北京及其周边地区蚜虫物种多样性研究
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摘要
蚜虫类是较大的一类寄生性昆虫，隶属于昆虫纲同翅目胸喙亚目。世界已知4400余种，中国已知约1000种。除倍蚜类外，大多数蚜虫是农林生产上的害虫，少数为重要的农林大害虫，对粮食作物、棉花、蔬菜、油料作物、果树、林木、中草药以及牧草等造成一定危害。其中，棉蚜、桃蚜、麦类蚜虫等数十种常造成严重为害，并传播多种植物病毒病。另外，如苹果绵蚜、葡萄根瘤蚜、麦双尾蚜等为世界性大害虫，是重要的检疫对象。因此，蚜虫不仅是生物多样性的重要成分，也是农林业生产中一类重要害虫，开展蚜虫类的基础研究不仅是生物多样性研究的必需，更具有潜在的经济价值。
北京及其周边地区(包括北京市、天津市及河北省)位于黄河下游华北平原的北部，地理位置介于北纬36°03′～42°40′，东经113°27′～119°50′之间。地域广阔，约占全国总面积的2.27％。其西部和北部是连绵不断的群山，分别属于太行山脉和燕山山脉，山地约占全部面积的48.6％，东南部是缓缓向渤海倾斜的平原。全地区贯穿五条河流，植被类型丰富，北部有草原和沙化的植物类型及典型的高山植被，中部、南部及西部是典型的农田景观，东部是向海洋延伸的农田和沿海植物类型。与此相适应，生态环境也相当复杂。加之海拔高度相差较大，大部分地区属于北温带大陆性季风型气候，四季分明。春季干燥，风沙盛行，夏季炎热多雨，秋季晴朗，寒暑适中，冬季严寒少雪。在世界动物地理区划中属于古北界和东洋界的过渡带北缘，没有明显的地理阻隔，古北界和东洋界的成分在此相互交流渗透，从而形成该地区比较复杂的蚜虫区系和十分丰富的蚜虫资源，区系组成成分相当独特，其东北部是一些典型的古北界物种保存及形成中心，已知蚜虫种类占全国已知种类的1／4。
随着土壤的大面积沙化，该区北部地区的植被已发生明显改变，生态条件恶化，使得整个地区明显受这种恶化的生态环境影响，近年春季多次爆发的“沙尘爆”及严重的干旱便是一些突出的例证。同时，随着改革开放的进一步深化，首都北京迅速的大都市化、工业化及蓬勃发展的旅游业，也对生态环境造成了很大的破坏和污染。在这样的条件下，本地区的昆虫物种多样性也会发生明显的改变，害虫爆发成灾的可能性大大提高，如近期锈色粒肩天牛危害北京市树国槐及绿化树杨柳等、一些新纪录的或已经绝迹的害虫出现在京城。对于这些问题的解决，都迫切需要从研究北京及其周边地区(河北、天津)的昆虫物种多样性和历史演
变规律这些基础工作做起。
本文记述包括北京、天津及河北地区蚜虫类共计13科106属251种，是首次
对该地区蚜虫类的系统详尽报道;其中包括1中国新纪录属，3中国新纪录种。本
文编写中利用GIS技术强大的制图功能，制作了各类群在北京及其周边地区的分
布图，并详细分析了区系特点;从种类组成、特有物种多样性、寄主植物多样性
等角度，系统研究了本地区的蚜虫物种多样性;探讨了北京及其周边地区蚜虫的
分布格局和动物地理区划。提供了科、属及种检索表，种上阶元提供了主要鉴别
特征，种级分类单元提供了主要文献引证和异名、地理分布、寄主植物和生物学
资料。分类单元下方的引证基本遵循如下原则:(l)各分类单元的原始出处尽可能
引出;(2)除世界广布种外，均提供了所有异名;(3)凡记载河北、北京、天津的
文献均列出;(4)国内外有关类群的综合性评述均列出。
This paper deals with the Adelgoidea and Aphidoidea, Suborder Sternorrhyncha, Order Homoptera, Class Insecta.
Aphids are important agricultural and forestry pests. There are more than 4400 known species worldwide; in China, aphids are represented by about 1000 known species. Except some species of Fordinae (Aphidoidea: Pemphigidae), most of the aphids disserve corns, cottons, vegetables, oilseeds, fruits, forests, herbs, pastures etc. Some of them often lead into huge yield losing of agriculture, and some even transmit botanic viruses, for example Aphis gossypii Glover, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and the aphids on the wheat. Aphids are also an important part of the biodiversity in the world. So the research of aphids is the necessary to the world's biodiversity research and must bring us potential economic values.
Beijing and its around areas are comprised of Beijing City, Tianjin City and Hebei Province, lying in 36 03 ' ~42 40 ' N and 113 27 ' ~119 50 ' E. These areas are broad, about 2.27% in China. The landforms on these areas are with many differences. In the north and west are Yan Mountains and Taihang Mountains. In the south and east is Hebei Plain. There are five rivers over these areas. Therefore the types of the vegetation and the climate are various. And, these area are also on the border of the Palaearctic and the Oriental. Because of lack of distinct obstructs, the species of the Palaearctic or the Oriental in these areas can infiltrate into each other, there are very complicated and special fauna of aphids in these areas.
As the pollution and other damages done on our environment have been getting more and more serious, the biodiversity of the insects must have been changed, too. Many species become extinct before we recognize them, and many common insects have burst out into disasters for our life. Beijing and its surrounding areas are in the center of China and have vital status in Chinese polity, economy, education, civilization and so on. The investigation of these areas' insects including aphids is requisite.
There are 251 species, 106 genera and 13 families described in this issue, including 1 new Chinese record genus and 3 new Chinese record species. In this paper, keys to
species, genera and families, diagnosis, host plants and distributions of families and genera are provided. To species, the following information is provided in the issue, main references cited, synonyms, geographical distribution, host plants and biology. Based on GIS techniques, aphid's geographical distribution figures are done. And species diversity of aphids in these areas are systematically studied from three following aspects, such as species component, endemic species diversity, and diversity of host plants. In the meantime, geographical distribution patterns of aphids in these areas are discussed in here. All specimens studied are deposited in the Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, and Chinese Academy of Sciences.
北京及其周边地区(包括北京市、天津市及河北省)位于黄河下游华北平原的北部，地理位置介于北纬36°03′～42°40′，东经113°27′～119°50′之间。地域广阔，约占全国总面积的2.27％。其西部和北部是连绵不断的群山，分别属于太行山脉和燕山山脉，山地约占全部面积的48.6％，东南部是缓缓向渤海倾斜的平原。全地区贯穿五条河流，植被类型丰富，北部有草原和沙化的植物类型及典型的高山植被，中部、南部及西部是典型的农田景观，东部是向海洋延伸的农田和沿海植物类型。与此相适应，生态环境也相当复杂。加之海拔高度相差较大，大部分地区属于北温带大陆性季风型气候，四季分明。春季干燥，风沙盛行，夏季炎热多雨，秋季晴朗，寒暑适中，冬季严寒少雪。在世界动物地理区划中属于古北界和东洋界的过渡带北缘，没有明显的地理阻隔，古北界和东洋界的成分在此相互交流渗透，从而形成该地区比较复杂的蚜虫区系和十分丰富的蚜虫资源，区系组成成分相当独特，其东北部是一些典型的古北界物种保存及形成中心，已知蚜虫种类占全国已知种类的1／4。
随着土壤的大面积沙化，该区北部地区的植被已发生明显改变，生态条件恶化，使得整个地区明显受这种恶化的生态环境影响，近年春季多次爆发的“沙尘爆”及严重的干旱便是一些突出的例证。同时，随着改革开放的进一步深化，首都北京迅速的大都市化、工业化及蓬勃发展的旅游业，也对生态环境造成了很大的破坏和污染。在这样的条件下，本地区的昆虫物种多样性也会发生明显的改变，害虫爆发成灾的可能性大大提高，如近期锈色粒肩天牛危害北京市树国槐及绿化树杨柳等、一些新纪录的或已经绝迹的害虫出现在京城。对于这些问题的解决，都迫切需要从研究北京及其周边地区(河北、天津)的昆虫物种多样性和历史演
变规律这些基础工作做起。
本文记述包括北京、天津及河北地区蚜虫类共计13科106属251种，是首次
对该地区蚜虫类的系统详尽报道;其中包括1中国新纪录属，3中国新纪录种。本
文编写中利用GIS技术强大的制图功能，制作了各类群在北京及其周边地区的分
布图，并详细分析了区系特点;从种类组成、特有物种多样性、寄主植物多样性
等角度，系统研究了本地区的蚜虫物种多样性;探讨了北京及其周边地区蚜虫的
分布格局和动物地理区划。提供了科、属及种检索表，种上阶元提供了主要鉴别
特征，种级分类单元提供了主要文献引证和异名、地理分布、寄主植物和生物学
资料。分类单元下方的引证基本遵循如下原则:(l)各分类单元的原始出处尽可能
引出;(2)除世界广布种外，均提供了所有异名;(3)凡记载河北、北京、天津的
文献均列出;(4)国内外有关类群的综合性评述均列出。
This paper deals with the Adelgoidea and Aphidoidea, Suborder Sternorrhyncha, Order Homoptera, Class Insecta.
Aphids are important agricultural and forestry pests. There are more than 4400 known species worldwide; in China, aphids are represented by about 1000 known species. Except some species of Fordinae (Aphidoidea: Pemphigidae), most of the aphids disserve corns, cottons, vegetables, oilseeds, fruits, forests, herbs, pastures etc. Some of them often lead into huge yield losing of agriculture, and some even transmit botanic viruses, for example Aphis gossypii Glover, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and the aphids on the wheat. Aphids are also an important part of the biodiversity in the world. So the research of aphids is the necessary to the world's biodiversity research and must bring us potential economic values.
Beijing and its around areas are comprised of Beijing City, Tianjin City and Hebei Province, lying in 36 03 ' ~42 40 ' N and 113 27 ' ~119 50 ' E. These areas are broad, about 2.27% in China. The landforms on these areas are with many differences. In the north and west are Yan Mountains and Taihang Mountains. In the south and east is Hebei Plain. There are five rivers over these areas. Therefore the types of the vegetation and the climate are various. And, these area are also on the border of the Palaearctic and the Oriental. Because of lack of distinct obstructs, the species of the Palaearctic or the Oriental in these areas can infiltrate into each other, there are very complicated and special fauna of aphids in these areas.
As the pollution and other damages done on our environment have been getting more and more serious, the biodiversity of the insects must have been changed, too. Many species become extinct before we recognize them, and many common insects have burst out into disasters for our life. Beijing and its surrounding areas are in the center of China and have vital status in Chinese polity, economy, education, civilization and so on. The investigation of these areas' insects including aphids is requisite.
There are 251 species, 106 genera and 13 families described in this issue, including 1 new Chinese record genus and 3 new Chinese record species. In this paper, keys to
species, genera and families, diagnosis, host plants and distributions of families and genera are provided. To species, the following information is provided in the issue, main references cited, synonyms, geographical distribution, host plants and biology. Based on GIS techniques, aphid's geographical distribution figures are done. And species diversity of aphids in these areas are systematically studied from three following aspects, such as species component, endemic species diversity, and diversity of host plants. In the meantime, geographical distribution patterns of aphids in these areas are discussed in here. All specimens studied are deposited in the Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, and Chinese Academy of Sciences.
引文
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[147] 张广学，钟铁森，瘿绵蚜属5新种和三堡瘿绵蚜属新属新种．昆虫学报，1979，22(3)：324-332．
[148] 张广学，钟铁森，绵蚜科二新种．动物分类学报，1980a，5(4)：392-394．
[149] 张广学，钟铁森，为害杨柳的粉毛蚜属新种和新记录．昆虫学报，1980b，23(2)：207-212．
[150] 张广学，钟铁森，中国长管蚜亚科新种及新亚种记述(Ⅰ)．昆虫分类学报，
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[151] 张广学，钟铁森，中国长管蚜亚科新种及新亚种记述(Ⅱ)．昆虫分类学报，1980d，2(3)：215-225．
[152] 张广学，钟铁森，斑蚜科一新属及三新种记述．动物学研究，1981a，2(4)：343-347．
[153] 张广学，钟铁森，亚麻的一种新害虫——亚麻蚜新属新种．动物学集刊，1981b，1：44-46．
[154] 张广学，钟铁森，几种蚜虫生活周期型的研究．动物学集刊，1982a，2：7-17．
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[156] 张广学，钟铁森，中国经济昆虫志，第二十五册同翅目：蚜虫类(一)．北京：科学出版社，1983a，1-387．
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[158] 张广学，钟铁森，蚜总科Aphidoidea．89-95，中国科学院登山科学考察队主编《天山托木尔峰地区的生物》．乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社，1985，1-353．
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[161] 张广学，钟铁森，张万玉，双尾蚜属Diuraphis Aizenberg的分类学研究(同翅目：蚜总科)系统进化动物学论文集．北京：中国科学技术出版社，1991，1：95-102．
[162] 张广学，钟铁森，张万玉，同翅目：蚜总科．360-403，《横断山昆虫》第一册．北京：科学出版社，1992，1-865．
[163] 张广学，钟铁森，张万玉，同翅目：蚜总科．140-156，黄复生主编《西南武陵山地区昆虫》．北京：科学出版社，1993a，1-777．
[164] 张广学，钟铁森，张万玉，同翅目：蚜总科．199-204，黄春梅主编《龙栖山动物》．北京：中国林业出版社，1993b，1-1130．
[165] 张广学，钟铁森，张万玉，王问学，中国侧棘斑蚜属研究及新种、新亚种记述(同翅目：斑蚜科)．动物学集刊，8：1990，205-236．
[166] 张广学，钟铁森，张万玉，王问学，瘿绵蚜科、群蚜科、斑蚜科、毛蚜科、短痣蚜科、大蚜科及蚜科．137-175，湖南省林业厅主编《湖南森林昆虫图鉴》．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1992，1-1473．
[167] 张荣祖，我国动物地理学研究的前景——方法论探讨．动物学报，1995，41(1)：21-27．
[168] 张万玉，张广学，钟铁森，中国绵叶蚜属(同翅目：斑蚜科)研究及新种记述．动物学报，1994a，40(1)：19-23．
[169] 张万玉，张广学，钟铁森，中国角斑蚜属新种和新纪录(同翅目：斑蚜科)．昆虫学报，1994b，34(4)：473-478．
[170] 张万玉，张广学，田士波，桦蚜属一新种(同翅目：斑蚜科)．动物分类学报，1995a，20(4)：464-468．
[171] 张万玉，张广学，田士波，中国毛根蚜属一新种．昆虫学报，1995b，38(2)：88-91．
[172] 张万玉，张广学，田士波，中国粗腿蚜属研究及新种描述(同翅目：斑蚜科)．昆虫学报，1995c，38(2)：214-215．
[173] 张万玉，张广学，钟铁森，中国带斑蚜属记述(同翅目：斑蚜科)．动物分类学报，1995，20(3)：357-359．
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[175] 郑乐怡，动物分类原理与方法．北京：高等教育出版社，1987，1-187．
[176] 中国科学院北京植物研究所主编，中国高等植物图鉴．北京：科学出版社，1974，1-1083．
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[179] 朱弘复，蚜虫概论．北京：科学出版社，1957，1-162．
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