.W., Maywald G., A climate model of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Implications for invasion of new regions, particularly Oceania. Environ. Entomol. 2005, 34: 317-335.
210. Sutherst R.W., Bourne A.S., Modelling non-equilibrium distributions of invasive species: a tale of two modelling paradigms. Biol. Invas. 2009, 11(6): 1231-1237.
211. Suzuki K,, Fujita M., Miya K., Changes in Supercooling Point of Silkworm Eggs. J. Seric. Sci.Jap. 1983,52:185-190.
212. Taber S.W., Cokendolpher J.C., Francke O.F., Supercooling points of red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Lubbock,Texas. Entomol. News 1987, 98: 153-158.
213. Taber S.W., Fire ants. College station: Texas A&M University, 2000.
214. Tschinkel W.R., The fire ant (Solenopsis invicta): still unvanquished. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., in Biological Pollution: The Control and Impact of Invasive Exotic Species, ed. B. N. McKnight, Indiana Acad. Sci., Indianapolis 1993, pp.121-136.
215. Tschinkel W.R., The reproductive biology of fire ant societies. BioScience 1998, 48: 593-605.
216. Tschinkel W.R., Sociometry and sociogenesis of colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta during one annual cycle. Ecol. Monogr. 1993, 4: 425-457.
217. Tschinkel W.R., The reproductive biology of fire ant societies. Biosci. 1998, 48: 593-605.
218. Tschinkel W.R., Nest architecture of the Florida harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex badius. J. Insect Sci. 2005, 5:10.
219. Tschinkel W.R., The Fire Ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2006.
220. Vanderwoude C., Elson-Harris M., Hargreaves J.R. Harris E., Plowman K.P., An overview of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) eradication plan for Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum Monograph Series 2004, 7 : 11-16.
221. Vander Meer R.K., Lofgren C.S., Seaw J.A., Specificity of the red imported fire ant (Hym enoptera Formicidae) phagostinulant response to carbohydrates. Florida Entomol. 1995, 78: 144-154.
222. Vander Meer R.K., Porter S.D., Fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, worker alarm pheromones attract Pseudacteon phorid flies. Proceedings of the 2002 Imported Fire Ant Conference, Athens, GA, 2002: 77-80.
223. Vargo E.L., Fletcher D.J.C., Effect of queen number on the production of sexuals in natural populations of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Physiol. Entomol. 1987,12:109-116.
224. Vargo E.L., Porter S.D., Colony reproduction by budding in the polygyne form of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 1989, 82: 307-313.
225. Vinson S.B., Greenberg L., The biology,physiology and ecology of Imported Fire Ants.In S.B.Vinson, Economic Impact and control of Social Insects. Praeger Press, New York, USA 1986: 193-226.
226. Vinson S.B., Sorenson A.A., Imported Fire Ants: Life History and Impact. The Texas Department of Agriculture. P.O. Box 12847, Austin, Texas 78711.1986.
227. Vinson S.B., The economic impact of the imported fire ant infestation on the State of Texas. Report, College Station, TX: Texas A and M University, 1992.
228. Vinson S.B., Impact of the invasion of Solenopsis invicta on native food webs. In: Williams D. ed, Exotic Ants: Biology, Impact, and Control of Introduced Species. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994, 241-258.
229. Vinson S.B., Invasion of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) spread, biology, and impact. Am. Entomol. 1997, 43: 23-39.
230. Vogt J.T., Smith W.A., Grantham R.A. Wright R.E., Effects of temperature and season on foraging activity of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Oklahoma. Environ. Entomol. 2002, 32: 447-451.
231. Whitcomb W.H., Bhatkar A., Nickerson J.C., Predatorsof Solenopsis invicta queens prior to successful colony establishment. Environ. Entomol. 1973, 2:1001-1003.
232. Williams D.F., The development of toxic baits for the control of the imported fire ant. Florida Entomol. 1983, 66: 162-172.
233. Williams, D.F., Oi D H, Knue G. H., Infection of red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) colonies with the entomopathogen Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia: Thelohaniidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 1999, (92): 830-836.
234. Williams, D.F., Collins H.L., David O.i., The red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): An historical perspective of treatment programs and the development of chemical baits for control. Am. Entomol. 2001, 47:146.
235. Williams D.K., eds. Exotic Ant: Biology, impact, and control of introduced species, Boulder, CO: Westview Press., 1994.
236. Wilson E.O., EADS J.H., A report on the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima var. richteri Forel in Alabama. Ala. Dept. Conserv. Spec. Rep., 53 pp., 13 palates. (Mimeographed). ,1949.
237. Wilson E.O., Brown W.L., Recent changes in the introduced population of the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima (Fr. Smith). Evolution 1958, 12: 211-218.
238. Wilson E.O., Chemical communication among workers of the fire ant solenopsis saevissima (Fr. Smith).1.The organization of mass foraging. Anim. Behav. 1962, 10:134-147.
239. Wilson E.O., The Insect Societies.The Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts , 1971.
240. Wojcik D.P., Comparison of the ecology of red imported fire ants in north and South America. Florida Entomol. 1983, 66: 101-111.
241. Worland M.R., Leinaas H.P., Chown S.L., Supercooling point frequency distributions are affected by moulting. Funct. Ecol. 2006, 20: 323-329.
242. Yusa Y., Predation on eggs of the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) by the fire ant Solenopsis geminata. J. Mollus Stud. 2001 , 67: 275-279.
243. Zhang R., Li Y., Liu N., Porter S.D., An overview of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in mainland China. Florida Entomol. 2007, 90(4): 723-731.
2.陈浩涛,罗礼智,江幸福,我国大陆红火蚁不同等级和虫态过冷却点的测定.昆虫学报,2009,52(05):502～508.
3.陈林,Korzukhin M.D.,程登发,陆庆光,王福详,基于GIS和气候、种群动态模型的红火蚁适生性分析.植物保护学报,2006,33(4):384～390.
4.陈益,唐觉,鼎突多刺蚁巢外活动规律的研究.浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),1992(2):45～48.
5.杜予州,顾杰,郭建波,戴霖,鞠瑞亭,胡学难,入侵害虫红火蚁在中国的适生性分布研究.中国农业科学,2007,40(1):99～106.
6.高艳,罗礼智,红火蚁触角形态及感受器的扫描电镜观察.昆虫学报,2005,48(6):986～992.
7.胡树泉,徐学荣,周卫川,张辉,宁昭玉,红火蚁在中国的潜在地理分布预测模型.福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2008,37(2):205～209.
8.胡树泉,外来生物红火蚁在福建危害的风险及损失评估[硕士学位论文].福州:福建农林大学,2008.
9.黄海勇,黄吉勇,松材线虫等5种有害生物在贵州省的风险分析.中国森林病虫,2005,24(6):14～17.
10.黄绍宁,罗礼智,张蕾,张森泉,王文荣,深圳红火蚁蚁巢密度、社会型研究及防治效果评价.植物保护,2009,35(6):142～145.
11.景晓红,康乐,昆虫抗寒性研究进展.生态学报,2002,22(12):2202～2207.
12.李莉,松材线虫病入侵陕西的风险分析.陕西林业科技,2004,(4):53～59.
13.李宁东,曾玲,梁广文,陆永跃,广东吴川红火蚁消长规律.昆虫知识,2008,45(1):54～57.
14.刘杰,吕利华,冯夏,陈焕瑜,周小毛,张德雍,黄华,何余容,美国红火蚁防治饵剂的研制应用与启示.广东农业科学,2006,19(5):12～17.
15.罗礼智,基于控制我国红火蚁危害的几点思考,植物保护,2005,31(2):5～8.
16.罗礼智,覃贵亮,王漫波,彭启德,刘华荣,应用硫氟磺酰胺毒饵防治红火蚁.植物保护,2006,32(1):22～26.
17.罗礼智,黄家善,张海翔,陈景成,彭熙棉,氟磺酰胺毒饵使用量对红火蚁防治效果的影响.植物保护,2007,33(01):87～90.
18.农业部,中国红火蚁防控记. 2006.
19.秦玉川,杨建才,一种便携式测定昆虫过冷却点的方法.昆虫知识,2000,37(4):236～238.
20.任东升,刘起勇,孟凤霞,吴海霞,栗冬梅,红火蚁及其综合治理.中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2005,16(4):319～323.
21.容剑东,吴川市红火蚁伤人事件流行病学调查分析.医学动物防制,2005,21(4):265～266.
22.邵敬国,罗礼智,陈浩涛,江幸福,雷朝亮,应用多元PCR技术对我国红火蚁社会型的鉴定.昆虫学报,2008,51(5):551～555.
23.沈文军,王雅男,万方浩,应用相似离度法预测红火蚁在中国适生区域极其入侵概率.中国农业科学,2008,41(6):1673～1683.
24.宋侦东,陆永跃,吴碧球,曾玲,广东红火蚁多个生境中诱饵对蚂蚁诱集作用比较.华南农业大学学报,2007,28(4):19～22.
25.苏艳超,入侵红火蚁主要生态学特性及其控制研究[硕士学位论文].福州:福建农林大学,2009.
26.田伟金,庄天勇,程树兰,王春晓,梁梅芳,曾环标,红火蚁专性药剂红蚁净对剑尾鱼的急性毒性试验.昆虫知识,2005,42(6):650～653.
27.王卫东.中国松材线虫病风险分析[硕士学位论文].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2004.
28.吴能简,卢文成,罗会明,何紫电,何剑峰,梁康斌,杨春,柯建义,肖康寿,中国大陆首次发现红火蚁伤人事件调查报告.中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2005,16(5):342～344.
29.吴志红,覃贵亮,邓铁军,王凯学,黄家善,陈景成,硫氟磺酰胺毒饵防治红火蚁的应用研究.中国植保导刊,2006,(4):40～42.
30.杨伟东,余道坚,陈志粦,红火蚁对农业生态环境和社会、经济的影响.植物保护,2005,(5):75～78.
31.肖明山,袁会珠,罗礼智,郑永权,齐淑华,彭启德,硫氟磺酰胺、氟虫腈和苯氧威3种饵剂对红火蚁的防效初探.农药科学与管理,2006,27(1):10～13.
32.辛明,贺答汉,关晓庆,人工固沙林草地红林蚁(Formica sinae Emery)巢外活动规律研究.宁夏农学院学报,2003,24(2):15～18.
33.薛大勇,李红梅,韩红香,张润志,红火蚁在中国的分布区预测.昆虫知识,2005,42(1):57～60.
34.许益镌,陆永跃,曾玲,梁广文,华南地区典型生境中红火蚁觅食行为及工蚁召集规律.华南农业大学学报,2007,27(3):855～861.
35.许益镌,红火蚁入侵生态学基础研究[博士学位论文].广州:华南农业大学,2007.
36.许益镌,陆永跃,黄俊,曾玲,梁广文,红火蚁自然种群耐寒性的研究.昆虫学报,2009(9):974～983.
37.张巧利,林立丰,陈浩田,陈平华,卢文成,李燕军,中国首起红火蚁咬伤致死事件调查报告.疾病监测,2006,21(12):654～656.
38.张庆,罗礼智,黄绍宁,保幼激素类似物对红火蚁的影响作用研究进展.植物保护,2009,(4):15～19.
39.曾玲,陆永跃,何晓芳,张维球,梁广文,入侵中国大陆的红火蚁的鉴定及发生为害调查.昆虫知识,2005,42(2):144～148.
40.曾鑫年,熊忠华,郭景,黄田福,吴上新,多杀菌素对红火蚁的毒力及传导毒杀作用.华南农业大学学报,27(3):26～29.
41.郑华,赵宇翔,外来有害生物红火蚁风险分析及防控对策.林业科学研究,2005,18(4):479～483.
42.郑基焕,张润杰,蜻蜓捕食婚飞红火蚁的初步观察.中山大学学报,2007,46(2):120～122.
43.周卫川,红火蚁在中国的地理分布预测.植物检疫,2005,19(3):155～157.
44.朱均权,赖沛茂,熊忠华,曾鑫年,多杀菌素饵剂防治红火蚁田间药效试验初报.广东农业科学,2006,(8):64～65.
45.庄天勇,田伟金,李小妮,王春晓,吴仕豪,王琳,梁梅芳,红蚁净防治红火蚁的药效试验.昆虫知识,2007, 44(5):746～748.
46. Abigail Q., Richard M.K., Sherman A.P., Supercooling of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on a latitudinal temperature gradient in Texas. Southwest. Nat. 2005,50: 302-306.
47. Adams C.T. , Banks W.A., Lofgren C.S. Focks F.A., Prewitt J.C., Impact of the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the growth and yield of soybeans. J. Econ. Entomol. 1983, 76:1129-1132.
48. Adams C.T., Agricultural and medical impact of the imported fire ants, pp. 48-57. In C. S. Lofgren and R. K. Vander Meer [eds.], Fire ants and leaf cutting ants: Biology and management. Westview Press , Boulder, CO. 1986.
49. Adams E.S., Territory size and shape in fire ants: a model based on neighborhood interactions. Ecology 1998, 79:1125-1134.
50. Agnew C.W., Sterling W.L., Predation rates of the red imported fire ant on eggs of the tobacco budworm. Prot. Ecol. 1982, 4:151-158.
51. Ali D., Reagan T.E., Flynn J.L., Influence of Selected Weedy and Weed-Free Sugarcane Habitats on Diet Composition and Foraging Activity of the Imported Fire Ant. Proc. Of the 1984 Imported Fire Ant Conference (M.E. Mispagel, ed.) University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Gainesville, FL (Abstract only) p. 7. 1984.
52. Allen C.R., Demaris S., Lutz R. S., Red imported fire ant impact on wildlife: an overview. Texas J. Sci. 1994, 46:51-59.
53. Allen C.R., Lutz R.S., Demarais S., Red imported fire ant impacts on northern bobwhite populations. Eco. App. 1995, 53(5): 632-638.
54. Allen C. R., Forys E. A., Rice K. G., Wojcik D. P., Effects of fire ants on hatching turtles and prevalence of fire ants on sea turtle nesting beaches in Florida. Florida Entomol. 2001, 84: 250-253.
55. Allen C.R., Epperson D.M., Garmestani A.S., Red imported fire ant impacts on wildlife: Adecade of research. Am. Midl. Nat. 2004, 152: 88-103.
56. Balas M.T., Adams E.S., Nestmate discrimination and competition in incipient colonies of fire ants. Anim. Behav. 1996, 51: 49-59.
57. Bale J.S., Hansen T.N., Baust J.G., Nucleators and sites of nucleation in the freeze tolerant larvae of the gallfly Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch). J. Insect Physiol. 1989, 35: 291-298.
58. Banks W.A.,Lofgren C.S.,Jouvenaz D.P., Stringer C.E., Bishop P.M., Williams D.F., Wojcik D.P., Glancey B.M., Techniques for collecting,rearing,and handling imported fire ants. 1981, USDA, SEA, AATS-S-21.
59. Barr G.L., Drees B.M., Results from the texas veterinarian survey:Impact of red imported fire ants on animal healthy. Proceeding,Imported Fire Ant Conference.1994.12
60. Bass J.A., Hays S.B., Nuptial flights of the imported fire ant in South Carolina. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 1979, 14:158-161.
61. Bissmire S., Red imported fire ants found at Whirinaki. Biosecurity 2006, 69: 9.
62. Bloom F.L., DelMastro P.R., Imported fire ant death, a documented case report. J. Fla. Med. Assoc. 1984, 71:87-90.
63. Buren W.F., Revisionary studies on the taxonomy of the imported fire ants. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 1972,7:1-27.
64. Buren W.F., Allen G.E., Whitcomb W.H. Lennartz F.E., Williams R.N., Zoogeography of the imported fire ants. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 1974,82:113-124.
65. Camazine S., Deneubourg J.L., Franks N.R., Sneyd J., Bonabeau E., Therau G., Self-organisation in Biological Systems 217-255 (Princeton Univ. Press, New Jersey,2001.
66. Caldwell S.T., Schuman S.H., Simpson W.M., Fire ants: a continuing community health threat in South Carolina. J. South Carolina Medical Assn. 1999, 95:231-235.
67. Callcott A.M.A., Collins H.L., Invasion and range expansion of imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in North America from 1918-1995. Florida Entomol. 1996, 79: 240-251.
68. Callcott A.M.A., David H.O., Collins H.L., Williams D.F.,Lockley T.C., Seasonal studies of an isolated red inported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)population in eastern Tennessee. Environ. Entomol. 2000, 29: 788-794.
69. Callcott A.M.A., Range expansion of the imported fire ant 1918-2001. In: Diffie SK (ed) 2002 Annual Imported Fire Ant.
70. Cannon R.J.C., Block W., Cold tolerance of microarthropods, Biol. Rev. 1988, 63: 23-77.
71. Carthy J.D., The orientation of two allied species of British ant. II. Odour trail laying and following in Acanthomyops (Lasius) fuliginosus. Behaviour 1951, 3:304-318.
72. Cassill D.L., Tschinkel W.R., Regulation of diet in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. J. Insect Behav. 1999, 12(3):307-328.
73. Cassill D.L., Tschinkel W.R., Vinson S.B., Nest complexity, group size and brood rearing in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Insectes Soc. 2002, 49:158-163.
74. Cassill D.L., Kim Vo, Becker B., Yong fire ant workers feign death and survive aggressive neighbors, Naturwissenschaften, 2008, 95:617-624.
75. Chad T.H., Micky D.U., Effect of habitat complexity on biological control by the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in collards. Biol. Contr. 2004, 29:348-358.
76. Cokendolpher J.C., Francke O.F., Temperature preferences of four species of fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis). Psyche 1985,92: 91-101.
77. Cokendolpher J.C., Phillips Jr., Critical thermal limits and locomotor activity of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Environ. Entomol. 1990, 19(4):878-881.
78. Cook J.L., Conservation of biodiversity in an areaimpacted by the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Biodivers. Conserv. 2003, 12: 187-195.
79. Cook T.J., Lowery M.B., Frey T.N. Rowe K.E., Lynch L.R., Effect of Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporida: Thelohaniidae) on weight and reproductive status of polygynous red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), alates, J. Invertebr. Pathol. 2003,82:201-203.
80. Culpepper G. H., The distribution of the imported fire ant in the Southern States. Proceedings of the Association of Agricultural Workers 1953, 50:102.
81. Davidson N.A., Stone N.D., Imported fire ants.In: Dahlsten, DL Garcia, R, Lorraine, H(eds), Eradication of exotic pests.Yale Univ.Press,1989,PP.196-217.
82. DeShazo R.D.,Williams D.F., Moak E.S., Fire ant attacks on residents in health care facilities: a report of two cases.Ann. Intern. Med. 1999, 131(6):424-429.
83. Dick J., Platvoet D., Invading predatory crustacean (Dikerogammarus villosus) eliminates both native and exotic species. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 2000, 267:977-983.
84. Dickinson V., Red imported fire ant predation on Crested Caracara nestlings in south Texas. Wilson Bull. 1995,107:761-762.
85. Diffie S.K., Sheppard D.C., Supercooling studies on the imported fire ants: Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and their hybrid. J. Entomol. Sci. 1989, 24:361-364.
86. Drees B.M., Red imported fire ant predation on nestlings of colonial waterbirds. Southwest. Entomol. 1994, 19: 355-359.
87. Dorigo A.C.M., Maniezzo V., Distributed optimization by ant colonies, 1991.
88. Ebermann E., Moser J.C., Mites (Acari: Scutacaridae) associated with the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) , from Louisiana and Tennessee, U. S. A. Internat. J. Acarol. 2008, 34(1):55-69.
89. Duman J.G., Antifreeze agents of terrestrial arthropods. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1983,73 (4): 545-555.
90. Eden W.G., Arant F.S., Control of the imported fire ant in Alabama. J. Econ. Entomol. 1949, 42: 976-979.
91. Feener D.H.Jr., Competition between ant species: outcome controlled by parasitic flies. Science 1981, 214: 815-817.
92. Feener D.H.Jr., Size-selective oviposition in Pseudacteon crawfordi (Diptera: Phoridae), a parasite of fire ants. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 1987, 80: 148-151.
93. Forys E.A., Quistorff A., Allen C.R., Wojcik D.P., The likely cause of extinction of the tree snail Orthalicus resesreses (Say). J. Mollus. Stud. 2001, 67: 369-376.
94. Fletcher D.J.C., Blum M.S.,Whitt T.V., Temple N., Monogyny and polygyny in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 1980,73: 658-661.
95. Francke O.F., Cokendolpher J.C., Temperature tolerances of the red imported fire ant. In;Lofgren C.S. and. Vander Meer R.K., editors. Fire ants and leafcutting ants:biology and management. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. 1986, Pages 104-113.
96. Fritz G.N., Vander Meer R.K., Sympatry of polygyne and monogyne colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 2003, 96: 86-92.
97. Gilbert L.E., Patrock R.J.W., Phorid flies for the biological suppression of imported fire ant in Texas: Region specific challenges, recent advances and future prospects. Southwest. Entomol. (supplement) 2002. 25:7-17.
98. Glancey B.M., Two additional dragonfly predators of queens of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta buren. Florida Entomol. 1981, 64:194-195.
99. Glancey B.M., Nickerson J.C., Wojcik D., Trager J., Banks W.A., Adams C.T., The increasing incidence of the polygynous form of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Florida. Florida Entomol. 1987, 70: 400-402.
100. Glancey B.M., Banks W.A., Obin M.S., The effect of fenoxycarb on alates of the red imported fire ant. J. Entomol. Sci. 1989, 24: 29-297.
101. Glancey BM.,Vander Meer R.K.,Wojcik D.P., Polygyny in hybrid imported fire ants. Florida Entomol. 1989, 72: 632-636.
102. Good W.R., Stoiy I.M., Galkm N.W., Winter cold hardiness and supercooling of Metzneria paucipunctella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a moth introduced for the bioloaical control of spotted knapweed. Environ. Entomol. 1997, 26:1131-1135.
103. Gotelli N.J.,Arnett A.E., Biogcographic effects of the red fire ant invasion.Ecology Letters 2000, 3: 257-261.
104. Green H.B., Imported fire ant mortality due to cold. J. Econ. Entomol. 1959,52:347.
105. Greenberg, Fletcher D.J.C., Vinson S.B., Differences in worker size and mound distribution in monogynous and polygynous colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 1985, 58: 9-18.
106. Hahn D.A., Martin A.R., Porter S.D., Body size, but not cooling rate affects supercooling points in the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Environ. Entomol. 2008, 37(5): 1074-1080.
107. Harris R., Blatant Breaches of the Border. Stowaways 2001, 1-11.
108. Hays K.L., Ecological observations on the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel, in Alabama. J. Ala. Acad. Sci. 1959, 30:14-18.
109. Hochachka P.W., Somero G., Biochemical Adaptation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1984. H?lldobler B., Wilson E.O., The Ants (Belknap Press, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990.
110. Horton D.R., Reduced cold-hardiness of pear psylla caused by exposure to external water and surfactants. Can. Entomol. 1996, 128 (5): 825-830.
111. Hu G.Y., Frank J.H., Effect of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on dung-inhabiting arthropods in Florida. Environ. Entomol. 1996, 25:1290-1296.
112. Hubbard M.D.,Cunningham W.G., Orientation of mounds in the ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera:Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Insectes Soc. 1977, 24: 3-7.
113. Hung A.C.F., Vinson S.B., Summerlin J.W. Male sterility in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1974, 67: 909-912.
114. James T.V., Arthur G.A., Mark S.W., Flight energetics and dispersal capability of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. J. Insect Physiol. 2000, 46: 697-770.
115. James S.S., Pereira R.M., Vail K.M. Ownley B.H., Survival of imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species subjected to freezing and near-freezing temperatures. Environ. Entomol. 2002, 31:127-133.
116. Jetter K.M., Hamilton J., Klotz J.H., Red imported fire ants threaten agriculture, wildlife and homes. Calif. Agric. 2002, 56: 26-34.
117. Jouvenaz, D.P., Wojcik D.P., Vander Meer R.K., First observation of polygyny in fire ants, Solenopsis spp., in South America. Psyche 1989, 96: 161-165.
118. Julie P.S.N., Lee C.Y., Identification key to common urban pest ants in Malaysia. Trop. Biomed. 2001. 18:1-17.
119. Kaspari M., Vargo E. L., Colony size as a buffer against seasonality: Bergmann’s rule in social insects. Am. Nat. 1995, 145: 610-632.
120. Keller L., Ross K.G., Phenotypic basis of reproductive success in a social insect: genetic and social determinants. Science 1993, 260: 1107-1110.
121. Keller L., Chapuisat M., Cooperation among selfish individuals in insect colonies. BioScience, 1999, 49: 899-909.
122. Khaustov A.A., Moser J.C., Two new species of mites of the genera Petalamium Cross and Caesarodispus Mahunka (acari Heterostigmata Neopygm ephoridae, Microdispidae) associated with solenopsis invicta Buren(hymenoptera: Formicdae) from the U.S.A. Internat. J. Acarol., 2008, 34(2): 155-122.
123. Killion M.J., Grant W.E., Vinson S.B., Response of baiomys taylori to changes in density of imported fire ants. J. Mammal. 1995, 76: 141-147.
124. Killion M.J., Grant W.E., A colony-growth model for the imported fire ant: potential geographic range of an invading species. Ecol. Modell 1995, 77:73-84.
125. Klotz J.H., Jetter K.M., Greenberg L., Hamilton J., Kabashima J., Williams D., An insect pest of agricultural, urban, and wildlife areas: The red imported fire ant. In: Sumner D A ed., Exotic Pest and Diseases: Biology and Economics for Biosecurity. Blackwell Publishing, ames, I A, 2003.
126. Korzukhin M.D., Porter S.D., Thompson L.C., Modeling temperature-dependent range limits for the fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) in the United States. Environ. Entomol. 2001, 30: 645-655.
127. Kostal V., Slachta M., Simek P., Cryoprotective role of ployols independent of the increase in supercooling capacity in diapausing adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera:Insecta). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 2001, 130:365-374.
128. Krieger M.J.B., Ross K.G., Identification of a major gene regulating complex social behavior. Science 2002, 295: 328-332.
129. Landry C.E., Phillips S.A., Potential of icenucleating active bacteria for management of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Environ. Entomol. 1996, 25: 859-866.
130. Layne J.R., Lee R.E., Huang J.L., Inoculation triggers freezing at high subzero temperatures in a freeze-tolerant frog (Rana sylvatica) and insect(Eurosta solidaginis). Can. J. Zool. 1990, 68: 506-510.
131. Leather S.R., Walters K.F.A.,Bale J.S., The Ecology of Insect Overwintering. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ,1993.
132. Lee R.E., Chen C.P., Mecham M.H., Ontogenetic patterns of cold-hardiness and glycerol production in Sarcophaga crassipalpis. J. Insect Physiol. 1987,33: 587-592.
133. Lee R.E., Principles of insect low temperature tolerance. In: R. E. Lee, Jr., and D. L. Denlinger, editors. Insects at low temperature. Chapman& Hall, New York. 1991a:17-46.
134. Lee R.E., Denlinger D.L., Insects at Low Temperature, New York: Chapman and Hall 1991b:17-46.
135. Lee R.E., Strong-Gunderson J.M., Lee M.R., Ice nucleating bacteria decrease the cold-hardiness of stored grain insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 1992, 58: 371-374.
136. Lockey R.F., Allergic and other adverse reactions caused by the imported fire ant. In:
137. Oehling A., Mathov E., Glazer I., Arbesman C., Advances in Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1980. 441-448
138. Lockley T.C., Effect of imported fire ant predation on a population of the least tern: an endangered species. Southwest. Entomol. 1995, 20(4):517-519.
139. Lofgren C.S., Banks W.A., Glancey B.M., Biology and control of imported fire ants. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1975, 20: 1-30.
140. Lofgren C.S., Williams D.F., Polygynous colonies of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Florida. Florida Entomol. 1984,67: 484-486.
141. Lofgren C.S., History of imported fire ants in the United States, pp. 36-47. In C. S. Lofgren and R. K. Vander Meer [eds.], Fire ants and leaf cutting ants: Biology and management.Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 1986.
142. Lofgren C.S., Vander Meer R.K., Fire Ants and Leaf-cutting Ants: Biology and Management. Boulder, USA: Westview Press, 1986: 36-47.
143. Luo LZ, The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta in mainland China. In: Proceedings of the Red Imported Fire Ant Conference, pp 60-61. Mobile, Alabama, March, 2006.
144. Mack M.C., Antonio C.M., Impacts of biological invasions on disturbance regimes. Trends Ecol. Evolu. 1998, 13: 195-198.
145. Markin G.P., Dillier J.H., Hill S.O., Blum M.S., Hermann H.R, Nuptial flight and flight ranges of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri (Hymenoptera:Formicidae). J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 1971, 6: 145-156.
146. Markin G.P., Collins H.L., Dillier J.H., Colony founding by queens of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 1972, 65(5):1053-1058.
147. Markin G.P., O'Neil J., Dillier J.H., Collins H.L., Regional variation in the seasonal activity of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri. Environ. Entomol. 1974, 3: 446-452.
148. Maxwell F.G., Population dynamics of the IFA. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Imported Fire Ant. 1982: 67-74.
149. McCuskey E.S., Soong S.M.A., Rhythm variables as taxonomic characters in ant. Psyche 1979, 86 (1): 91-l02.
150. McGlynn T.P., The worldwide transfer of ants: geographical distribution and ecological invasions. J. Biogeogr 1999, 26: 535-548.
151. Mehdiabadi N.J., Kawazoe E.A., Gilbert L.E., Phorid fly parasitoids of invasive fire ants indirectly improve the competitive ability of a native ant. Ecol. Entomol. 2004. 29: 621-627.
152. Korzukhin M.D., Porter S.D., Thompson L.C., Wiley S.,Modeling temperature Dependent range limits for the fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) in the United States. Environ. Entomol. 2001, 30 : 645-655.
153. Milio J., Lofgren S.C., Williams D.E., Nuptial flight studies of field-collected colonies of Solenopsis invicta Buren, Pages 419-431 in advances in Myrmecology. Trager JCE. Brill J editor, 1988, New York.
154. Miller L.K., Cold-hardiness strategies of some adult and immature insects overwintering in interior Alaska. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 1982, 73: 595-604.
155. Mirenda J.T., Vinson S.B., Single and multiple queen colonies of imported fire ants in Texas. Southwest. Entomol. 1982, 7: 135-141.
156. Moloney S., Vanderwoude C., Red imported fire ants: an ecological threat to eastern Australia’s threatened wildlife? Ecol. Manage Restor 2002, 3: 167-175.
157. Morel L., Vander Meer R.K., Lofgren C.S., Comparison of nestmate recognition between monogyne and polygyne populations of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera:Formicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1990,83: 642-647.
158. Morrill W.L., Production and flight of alate red imported fire ants. Environ. Entomol. 1974, 3:265-271.
159. Morrill W.L., Martin P.B., Sheppard D.C., Overwinter survival of the red imported fire ant;effects of various habitats and food supply. Environ. Entomol. 1978,7: 262-264.
160. Morril W.L., Gabor J.W., Wichman D., Mortality of the wheat stem sawfly. Environ. Entomol. 1993, 22:1358-1361.
161. Morrison L.W., Indirect effects of phorid fly parasitoids on the mechanisms of interspecific competition among ants. Oecologia 1999, 121:113-122.
162. Morrison L.W., Biology of Pseudacteon (Diptera: Phoridae) ant parasitoids and their potential to control imported Solenopsis fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In S. G. Pandalai (ed.), Recent Res. Dev. Entomol. 2000 , 3: 1-13.
163. Morrison L.W., Porter S.D., Korzukhin M.D., Potential global range expansion of the invasive fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Biol. Invas. 2004, 6: 183-191.
164. Nattrass R., Vanderwoude C., A preliminary investigation of the ecological effects of red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) in Brisbane. Ecol. Managem. Restor. 2001, 2: 220-223.
165. Obin M.S., Nestmate recognition cues in laboratory and field colonies of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Effects of environment and the role of cuticular hydrocarbons. J. Chem. Ecol. 1986, 12: 1965-1975.
166. Obin M.S., Morel L., Vander Meer R.K., Unexpected, well-developed nestmate recognition in laboratory colonies of polygyne imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Insect Behav . 1993 , 6: 579-589.
167. Obin M.S., Vander Meer R.K., Alate semiochemicals release worker behavior during fire ant nuptial flights. J. Entomol. Sci. 1994, 29:143-151.
168. Pascoe A., Turning up the heat on fire ants. Biosecurity 2001, 32: 6.
169. Pell A.S., Tidemann C.R., The impact of two exotic hollow-nesting birds on two native parrots in savannah and woodland in Eastern Australia. Biol. Conserv. 1997, 79 : 145-153.
170. Penickl C.A., Tschinke W.R., Thermoregulatory brood transport in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Insect. Soc. 2008, 55:176-182.
171. Petralia R.S., Vinson S.B., Feeding in the larvae of the imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta: Behavior and morphological adaptations. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 1978, 71:643-648.
172. Petralia R.S., Vinson S.B., Developmental morphology of larvae and eggs of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1979, 72:472-484.
173. Pimentel D., Lach L., Zuniga R., Morrison D., Environmental and economic costs associated with non-indigenous species in the United States. BioSci. 1999, 50: 53-65.
174. Pinson C.K., The temperature regime in the Solenopsis invicta mound and its effect on behavior. M.S. thesis, Texas Tech University, Lubbock,TX. 1980.
175. Porter S.D., Tschinkel W.R., Foraging in Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera:Formicidae):effects of weather and season. Environ. Entomol. 1987, 16: 802-808.
176. Porter S.D., Impact of temperature on colony growth and developmental rates of the ant,Solenopsis invicta. J. Insect Physiol. 1988, 34: 1127-1133.
177. Porter S.D., Jorgensen C.D., Longevity of harvester ant colonies in southern Idaho. J. Range Manage 1988, 41: 104-107.
178. Porter S.D., Van Eimeren B., Gilbert L.E., Invasion of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): microgeography of competitive replacement. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 1988, 81: 913-918.
179. Porter S.D., Effects of diet on the growth of laboratory fire ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 1989, 62: 288-291.
180. Porter S.D., Savignano D.A., Invasion of polygyne fire ants decimates native ants and disrupts arthropod community. Ecology 1990, 71: 2095-2106.
181. Porter S.D., Origins of new queens in polygyne red imported fire ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 1991, 26: 474-478.
182. Porter S.D., Bhatkar A.P., Mulder R., Vinson S.B., Clair D.J., Distribution and density of polygyne fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Texas. J. Econ. Entomol. 1991, 84: 866-874.
183. Porter S.D., Frequency and distribution of polygyne fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Florida. Florida Entomol. 1992, 75: 248-257.
184. Porter S.D.,Fowler H.G.,McKay W.P., Fire ant mound densities in the United States and Brazil (Hymenoptera:Formicidae).J. Econ. Entomol., 1992, 85:1154-1161.
185. Porter S.D., Stability of polygyne and monogyne fire ant populations (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis invicta) in the United States. J. Econ. Entomol. 1993, 86: 1344-1347.
186. Porter S.D., Tschinkel W.R., Fire ant thermal preferences: behavioral control of growth and metabolism. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1993, 32: 321-329.
187. Potts L.P., Francke O.F., Cokendolpher J.C., Humidity preferences of four species of fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsis). Insectes Sociaux 1984, 31:335-340.
188. Rhoades W.C., Davis D.R., Effects of meteorological factors on the biology and control of the imported fire ant. J. Econ. Entomol. 1967,60:554-58.
189. Reagan T.E., Beneficial aspects of the imported fire ant: a field ecology approach, pp. 58–71. In C.S. Lofgren and R.K. Vander Meer [eds.], Fire ants and leaf cutting ants, biology and management. Westview, Boulder, CO.1986.
190. Rhoades R.B., Stafford C.T., James F.K.Jr., Survey of fatal anaphylactic reactions to imported fire ants stings. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1989, 84: 159-162.
191. Ricks B.L., Vinson S.B., Changes in nutrient content during one year in workers of the imported fire ant. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 1972, 65:135-138.
192. Ross K.G., Keller L., Ecology and evolution of social organization: insights from the ants and other highly eusocial insects. Ann. Rev. Eco.l Syst. 1995, 26: 631-656.
193. RossK.G., Vargo E.L.,Keller L., Simple genetic basis for important social traits in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Evolution 1996, 50: 2387-2399.
194. Ross K.G., Multilocus evolution in the ants: effects of selection, gene flow and recombination.Genetics 1997, 145: 961-974.
195. Ross K.G., Keller L., Genetic control of social organization in an ant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95: 14232-14237.
196. Ross K.G., Shoemarker D.D.W., Estimation of the number of founders of an invasive pest insect population: the fire ant Solenopsis invicta in the USA. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2008, 275(1648): 2231-2240.
197. Schone H., Spatial Orientation . Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1984.
198. Shannon S.J., Roberto M.P., Karen M.V., Bonnie H.O., Survival of imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) species subjected to freezing and near-freezing temperatures. Environ. Entomol. 2002, 31:127-133.
199. Ruberson J.R., Herzog G.A, Lambert W.R., Lewis W.J., Management of the beet armyworm: integration of control approaches. Proc. 1994 Beltwide Cotton Prod. Conf. 1994,2: 857-859.
200. Simberloff D., Eradication. In: Simberloff D, Schmitz DC, Brown TC. ed. Strangers in Paradise. Washington: Island Press, 1997, 221-228.
201. Solley G.O., Vanderwoude C., Knight G.K., Anaphylaxis due to red imported fire ant sting. Med. J. Aust. 2002, 176:521-523.
202. S?mme L., Supercooling and winter survival in terrestrial arthropods. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.A 1982, 73: 519-543.
203. Stablein J.J., Lockey R.F., Hensel A.E., Death from imported fire ant stings. Immunol. Allergy Prac. 1985, 7: 279-282.
204. Stamps W.T., Vinson S.B., Raiding in newly founded colonies of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Environ. Entomol. 1991, 20: 1037-1041.
205. Stevens A.J., Stevens N.M., Darby P.C., Percival H.F., Observations of fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) attacking apple snails (Pomacea paludosa) exposed during dry down conditions. J. Mollus. Stud. 1999, 65: 507-510.
206. Stewart J.S., Vinson S.B., Red imported fire ant damage tocommercial cucumber and sunflower plants. Southwest. Entomol. 1991, 16: 168-170.
207. Stiles J.H., Jones R.H., Top-down control by the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta). Am. Midl. Natur. 2001, 146: 171-185.
208. Stoker R.L., Ferris D.K., Grant W.E.,Folse L.J., Simulating colonization by exotic species: a model of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) in North America. Ecol. Modell. 1994,73: 281-292.
209. Sutherst R.W., Maywald G., A climate model of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Implications for invasion of new regions, particularly Oceania. Environ. Entomol. 2005, 34: 317-335.
210. Sutherst R.W., Bourne A.S., Modelling non-equilibrium distributions of invasive species: a tale of two modelling paradigms. Biol. Invas. 2009, 11(6): 1231-1237.
211. Suzuki K,, Fujita M., Miya K., Changes in Supercooling Point of Silkworm Eggs. J. Seric. Sci.Jap. 1983,52:185-190.
212. Taber S.W., Cokendolpher J.C., Francke O.F., Supercooling points of red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Lubbock,Texas. Entomol. News 1987, 98: 153-158.
213. Taber S.W., Fire ants. College station: Texas A&M University, 2000.
214. Tschinkel W.R., The fire ant (Solenopsis invicta): still unvanquished. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., in Biological Pollution: The Control and Impact of Invasive Exotic Species, ed. B. N. McKnight, Indiana Acad. Sci., Indianapolis 1993, pp.121-136.
215. Tschinkel W.R., The reproductive biology of fire ant societies. BioScience 1998, 48: 593-605.
216. Tschinkel W.R., Sociometry and sociogenesis of colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta during one annual cycle. Ecol. Monogr. 1993, 4: 425-457.
217. Tschinkel W.R., The reproductive biology of fire ant societies. Biosci. 1998, 48: 593-605.
218. Tschinkel W.R., Nest architecture of the Florida harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex badius. J. Insect Sci. 2005, 5:10.
219. Tschinkel W.R., The Fire Ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2006.
220. Vanderwoude C., Elson-Harris M., Hargreaves J.R. Harris E., Plowman K.P., An overview of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) eradication plan for Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum Monograph Series 2004, 7 : 11-16.
221. Vander Meer R.K., Lofgren C.S., Seaw J.A., Specificity of the red imported fire ant (Hym enoptera Formicidae) phagostinulant response to carbohydrates. Florida Entomol. 1995, 78: 144-154.
222. Vander Meer R.K., Porter S.D., Fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, worker alarm pheromones attract Pseudacteon phorid flies. Proceedings of the 2002 Imported Fire Ant Conference, Athens, GA, 2002: 77-80.
223. Vargo E.L., Fletcher D.J.C., Effect of queen number on the production of sexuals in natural populations of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Physiol. Entomol. 1987,12:109-116.
224. Vargo E.L., Porter S.D., Colony reproduction by budding in the polygyne form of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 1989, 82: 307-313.
225. Vinson S.B., Greenberg L., The biology,physiology and ecology of Imported Fire Ants.In S.B.Vinson, Economic Impact and control of Social Insects. Praeger Press, New York, USA 1986: 193-226.
226. Vinson S.B., Sorenson A.A., Imported Fire Ants: Life History and Impact. The Texas Department of Agriculture. P.O. Box 12847, Austin, Texas 78711.1986.
227. Vinson S.B., The economic impact of the imported fire ant infestation on the State of Texas. Report, College Station, TX: Texas A and M University, 1992.
228. Vinson S.B., Impact of the invasion of Solenopsis invicta on native food webs. In: Williams D. ed, Exotic Ants: Biology, Impact, and Control of Introduced Species. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994, 241-258.
229. Vinson S.B., Invasion of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) spread, biology, and impact. Am. Entomol. 1997, 43: 23-39.
230. Vogt J.T., Smith W.A., Grantham R.A. Wright R.E., Effects of temperature and season on foraging activity of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Oklahoma. Environ. Entomol. 2002, 32: 447-451.
231. Whitcomb W.H., Bhatkar A., Nickerson J.C., Predatorsof Solenopsis invicta queens prior to successful colony establishment. Environ. Entomol. 1973, 2:1001-1003.
232. Williams D.F., The development of toxic baits for the control of the imported fire ant. Florida Entomol. 1983, 66: 162-172.
233. Williams, D.F., Oi D H, Knue G. H., Infection of red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) colonies with the entomopathogen Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia: Thelohaniidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 1999, (92): 830-836.
234. Williams, D.F., Collins H.L., David O.i., The red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): An historical perspective of treatment programs and the development of chemical baits for control. Am. Entomol. 2001, 47:146.
235. Williams D.K., eds. Exotic Ant: Biology, impact, and control of introduced species, Boulder, CO: Westview Press., 1994.
236. Wilson E.O., EADS J.H., A report on the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima var. richteri Forel in Alabama. Ala. Dept. Conserv. Spec. Rep., 53 pp., 13 palates. (Mimeographed). ,1949.
237. Wilson E.O., Brown W.L., Recent changes in the introduced population of the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima (Fr. Smith). Evolution 1958, 12: 211-218.
238. Wilson E.O., Chemical communication among workers of the fire ant solenopsis saevissima (Fr. Smith).1.The organization of mass foraging. Anim. Behav. 1962, 10:134-147.
239. Wilson E.O., The Insect Societies.The Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts , 1971.
240. Wojcik D.P., Comparison of the ecology of red imported fire ants in north and South America. Florida Entomol. 1983, 66: 101-111.
241. Worland M.R., Leinaas H.P., Chown S.L., Supercooling point frequency distributions are affected by moulting. Funct. Ecol. 2006, 20: 323-329.
242. Yusa Y., Predation on eggs of the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) by the fire ant Solenopsis geminata. J. Mollus Stud. 2001 , 67: 275-279.
243. Zhang R., Li Y., Liu N., Porter S.D., An overview of the red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in mainland China. Florida Entomol. 2007, 90(4): 723-731.