东亚和北美五倍子蚜（半翅目：瘿绵蚜科）数值分类研究
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摘要
五倍子蚜属昆虫纲Insecta半翅目Hemiptera瘿绵蚜科Pemphigidae五节根蚜亚科Fordinae倍蚜族Melaphidini昆虫,是典型的寄生性昆虫,呈异寄主全周期型,在整个生活周期中,倍蚜需要迁飞两次转换寄主,其第一寄主为漆树科盐肤木属Rhus植物,寄生形成的虫瘿特称为五倍子,是重要的医药和化工原料。五倍子蚜共6属12种,除北美仅分布一单属单种外,其余分布东亚,目前已有对我国五倍子蚜的形态学描述和系统发育研究报道,但还未见有对北美五倍子蚜的详细形态学描述及其与我国五倍子蚜间的系统发育研究报道。
本研究采用数值分类方法对北美和我国五倍子蚜的形态特点和分类地位进行研究,以倍蚜6属8种179个个体为研究对象,选取有翅孤雌蚜的头部、胸部、腹部的直接测量特征48个、量度间比例特征31个、性状转化为数值特征29个,共108个特征进行分析。基于欧氏距离的聚类结果显示,五倍子蚜8个种共形成3个大的聚类簇,北美倍蚜Melaphis rhois与倍蚜属的倍蛋蚜和角倍蚜聚为一支；铁倍蚜属的肚倍蚜蛋铁亚种和肚倍蚜枣铁亚种与小铁枣蚜属的红小铁枣蚜、圆角倍蚜属的倍花蚜和红倍花蚜与铁倍花蚜属的铁倍花蚜分别聚为一支。基于相关系数的聚类结果显示,五倍子蚜8个种也形成3个大的聚类簇,北美倍蚜Melaphis rhois与倍蚜属的角倍蚜和倍蛋蚜聚为一个分支,铁倍蚜属的肚倍蚜枣铁亚种和肚倍蚜蛋铁亚种、小铁枣蚜属的红小铁枣蚜、铁倍蚜属的铁倍花蚜聚为一个分支,圆角倍蚜属的倍花蚜和红倍花蚜聚为一个分支。另外,基于：mtDNA COI基因序列构建五倍子蚜MP、ML分子系统发育关系,结果显示,倍蚜8个种也形成3个大的聚类簇,但构成每个分支的类群不完全相同,总体上彼此之间的聚类关系与形态学研究不太一致,铁倍花蚜属的铁倍花蚜和小铁枣蚜属的红小铁枣蚜、铁倍蚜属的肚倍蚜枣铁亚种和肚倍蚜蛋铁亚种与圆角倍蚜属的倍花蚜和红倍花蚜分别聚为一支,但北美倍蚜Melaphis rhois与倍蚜属的两个种聚为一支,彼此之间的关系密切,其形态和分子数据得到的分类地位是一致的。本研究为五倍子蚜的分类及其关系研究提供了重要的信息资料,同时为进一步研究该类群的生物地理学及其与寄主植物之间的协同进化关系等提供基础资料。
The Rhus gall aphids (Insecta:Hemiptera:Pemphigidae:Fordinae: Melaphidini) parasitize on the primary host-plant Rhus to form galls known as Woo-pei-tsze or the Chinese gall, which are important medicines and industrial materials. To complete their life cycle, it is necessary for these aphids to shift hosts between the primary (summer) host Rhus species and the secondary (winter) host mosses. Rhus gall aphids include six genera and twelve species, and mainly distribute in East-Asia with only one species Melaphis rhois in North America. So far, there have been some studies on the morphological characteristics and phylogeny of Rhus gall aphids in China, but little attention has been paid to morphological characteristics of the North America species Melaphis rhois and the phylogeny of Rhus gall aphids from both East Asia and North America.
In this study, the phylogeny of Rhus gall aphids was examined using morphological characteristics. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis, the numerical taxonomy on 179 individuals from six genera and eight species of Rhus gall aphids was studied. A total of 108 characters belong to external morphology was evaluated from different parts of aphid body, among which 48 characters were directly measured from the alate adults head, thorax and abdomen,31 characters were the ratio from two measured characters, and the rest were numerical values converted from morphological character. The cladistic analysis based on the Euclidean distance showed that the eight Rhus gall aphid species were clustered into three clades, among which the North America species M. rhois was closely clustered with the two species S. peitan and S. chinensis from the genus Schlechtendalia, the two species N. shiraii and N. yanoniella from the genus Nurudea, and F. meitanensis, M. elongallis and two subspecies K. rhusicola ovogallis, K. rhusicola ensigallis from the genus Kaburagia were clustered as a group, respectively. The cladistic analysis based on correlative coefficient showed that the eight Rhus gall aphid species were clustered into three clades, among which M. rhois was clustered with S. peitan and S. chinensis, F. meitanensis, M. elongallis and two subspecies K. rhusicola ovogallis, K. rhusicola ensigallis from the genus Kaburagia were clustered as a group, the two species N. shiraii and N. yanoniella from the genus Nurudea were clustered as a group. In addition, the MP and ML phylogenetic trees based on DNA sequences of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome C oxidase unit I gene showed the inconsistent clusters with the morphological data. The eight Rhus gall aphid species were clustered into three clades, among which the F. meitanensis and M. elongallis, the two species N. shiraii and N. yanoniella and two subspecies K. rhusicola ovogallis and K. rhusicola ensigallis were clustered as a group, respectively, but the North America species M. rhois was clustered closely with the genera Schlechtendalia in both of the methods. It's still necceasry to do further research on the phylogenetic relationship of the Rhus gall aphids.
本研究采用数值分类方法对北美和我国五倍子蚜的形态特点和分类地位进行研究,以倍蚜6属8种179个个体为研究对象,选取有翅孤雌蚜的头部、胸部、腹部的直接测量特征48个、量度间比例特征31个、性状转化为数值特征29个,共108个特征进行分析。基于欧氏距离的聚类结果显示,五倍子蚜8个种共形成3个大的聚类簇,北美倍蚜Melaphis rhois与倍蚜属的倍蛋蚜和角倍蚜聚为一支；铁倍蚜属的肚倍蚜蛋铁亚种和肚倍蚜枣铁亚种与小铁枣蚜属的红小铁枣蚜、圆角倍蚜属的倍花蚜和红倍花蚜与铁倍花蚜属的铁倍花蚜分别聚为一支。基于相关系数的聚类结果显示,五倍子蚜8个种也形成3个大的聚类簇,北美倍蚜Melaphis rhois与倍蚜属的角倍蚜和倍蛋蚜聚为一个分支,铁倍蚜属的肚倍蚜枣铁亚种和肚倍蚜蛋铁亚种、小铁枣蚜属的红小铁枣蚜、铁倍蚜属的铁倍花蚜聚为一个分支,圆角倍蚜属的倍花蚜和红倍花蚜聚为一个分支。另外,基于：mtDNA COI基因序列构建五倍子蚜MP、ML分子系统发育关系,结果显示,倍蚜8个种也形成3个大的聚类簇,但构成每个分支的类群不完全相同,总体上彼此之间的聚类关系与形态学研究不太一致,铁倍花蚜属的铁倍花蚜和小铁枣蚜属的红小铁枣蚜、铁倍蚜属的肚倍蚜枣铁亚种和肚倍蚜蛋铁亚种与圆角倍蚜属的倍花蚜和红倍花蚜分别聚为一支,但北美倍蚜Melaphis rhois与倍蚜属的两个种聚为一支,彼此之间的关系密切,其形态和分子数据得到的分类地位是一致的。本研究为五倍子蚜的分类及其关系研究提供了重要的信息资料,同时为进一步研究该类群的生物地理学及其与寄主植物之间的协同进化关系等提供基础资料。
The Rhus gall aphids (Insecta:Hemiptera:Pemphigidae:Fordinae: Melaphidini) parasitize on the primary host-plant Rhus to form galls known as Woo-pei-tsze or the Chinese gall, which are important medicines and industrial materials. To complete their life cycle, it is necessary for these aphids to shift hosts between the primary (summer) host Rhus species and the secondary (winter) host mosses. Rhus gall aphids include six genera and twelve species, and mainly distribute in East-Asia with only one species Melaphis rhois in North America. So far, there have been some studies on the morphological characteristics and phylogeny of Rhus gall aphids in China, but little attention has been paid to morphological characteristics of the North America species Melaphis rhois and the phylogeny of Rhus gall aphids from both East Asia and North America.
In this study, the phylogeny of Rhus gall aphids was examined using morphological characteristics. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis, the numerical taxonomy on 179 individuals from six genera and eight species of Rhus gall aphids was studied. A total of 108 characters belong to external morphology was evaluated from different parts of aphid body, among which 48 characters were directly measured from the alate adults head, thorax and abdomen,31 characters were the ratio from two measured characters, and the rest were numerical values converted from morphological character. The cladistic analysis based on the Euclidean distance showed that the eight Rhus gall aphid species were clustered into three clades, among which the North America species M. rhois was closely clustered with the two species S. peitan and S. chinensis from the genus Schlechtendalia, the two species N. shiraii and N. yanoniella from the genus Nurudea, and F. meitanensis, M. elongallis and two subspecies K. rhusicola ovogallis, K. rhusicola ensigallis from the genus Kaburagia were clustered as a group, respectively. The cladistic analysis based on correlative coefficient showed that the eight Rhus gall aphid species were clustered into three clades, among which M. rhois was clustered with S. peitan and S. chinensis, F. meitanensis, M. elongallis and two subspecies K. rhusicola ovogallis, K. rhusicola ensigallis from the genus Kaburagia were clustered as a group, the two species N. shiraii and N. yanoniella from the genus Nurudea were clustered as a group. In addition, the MP and ML phylogenetic trees based on DNA sequences of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome C oxidase unit I gene showed the inconsistent clusters with the morphological data. The eight Rhus gall aphid species were clustered into three clades, among which the F. meitanensis and M. elongallis, the two species N. shiraii and N. yanoniella and two subspecies K. rhusicola ovogallis and K. rhusicola ensigallis were clustered as a group, respectively, but the North America species M. rhois was clustered closely with the genera Schlechtendalia in both of the methods. It's still necceasry to do further research on the phylogenetic relationship of the Rhus gall aphids.
引文
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