我国葡萄根瘤蚜生物学、化学防治及种群遗传差异研究
|
摘要
葡萄根瘤蚜Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Fitch),属于同翅目(Homoptera),根瘤蚜科(Phylloxeridae),原产于北美洲落基山东部,只危害葡萄属葡萄;是葡萄上的毁灭性害虫,是我国植物检疫性有害生物,2005年在我国再次被发现。
本文研究了5种恒温(16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃)条件下,葡萄根瘤蚜生长发育、繁殖的情况,室内分别测定了5种内吸性杀虫剂对葡萄根瘤蚜卵、若蚜、成蚜的抑制作用,同时研究了涂茎法防治葡萄根瘤蚜的效果,利用分子生物学技术测定了我国3个地理种群的葡萄根瘤蚜线粒体DNA(mtDNA)COⅠ、COⅡ和Cytb序列,并与GenBank上已公布的葡萄根瘤蚜mtDNA序列进行了比对,初步探讨了我国根瘤蚜的传播来源。主要结果如下:
1.温度对葡萄根瘤蚜生长发育、繁殖有明显的影响;在16℃～28℃范围内,不同虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而缩短:当温度超过32℃时,1龄若蚜全部死亡;葡萄根瘤蚜的世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为13.14℃和117.88日度。卵至成蚜的存活率随着温度的升高而增加。24℃～28℃是葡萄根瘤蚜生长发育、繁殖的最适宜温度。田间调查发现,从5月～11月,葡萄根瘤蚜种群变化较大,在8月中旬种群数量达到高峰;9月种群数量随即下降,10月种群数量再次达到高峰。
2.室内分别测定了5种内吸性杀虫剂对葡萄根瘤蚜卵、若蚜、成蚜的抑制作用。结果表明:丁硫克百威、乐斯本、吡虫啉、阿克泰、乙酰甲胺磷5种杀虫剂对该虫各虫态均有较高毒性,其中丁硫克百威对卵、若蚜和成蚜的抑制率最高,LC_(50)分别为1.5281mg/L、1.1736mg/L和2.7526mg/L。但采用涂茎法防治葡萄根瘤蚜,供试各药剂对葡萄根瘤蚜的防治效果极差,说明涂茎法不适合用于防治葡萄根瘤蚜。
3.测得我国葡萄根瘤蚜3个地理种群mtDNA(COⅠ、COⅡ和Cytb)的基因序列并在GenBank中已公布相关基因序列进行比对,结果表明西安和怀化地区葡萄根瘤蚜差异较小,法国、德国、美国俄勒冈、宾夕法尼亚和华盛顿葡萄根瘤蚜之间的遗传距离为0.2%,由此可知,西安种群与怀化种群极有可能来自于上述某一地方;上海种群与西安种群和怀化种群碱基差异较大,上海葡萄根瘤蚜可能来源于不同地区。
Grape phylloxera,Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae),is one of the most destructive insect of cultivated grapes.It is native east of the Rocky Mountains in USA,and be found only on vitis vine.It is a quarantine pest of China,which was found in 1935 and was found again in 2005 in China.
The development and reproduction of D.vitifoliae were evaluated at 5 constant temperature(16℃,20℃,24℃,28℃and 32℃),sensitivity of different development stages of D.vitifoliae to 5 systemic pesticides in bioassay and also the control effects of these pesticides against D.vitifoliae by using tree-trunk lacquer method in field were evaluated, The sequence mitochondrial cytochrome oxidaseⅠ,mitochondrial cytochrome oxidaseⅡand mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase b genes of 3 different geographical populations of D.vitifoliae collected from Shanghai,Huaihua of Hunan Province and Xi'an of Shanxi Province were amplified,and which were compared with the published mtDNA sequence in GenBank,in order know where the D.vitifoliae in China come from.The results as follows:
1.The effect of temperature on development and reproduction of D.vitifoliae was obvious.The development rate increased with the rising of temperature in the range of 16～28℃,but all the 1~(st) instar crawlers died at 32℃.The lower development threshold in all development stages and thermal constant was 13.14℃and 117.88 degree-days.The survival rates of egg to adult increase evidently with temperature increase in the range of 16℃～28℃.Optimal temterature for D.vitifoliae development and reproduction are between 24℃～28℃.Population dynamics varies during the seasons from May to November,with population reaching the first peak in the mid-August and then declining, and the reaching second peak after October.
2.The sensitivity of D.vitifoliae to carbosulfan,imidacloprid,thiamethoxan, acephate,lorsban in all development stages were high in laboratory and carbosulfan had the best control effect with its control effectiveness LC_(50) were 1.5281mg/L,1.1736mg/L and 2.7526mg/L for egg,crawler and adult,respectively,but the control effect was badly in field with tree-trunk lacquer method.
3.The mtDNA COⅠ,mtDNA COⅡand mtDNA Cytb genes of 3 different geographical populations of D.vitifoliae were sequenced and compared with the published gene sequences in GenBank.Results showed that there is limit difference between Xi'an and Huaihua's D.vitifoliae and the genetic distance is 0.2%with the populations from France,Germany,Oregon,Pennsylvanian and Washington,it can considered the population of Xi'an and Huaihua's D.vitifoliae might possiblely come from the same region above;The genetic distance between Shanghai's population with Iowa or New York are also 0.43%,so the Shanghai's population might be likely to from different region where that Huaihua and Xi'an's population came.
本文研究了5种恒温(16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃)条件下,葡萄根瘤蚜生长发育、繁殖的情况,室内分别测定了5种内吸性杀虫剂对葡萄根瘤蚜卵、若蚜、成蚜的抑制作用,同时研究了涂茎法防治葡萄根瘤蚜的效果,利用分子生物学技术测定了我国3个地理种群的葡萄根瘤蚜线粒体DNA(mtDNA)COⅠ、COⅡ和Cytb序列,并与GenBank上已公布的葡萄根瘤蚜mtDNA序列进行了比对,初步探讨了我国根瘤蚜的传播来源。主要结果如下:
1.温度对葡萄根瘤蚜生长发育、繁殖有明显的影响;在16℃～28℃范围内,不同虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而缩短:当温度超过32℃时,1龄若蚜全部死亡;葡萄根瘤蚜的世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为13.14℃和117.88日度。卵至成蚜的存活率随着温度的升高而增加。24℃～28℃是葡萄根瘤蚜生长发育、繁殖的最适宜温度。田间调查发现,从5月～11月,葡萄根瘤蚜种群变化较大,在8月中旬种群数量达到高峰;9月种群数量随即下降,10月种群数量再次达到高峰。
2.室内分别测定了5种内吸性杀虫剂对葡萄根瘤蚜卵、若蚜、成蚜的抑制作用。结果表明:丁硫克百威、乐斯本、吡虫啉、阿克泰、乙酰甲胺磷5种杀虫剂对该虫各虫态均有较高毒性,其中丁硫克百威对卵、若蚜和成蚜的抑制率最高,LC_(50)分别为1.5281mg/L、1.1736mg/L和2.7526mg/L。但采用涂茎法防治葡萄根瘤蚜,供试各药剂对葡萄根瘤蚜的防治效果极差,说明涂茎法不适合用于防治葡萄根瘤蚜。
3.测得我国葡萄根瘤蚜3个地理种群mtDNA(COⅠ、COⅡ和Cytb)的基因序列并在GenBank中已公布相关基因序列进行比对,结果表明西安和怀化地区葡萄根瘤蚜差异较小,法国、德国、美国俄勒冈、宾夕法尼亚和华盛顿葡萄根瘤蚜之间的遗传距离为0.2%,由此可知,西安种群与怀化种群极有可能来自于上述某一地方;上海种群与西安种群和怀化种群碱基差异较大,上海葡萄根瘤蚜可能来源于不同地区。
Grape phylloxera,Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae),is one of the most destructive insect of cultivated grapes.It is native east of the Rocky Mountains in USA,and be found only on vitis vine.It is a quarantine pest of China,which was found in 1935 and was found again in 2005 in China.
The development and reproduction of D.vitifoliae were evaluated at 5 constant temperature(16℃,20℃,24℃,28℃and 32℃),sensitivity of different development stages of D.vitifoliae to 5 systemic pesticides in bioassay and also the control effects of these pesticides against D.vitifoliae by using tree-trunk lacquer method in field were evaluated, The sequence mitochondrial cytochrome oxidaseⅠ,mitochondrial cytochrome oxidaseⅡand mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase b genes of 3 different geographical populations of D.vitifoliae collected from Shanghai,Huaihua of Hunan Province and Xi'an of Shanxi Province were amplified,and which were compared with the published mtDNA sequence in GenBank,in order know where the D.vitifoliae in China come from.The results as follows:
1.The effect of temperature on development and reproduction of D.vitifoliae was obvious.The development rate increased with the rising of temperature in the range of 16～28℃,but all the 1~(st) instar crawlers died at 32℃.The lower development threshold in all development stages and thermal constant was 13.14℃and 117.88 degree-days.The survival rates of egg to adult increase evidently with temperature increase in the range of 16℃～28℃.Optimal temterature for D.vitifoliae development and reproduction are between 24℃～28℃.Population dynamics varies during the seasons from May to November,with population reaching the first peak in the mid-August and then declining, and the reaching second peak after October.
2.The sensitivity of D.vitifoliae to carbosulfan,imidacloprid,thiamethoxan, acephate,lorsban in all development stages were high in laboratory and carbosulfan had the best control effect with its control effectiveness LC_(50) were 1.5281mg/L,1.1736mg/L and 2.7526mg/L for egg,crawler and adult,respectively,but the control effect was badly in field with tree-trunk lacquer method.
3.The mtDNA COⅠ,mtDNA COⅡand mtDNA Cytb genes of 3 different geographical populations of D.vitifoliae were sequenced and compared with the published gene sequences in GenBank.Results showed that there is limit difference between Xi'an and Huaihua's D.vitifoliae and the genetic distance is 0.2%with the populations from France,Germany,Oregon,Pennsylvanian and Washington,it can considered the population of Xi'an and Huaihua's D.vitifoliae might possiblely come from the same region above;The genetic distance between Shanghai's population with Iowa or New York are also 0.43%,so the Shanghai's population might be likely to from different region where that Huaihua and Xi'an's population came.
引文
[1]贺普超.葡萄学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995,2001,8-20
[2]孔庆山.中国葡萄志[M].中国农业技术出版社,2004,7-15
[3]http://www.agri.gov.cn/sjzl/2006/175.htm
[4]http://news.reseau-concept.net/images/oiv_uk/Client/Stat_2004_definitif_EN.pdf
[5]Davidson WM,Nougaret RL.The grape phylloxera in California[M].United States Department of Agriculture(Washington).1921,1-128
[6]Granett J,Walker MA,Kocsis L,et al.Biology and management of grape phylloxera[J].Annu.Rev.Entomol.2001,46:387-412
[7]王守聪,钟天润主编.全国植物检疫性有害生物手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006,5:34-40
[8]中国农业科学院植物保护研究所主编.中国农作物病虫害(第二版、下册)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996,933-935
[9]CABI,EPPO主编,中国-欧洲联盟农业技术中心译.欧洲检疫性有害生物[M].北京:中国农业出版社.1997,2:250-255
[10]全国农业技术推广服务中心编著.植物检疫性有害生物图鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社.2001,1:166-168
[11]杨长举,张宏宇主编.植物害虫检疫学[M].北京:科学出版社.2005,8:289-292
[12]田家怡,刘俊展,刘庆年等.山东外来入侵有害生物与综合防治技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2004,240-242
[13]Downie DA,Granett J.A life cycle variation in grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Fitch)[J].Southwestem Entomologist.1998,23:11-16
[14]Fomeck A,Walker MA,Blalch R.An in vitro assessment of phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch)(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae) life cycle[J].J.Appl Ent.2001,125:443-447
[15]Donald WL.Grape phylloxera(Daktulosphaira vitifoliae[Homoptera:Phylloxeridae])related root damage in Organically and Conventionally managed vineyards[D].University of California Davis.2000,1-21
[16]Corrie AM,Hoffmann AA.Fine-scale genetic structure of grape phylloxera from the roots and leaves of vitis[J].Heredity.2004,92:118-127
[17] Vorwerk S, Forneck A. Reproductive mode of grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) in Hurope: molecular evidence for predominantly asexual populations and a lack of gene flow between them [J].Genome.2006,49:678—687
[18] Klerk CA. Biology of phylloxera vitifoliae(Fitch)(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae) in South Africa[J].Phyophylactica. 1974,6:109—118
[19] Nougaret RL, LaphamMH. A study of phylloxera infestations in California as related to types of soils[J].USDA Tech.Bull.1928,20.38-41
[20] Chitkowski RL,Fisher JR. Effect of Soil Type on the Establishment of Grape Phylloxera Colonies in the Pacific NorthwestAm[J]. J. Enol. Vitic. 2005,56:3:207—211
[21] Boubals D. Phylloxera et porte-greffes.Progres[J].Agricole et Viticole.1991,1:14—19
[22] Helm KF, Readshaw JL, Cambourne B. The effect of drought on populations of phylloxera in Australian vineyards[J].Wine Industry Journal. 1991,194—200
[23] Terence R, Bates, Richard MD, Theodore T, et al. The vegetative response of 'Concord' grapevines to soil PH[J]. Hortscience. 2002,37(6):890—893
[24] Granett J,De Benedictis J, Marston J. Host suitability of vitis californica Bentham to grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch)[J]. Am.J.Enol. 1992,43:249—252
[25] Fisher JR, Albrecht MA, Constant temperature life table studies of populations of grape phylloxera from Washington and Oregon, USA[J]. Acta Horticulture. 2005, 51:43—48.
[26] Granett J, Timper P. Demography of grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae), at different temperatures[J]. J.Econ. Entomol. 1987,80:327—329
[27] Turley M, Granett J, OMER AD, et al. Grape phylloxera (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) temperature threshold for establishment of feeding sites and degree-day calculations [J].Environmental entomology.l996,25(4):842—847
[28] Granett J, Bisabri-Ershadi B, Carey J. Life tables of phylloxera on resistant and susceptible grape roots[J]. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1983, 34:13—19
[29]http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/Viteus_vitifoliae/VITEVI_map.htm
[30]Russell LM.Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Fitch),the correct name of the grape phylloxera(Hemipera:Homoptera:Phylloxeridaey).J.Wash.Acad.Sci.1974,64:303-308
[31]Wildman WE,RT Nagaoka,LA Lider.Monitoring spread of grape phylloxera by color infrared aerial photography and ground investigation[J].Am.J.Enol.Vitic.1983,34:83-94
[32]张军翔,李玉鼎.葡萄根瘤蚜[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2001,(4):27-29
[33]曹骥,林松,朱希孟.葡萄根瘤蚜发生规律初步研究[J].昆虫学报,1962(11),1:59-70
[34]中华人民共和国农业部第862号公告.《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》[EB].(2007-06-04)http://www.agri.gov.cn/blgg/t20070604_827310.htm
[35]Omer AD,Granett J,De Benedictis JA,et al.Effects of fungal root infections on the vigor of grapevines infested by root-feeding grape phylloxera[J].Vitis.1995,34:165-70
[36]Granett J,Omer AD,Pessereau P,et al.Fungal infections of grapevine roots in phylloxera-infested vineyards[J].Vitis.1998,37:39-42
[37]Stevenson AB.The grape phylloxera,Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Fitch)(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae),in Ontario:dispersal behavior of first-stage apterae emerging from leaf galls.Entomol[J],Soc.Ontario 1975,106:24-28
[38]Mcleod MJ.Damage assessment and biology of foliar grape phylloxera(Homopera:Phylloxeridae) in Ohio[D].University of Ohio.1990,74 pp
[39]Stevenson AB.Seasonal development of foliage infestations of grape in Ontario by Phylloxera vitifoliae(Fitch)(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae)[J].Can.Entomol.1966,98:1299-1305
[40]Omer AD,Granett J,Shebelut CW.Effect of attack intensity on host utilization in grape phylloxera[J].Crop Protection.1999,18:341-347
[41]Granett J.Comparison of swelling caused by indoleacetic acid and tuberosities induced by grape phylloxera(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae)[J].J.Econ.Entomol.1990,83(2):494-499
[42]Kellow AV,Sedgley M,Heeswijck RV.Interaction between vitis vinifera and grape phylloxera in root tissue during nodosity formation[J].Annals of Botany.2004,93:581-590
[43]Kellow AV.A study of the interaction between susceptible and resistant grapevines and phylloxera[D].The University of Adelaide,Adelaide,Australia.2000,88-92
[44] Warick RP, Hildebrandt AC. Free amino acid contents of stem and phylloxera gall tissue cultures of grape[J].Plant Physiol.1966,41:573 5 78
[45] Granett J, Timper P, Lider LA. Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) [Homoptera: Phylloxeridae] biotypes in California[J]. J.Econ.Entomol.1985,78:1463-1467
[46] Powell KS, Burns A, Norng S, et al. Influence of composted green waste on the population dynamics and dispersal of grapevine phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Enviroment.2007,119:33—38
[47] Kimberling DN, Scott ER, Price PW. Testing a new hypothesis: plant and phylloxera distribution on wild grape in Arizona[J].Oecologia.1990,84:1 —8
[48] Omer AD, Granett J, Downie DA, et al. Population dynamics of grape phylloxera in California vineyards[J]. Vitis.1997,36:199—205
[49] De Benedictis JA, Granett J, Taormino SP. Differences in host utilization by California strains of grape phylloxera[J]. Am.J. Enol. Vitic. 1996,47:373—79
[50] Williams RN, Shambaugh GF. Grape phylloxera (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) biotypes confirmed by electrophoresis and host susceptibility[J]. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 1988, 81:1—5.
[51] Strapazzon A, Girolamir V. The phylloxera on European vines[J].Infromatore Agrario. 1985,41:73—76
[52] King PD, Rilling G. Variations in the galling reaction of grapevines: evidence of different phylloxera biotypes and clonal reaction to phylloxera[J]. Vitis. 1985,24:32—42
[53] Martinez PR. Effect of different phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) populations from South France, upon resistance expression of rootstocks 41B and Aramon x Rupestris Ganzin No 9[J]. [French] Vitis. 1999, 38:167—178
[54] Grape phylloxera. (2006-06-05)http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r302300811.html
[55] De Klerk CA. Chemical control of the vine phylloxera with hexachlorobutadiene[J].Phytophylactica. 1980, 11:83—85
[56] Buchanan GA, Godden GD. Insecticide treatments for control of grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifolii)infesting grapevines in Victoria, Australia[J]. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 1989,29:267—271
[57| Kim DS, Cho MR, Na SY, et al. Chemical control of grape phylloxera,Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae(?) and its damage in grapevine yards[J]. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology.2002,41:137 - 143
[58] Granett J, Timper P, White J. Grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae), susceptibility to Carbofuran:stage and clonal variability [J]. J. Econ. Entomol. 1986, 79:1096-1099
[59] Dunstone RJ, Corrie AM, Powell KS.Effect of sodium hypochlorite on first instar phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) mortality[J]. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research.2003,9: 107—109
[60] Anonymous. Fighting the good fight against phylloxera[J].American Vineyard. 1996,22-23
[61] Omer AD, Thaler JS, Granett J, et al. Jasmonic acid induced resistance in grapes to a root and leaf feeder[J]. J.Econ.Entomol. 2000,93:840—845
[62] Gorkavenko EB. Natural enemies of grapevine phylloxera and their role in reducing the pest populations in the southern Ukraine[J]. Zashchity Rastentii.1976,46:88—97
[63] Goral VM, Lapps NV, Gorkavenko EB, et al. Interrelations between root phylloxera and certain muscadine fungi[J]. Zakhist Roslin. 1975,22:30—36
[64] English-Leob G,Villani M,Martinson T,et al. Use of entomophagic nematodes for control of grape phylloxera(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae):A laboratory evaluation[J].Biol.Cont. 1999,28:890—894
[65] Kichmair M, Huber L, Porten M, et al. Metahizium anisopliae, a potential agent for the control of grape phylloxera[J]. BioControl.2004,49:295—303
[66] Litvinov, Glushkova SA, Chernei LB. Disinfestation of planting material containing root phylloxera[J]. Zaschita Rastenii. 1985, 7:39—40
[67] Marjirie AH. Insect Molecular Genetics[J]. Elsevier Science, USA.2003,1 — 113
[68] Giles RE, Bland H, Cann H et al. Maternal inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1979,76:6715—6719
[69] Ingman M, Kaessmann H, Paabo S, et al. Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans[J]. Nature,2000,408:708—713
[70] Brown WM, George JRM, Wilson AC. Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1979,76:1967—1971
[71]Cavalli SLL,Feldman MW.The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of human evolution[J].Nature Genetics,2003,33:266-275
[72]Dowie DA.Locating the sources of an invasive pest,grape phylloxera,using a mitochondrial DNA gene genealogy[J].Molecular Ecology.2002,11:2013-2026
[73]Dowie DA.Phylogeography in a galling insect,grape phylloxera,Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Phylloxeridae) in the fragmented habitat of the southwest USA[J].Journal of Biogeography.2004,31:1759-1768
[74]Corrie AM,Heeswijick van.R,Hoffmann AA.Evidence for host-associated clones of grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Hemiptera:Phylloxeridae) in Australia[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research.2003,93,193-201
[75]Dowie DA.Evidence for multiple origins of grape phylloxera(Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch)(Hemiptera:Phylloxeridae) in South African vineyards[J].African Entomology.2005,13(2):359-365
[76]李传隆.烟台地区葡萄根瘤蚜(phylloxera vitifoliae Fitch)观察[J].昆虫学报,1957(7),4:489-494
[77]曹骥.我国葡萄根瘤蚜的研究和防治[M].中国植保科学,北京:科学出版社,1961,905-911
[78]叶军,郑建中,唐国良.上海地区发现葡萄根瘤蚜危害[J].植物检疫,2006,2:98
[79]张尚武,刘勇,朱璇.我省首次发现葡萄根瘤蚜[N].湖南日报,2006-6-1
[80]SAS Institute.SAS user's guide:statistics.SAS Institute.1998,43-57
[81]丁岩钦.昆虫种群数学生态学原理与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1980:214-225
[82]李典谟.快速估计发育起点温度及有效积温的研究[J].昆虫知识,1986,23(4):184-187
[83]张孝羲主编.昆虫生态及预测预报(第三版)[M].中国农业出版社,2002,218-220
[84]王永宏,仵均祥,刘卿.温度对玉米蚜发育和繁殖的影响[J].西北农业学报,2002,11(3)59-62
[85]宫亚军,石宝才,路虹等.温度对3种蚜虫生长发育及繁殖的影响[J].华北农学报,2006,21(5):96-98
[86]Liu SS,Zhang GM,Zhu J.Influence of temperature viariations on rate of development in insect:analysis of case studies from entomological life rapture[J].Ann.Entomol Soc Am,1995,88:107-111
[87]Grzegorczyk W,Walker MA.Surface sterilization of grape phylloxera eggs in preparation for in vitro culture with vitis species[J].Am.J.Enol.1997,48:157-159
[88]陈年春.农药生物测定技术[M].北京农业大学出版社.1990,33-45
[89]农业部农药检定所生测室.农药田间药效实验准则(一)[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1993,23-67
[90]赵善欢主编.植物化学保护(第三版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002,8-9
[91]安瑞生,谭声江,陈晓峰.小型昆虫DNA提取时匀浆方法的改进[J].昆虫知识,2002(39)4:311-312
[92]Simon C,Frati F,Beckenbach B,et al.Evolution,Weighting,and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers[J].Annals of the Entomological Society of American.1994,87:651-701
[93]Tamura,Dudley,Nei,and Kumar.Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses were conducted using MEGA version 4.Briefings in Bioinformatics 2006,5:150-163.
[94]杜远鹏,王兆顺,孙庆华等.部分葡萄品种和砧木抗葡萄根瘤蚜性能鉴定[J].昆虫学报,2008,51(1):33-39
[2]孔庆山.中国葡萄志[M].中国农业技术出版社,2004,7-15
[3]http://www.agri.gov.cn/sjzl/2006/175.htm
[4]http://news.reseau-concept.net/images/oiv_uk/Client/Stat_2004_definitif_EN.pdf
[5]Davidson WM,Nougaret RL.The grape phylloxera in California[M].United States Department of Agriculture(Washington).1921,1-128
[6]Granett J,Walker MA,Kocsis L,et al.Biology and management of grape phylloxera[J].Annu.Rev.Entomol.2001,46:387-412
[7]王守聪,钟天润主编.全国植物检疫性有害生物手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006,5:34-40
[8]中国农业科学院植物保护研究所主编.中国农作物病虫害(第二版、下册)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996,933-935
[9]CABI,EPPO主编,中国-欧洲联盟农业技术中心译.欧洲检疫性有害生物[M].北京:中国农业出版社.1997,2:250-255
[10]全国农业技术推广服务中心编著.植物检疫性有害生物图鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社.2001,1:166-168
[11]杨长举,张宏宇主编.植物害虫检疫学[M].北京:科学出版社.2005,8:289-292
[12]田家怡,刘俊展,刘庆年等.山东外来入侵有害生物与综合防治技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2004,240-242
[13]Downie DA,Granett J.A life cycle variation in grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Fitch)[J].Southwestem Entomologist.1998,23:11-16
[14]Fomeck A,Walker MA,Blalch R.An in vitro assessment of phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch)(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae) life cycle[J].J.Appl Ent.2001,125:443-447
[15]Donald WL.Grape phylloxera(Daktulosphaira vitifoliae[Homoptera:Phylloxeridae])related root damage in Organically and Conventionally managed vineyards[D].University of California Davis.2000,1-21
[16]Corrie AM,Hoffmann AA.Fine-scale genetic structure of grape phylloxera from the roots and leaves of vitis[J].Heredity.2004,92:118-127
[17] Vorwerk S, Forneck A. Reproductive mode of grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) in Hurope: molecular evidence for predominantly asexual populations and a lack of gene flow between them [J].Genome.2006,49:678—687
[18] Klerk CA. Biology of phylloxera vitifoliae(Fitch)(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae) in South Africa[J].Phyophylactica. 1974,6:109—118
[19] Nougaret RL, LaphamMH. A study of phylloxera infestations in California as related to types of soils[J].USDA Tech.Bull.1928,20.38-41
[20] Chitkowski RL,Fisher JR. Effect of Soil Type on the Establishment of Grape Phylloxera Colonies in the Pacific NorthwestAm[J]. J. Enol. Vitic. 2005,56:3:207—211
[21] Boubals D. Phylloxera et porte-greffes.Progres[J].Agricole et Viticole.1991,1:14—19
[22] Helm KF, Readshaw JL, Cambourne B. The effect of drought on populations of phylloxera in Australian vineyards[J].Wine Industry Journal. 1991,194—200
[23] Terence R, Bates, Richard MD, Theodore T, et al. The vegetative response of 'Concord' grapevines to soil PH[J]. Hortscience. 2002,37(6):890—893
[24] Granett J,De Benedictis J, Marston J. Host suitability of vitis californica Bentham to grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch)[J]. Am.J.Enol. 1992,43:249—252
[25] Fisher JR, Albrecht MA, Constant temperature life table studies of populations of grape phylloxera from Washington and Oregon, USA[J]. Acta Horticulture. 2005, 51:43—48.
[26] Granett J, Timper P. Demography of grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae), at different temperatures[J]. J.Econ. Entomol. 1987,80:327—329
[27] Turley M, Granett J, OMER AD, et al. Grape phylloxera (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) temperature threshold for establishment of feeding sites and degree-day calculations [J].Environmental entomology.l996,25(4):842—847
[28] Granett J, Bisabri-Ershadi B, Carey J. Life tables of phylloxera on resistant and susceptible grape roots[J]. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 1983, 34:13—19
[29]http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/insects/Viteus_vitifoliae/VITEVI_map.htm
[30]Russell LM.Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Fitch),the correct name of the grape phylloxera(Hemipera:Homoptera:Phylloxeridaey).J.Wash.Acad.Sci.1974,64:303-308
[31]Wildman WE,RT Nagaoka,LA Lider.Monitoring spread of grape phylloxera by color infrared aerial photography and ground investigation[J].Am.J.Enol.Vitic.1983,34:83-94
[32]张军翔,李玉鼎.葡萄根瘤蚜[J].中外葡萄与葡萄酒,2001,(4):27-29
[33]曹骥,林松,朱希孟.葡萄根瘤蚜发生规律初步研究[J].昆虫学报,1962(11),1:59-70
[34]中华人民共和国农业部第862号公告.《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》[EB].(2007-06-04)http://www.agri.gov.cn/blgg/t20070604_827310.htm
[35]Omer AD,Granett J,De Benedictis JA,et al.Effects of fungal root infections on the vigor of grapevines infested by root-feeding grape phylloxera[J].Vitis.1995,34:165-70
[36]Granett J,Omer AD,Pessereau P,et al.Fungal infections of grapevine roots in phylloxera-infested vineyards[J].Vitis.1998,37:39-42
[37]Stevenson AB.The grape phylloxera,Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Fitch)(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae),in Ontario:dispersal behavior of first-stage apterae emerging from leaf galls.Entomol[J],Soc.Ontario 1975,106:24-28
[38]Mcleod MJ.Damage assessment and biology of foliar grape phylloxera(Homopera:Phylloxeridae) in Ohio[D].University of Ohio.1990,74 pp
[39]Stevenson AB.Seasonal development of foliage infestations of grape in Ontario by Phylloxera vitifoliae(Fitch)(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae)[J].Can.Entomol.1966,98:1299-1305
[40]Omer AD,Granett J,Shebelut CW.Effect of attack intensity on host utilization in grape phylloxera[J].Crop Protection.1999,18:341-347
[41]Granett J.Comparison of swelling caused by indoleacetic acid and tuberosities induced by grape phylloxera(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae)[J].J.Econ.Entomol.1990,83(2):494-499
[42]Kellow AV,Sedgley M,Heeswijck RV.Interaction between vitis vinifera and grape phylloxera in root tissue during nodosity formation[J].Annals of Botany.2004,93:581-590
[43]Kellow AV.A study of the interaction between susceptible and resistant grapevines and phylloxera[D].The University of Adelaide,Adelaide,Australia.2000,88-92
[44] Warick RP, Hildebrandt AC. Free amino acid contents of stem and phylloxera gall tissue cultures of grape[J].Plant Physiol.1966,41:573 5 78
[45] Granett J, Timper P, Lider LA. Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) [Homoptera: Phylloxeridae] biotypes in California[J]. J.Econ.Entomol.1985,78:1463-1467
[46] Powell KS, Burns A, Norng S, et al. Influence of composted green waste on the population dynamics and dispersal of grapevine phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Enviroment.2007,119:33—38
[47] Kimberling DN, Scott ER, Price PW. Testing a new hypothesis: plant and phylloxera distribution on wild grape in Arizona[J].Oecologia.1990,84:1 —8
[48] Omer AD, Granett J, Downie DA, et al. Population dynamics of grape phylloxera in California vineyards[J]. Vitis.1997,36:199—205
[49] De Benedictis JA, Granett J, Taormino SP. Differences in host utilization by California strains of grape phylloxera[J]. Am.J. Enol. Vitic. 1996,47:373—79
[50] Williams RN, Shambaugh GF. Grape phylloxera (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) biotypes confirmed by electrophoresis and host susceptibility[J]. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 1988, 81:1—5.
[51] Strapazzon A, Girolamir V. The phylloxera on European vines[J].Infromatore Agrario. 1985,41:73—76
[52] King PD, Rilling G. Variations in the galling reaction of grapevines: evidence of different phylloxera biotypes and clonal reaction to phylloxera[J]. Vitis. 1985,24:32—42
[53] Martinez PR. Effect of different phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) populations from South France, upon resistance expression of rootstocks 41B and Aramon x Rupestris Ganzin No 9[J]. [French] Vitis. 1999, 38:167—178
[54] Grape phylloxera. (2006-06-05)http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r302300811.html
[55] De Klerk CA. Chemical control of the vine phylloxera with hexachlorobutadiene[J].Phytophylactica. 1980, 11:83—85
[56] Buchanan GA, Godden GD. Insecticide treatments for control of grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifolii)infesting grapevines in Victoria, Australia[J]. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 1989,29:267—271
[57| Kim DS, Cho MR, Na SY, et al. Chemical control of grape phylloxera,Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae(?) and its damage in grapevine yards[J]. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology.2002,41:137 - 143
[58] Granett J, Timper P, White J. Grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae), susceptibility to Carbofuran:stage and clonal variability [J]. J. Econ. Entomol. 1986, 79:1096-1099
[59] Dunstone RJ, Corrie AM, Powell KS.Effect of sodium hypochlorite on first instar phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) mortality[J]. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research.2003,9: 107—109
[60] Anonymous. Fighting the good fight against phylloxera[J].American Vineyard. 1996,22-23
[61] Omer AD, Thaler JS, Granett J, et al. Jasmonic acid induced resistance in grapes to a root and leaf feeder[J]. J.Econ.Entomol. 2000,93:840—845
[62] Gorkavenko EB. Natural enemies of grapevine phylloxera and their role in reducing the pest populations in the southern Ukraine[J]. Zashchity Rastentii.1976,46:88—97
[63] Goral VM, Lapps NV, Gorkavenko EB, et al. Interrelations between root phylloxera and certain muscadine fungi[J]. Zakhist Roslin. 1975,22:30—36
[64] English-Leob G,Villani M,Martinson T,et al. Use of entomophagic nematodes for control of grape phylloxera(Homoptera:Phylloxeridae):A laboratory evaluation[J].Biol.Cont. 1999,28:890—894
[65] Kichmair M, Huber L, Porten M, et al. Metahizium anisopliae, a potential agent for the control of grape phylloxera[J]. BioControl.2004,49:295—303
[66] Litvinov, Glushkova SA, Chernei LB. Disinfestation of planting material containing root phylloxera[J]. Zaschita Rastenii. 1985, 7:39—40
[67] Marjirie AH. Insect Molecular Genetics[J]. Elsevier Science, USA.2003,1 — 113
[68] Giles RE, Bland H, Cann H et al. Maternal inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1979,76:6715—6719
[69] Ingman M, Kaessmann H, Paabo S, et al. Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans[J]. Nature,2000,408:708—713
[70] Brown WM, George JRM, Wilson AC. Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1979,76:1967—1971
[71]Cavalli SLL,Feldman MW.The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of human evolution[J].Nature Genetics,2003,33:266-275
[72]Dowie DA.Locating the sources of an invasive pest,grape phylloxera,using a mitochondrial DNA gene genealogy[J].Molecular Ecology.2002,11:2013-2026
[73]Dowie DA.Phylogeography in a galling insect,grape phylloxera,Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Phylloxeridae) in the fragmented habitat of the southwest USA[J].Journal of Biogeography.2004,31:1759-1768
[74]Corrie AM,Heeswijick van.R,Hoffmann AA.Evidence for host-associated clones of grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Hemiptera:Phylloxeridae) in Australia[J].Bulletin of Entomological Research.2003,93,193-201
[75]Dowie DA.Evidence for multiple origins of grape phylloxera(Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch)(Hemiptera:Phylloxeridae) in South African vineyards[J].African Entomology.2005,13(2):359-365
[76]李传隆.烟台地区葡萄根瘤蚜(phylloxera vitifoliae Fitch)观察[J].昆虫学报,1957(7),4:489-494
[77]曹骥.我国葡萄根瘤蚜的研究和防治[M].中国植保科学,北京:科学出版社,1961,905-911
[78]叶军,郑建中,唐国良.上海地区发现葡萄根瘤蚜危害[J].植物检疫,2006,2:98
[79]张尚武,刘勇,朱璇.我省首次发现葡萄根瘤蚜[N].湖南日报,2006-6-1
[80]SAS Institute.SAS user's guide:statistics.SAS Institute.1998,43-57
[81]丁岩钦.昆虫种群数学生态学原理与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1980:214-225
[82]李典谟.快速估计发育起点温度及有效积温的研究[J].昆虫知识,1986,23(4):184-187
[83]张孝羲主编.昆虫生态及预测预报(第三版)[M].中国农业出版社,2002,218-220
[84]王永宏,仵均祥,刘卿.温度对玉米蚜发育和繁殖的影响[J].西北农业学报,2002,11(3)59-62
[85]宫亚军,石宝才,路虹等.温度对3种蚜虫生长发育及繁殖的影响[J].华北农学报,2006,21(5):96-98
[86]Liu SS,Zhang GM,Zhu J.Influence of temperature viariations on rate of development in insect:analysis of case studies from entomological life rapture[J].Ann.Entomol Soc Am,1995,88:107-111
[87]Grzegorczyk W,Walker MA.Surface sterilization of grape phylloxera eggs in preparation for in vitro culture with vitis species[J].Am.J.Enol.1997,48:157-159
[88]陈年春.农药生物测定技术[M].北京农业大学出版社.1990,33-45
[89]农业部农药检定所生测室.农药田间药效实验准则(一)[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1993,23-67
[90]赵善欢主编.植物化学保护(第三版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002,8-9
[91]安瑞生,谭声江,陈晓峰.小型昆虫DNA提取时匀浆方法的改进[J].昆虫知识,2002(39)4:311-312
[92]Simon C,Frati F,Beckenbach B,et al.Evolution,Weighting,and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers[J].Annals of the Entomological Society of American.1994,87:651-701
[93]Tamura,Dudley,Nei,and Kumar.Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses were conducted using MEGA version 4.Briefings in Bioinformatics 2006,5:150-163.
[94]杜远鹏,王兆顺,孙庆华等.部分葡萄品种和砧木抗葡萄根瘤蚜性能鉴定[J].昆虫学报,2008,51(1):33-39