南疆棉田节肢动物群落结构及害虫种群动态研究
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摘要
棉花是南疆最重要的经济作物,受多种害虫为害。本文从棉花害虫可持续治理的需要出发,运用群落生态学和种群生态学的原理和方法,于2002-2006年在南疆莎车县研究了棉田节肢动物群落的结构与功能、一些重要因素对群落结构与功能以及对主要害虫种群数量的影响作用,获得了以下结果:
     1.棉花-小麦-苜蓿生态系统中节肢动物群落结构
     用吸虫器和捕虫网取样调查方法,发现棉田各类节肢动物403种,其中昆虫纲382种,蜘蛛纲20种,唇足纲1种。棉田节肢动物物种较丰富的目为膜翅目(168种)、双翅目(90种)、鞘翅目(44种)、同翅目(26种)、半翅目(23种)、蜘蛛目(18种)和鳞翅目(12种),棉田物种数最多的科为姬蜂科和姬小蜂科,分别有22和21个物种。植食性节肢动物141种,肉食性节肢动物229种,杂食性和腐食性节肢动物共33种。棉田共有棉花害虫33种,自然天敌226种(其中捕食性天敌91种,寄生性天敌135种),中性节肢动物144种。
     棉田个体数量较多的目为同翅目、缨翅目、双翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目和膜翅目,分别占节肢动物个体总数的54.67%、29.39%、6.01%、4.54%、2.52%和1.30%。个体数量较多的科为为蚜科、蓟马科、盲蝽科和瓢虫科,分别占节肢动物个体总数的53.04%、28.43%、3.64%和2.33%。棉田植食性节肢动物个体占88.73%,肉食性节肢动物个体占9.07%,杂食性和腐食性节肢动物共占2.20%。棉花害虫个体占84.33%,自然天敌个体占9.07%,中性节肢动物个体占6.60%。
     棉田棉花害虫优势种有2种,为棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)和棉蓟马(Thrips tabaci L.);丰盛种1种为棉长管蚜(Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko);常见种2种,为牧草盲蝽(Lygus pratensis L.)和榆叶蝉(Empoasa bipunctata ulmicola A.Z.)。自然天敌优势种有3种,为多异瓢虫(Hippodamia(Adonia)variegata(Goeze))、异须盲蝽(Campylomma diversicornis Reuter)、黑食蚜盲蝽(Deraeocoris punctulatus Fall);丰盛种有2种,为横纹蓟马(Aeolothrips fasciatus(L.))和肩毛小花蝽(Orius niger Woiff);常见种有10种。中性节肢动物中优势种共有3种,为蠓sp1、果蝇sp1、灰地种蝇(Delia platura (Meigen)),丰盛种和常见种各有4种和8种。
     在棉田边缘野生植被、小麦田和苜蓿田分别发现各类节肢动物248种、196种和257种。对棉田与这三种非棉田生境节肢动物群落之间的关系的研究表明,对于植食性节肢动物亚群落来说,棉田与棉田边缘野生植被和苜蓿田的相似性较高,而与小麦田的相似性较低。对于肉食性节肢动物亚群落和腐食性节肢动物亚群落来说,棉田与苜蓿田和小麦田的相似性较高,而与棉田边缘野生植被间的相似性较低。对于杂食性节肢动物亚群落来说,棉田与棉田边缘野生植被和小麦田的相似性较高,而与苜蓿田间的相似性较低。
     2.麦棉作物布局对棉田节肢动物群结构和多样性的影响
     用目测法对南疆麦棉作物不同布局方式中棉田节肢动物群落结构和多样性进行了调查研究,结果表明:棉田与麦田布局越均匀,棉田棉花害虫总个体数越少,自然天敌总个体数越多。与麦棉均匀相间布局和麦棉相邻布局相比,棉花单一大面积布局情况下,棉田害虫个体总数和中性节肢动物个体总数较多,而自然天敌个体总数较少;棉花害虫亚群落中蚜虫和棉叶螨数量较多,棉蓟马数量较少,牧草盲蝽和棉铃虫数量变化不明显;自然天敌亚群落中蜘蛛数量较少,横纹蓟马和瓢虫数量较多,食虫蝽和青翅蚁形隐翅甲数量变化不明显。棉花害虫多样性指数两年中均不受麦棉布局方式的影响。棉花害虫物种丰富度、棉花害虫优势集中性指数、自然天敌物种丰富度、自然天敌多样性指数在两年中的结果不尽一致,说明其影响因素除作物布局外,还受其它未知因素影响,需要深入研究。
     3.棉田边缘种植苜蓿带和油菜带对棉田节肢动物的影响
     用目测法调查研究了棉田边缘种植苜蓿带和油菜带对棉田节肢动物的影响,结果表明:棉田边缘种植苜蓿带可以增加棉田中的棉蓟马和除瓢虫以外的自然天敌的数量,减少棉叶螨和中性昆虫的数量;棉田边缘种植油菜带可以增加棉田瓢虫、蚜虫、棉叶螨数量,减少棉蓟马数量。棉田边缘同时种植这两种诱集带,棉田天敌明显增多,既可以有效控制当时的各种害虫,又为6月下旬以后的包括第二代棉铃虫在内的棉花害虫防治奠定了很好的基础。
     4.转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉田节肢动物多样性的影响
     用吸虫器取样和捕虫网取样两种方法,研究了转基因抗虫棉和化学防治对棉田节肢动物多样性的影响,发现转Bt基因棉棉田与非转基因常规棉棉田棉花害虫、自然天敌和中性节肢动物亚群落没有显著差异,而化学防治可以使各亚群落的个体数量、物种数量、多样性指数发生剧烈变化。
     5.棉铃虫种群数量动态
     连续12年用捕虫网取样方法对麦田第一代棉铃虫种群发生趋势进行了调查,发现南疆粮棉混作区种植制度的改革已导致棉铃虫成为农业生产的重要害虫,并呈加重趋势发展。
     用目测法研究了转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫的控制效率,结果表明转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫有很高防效。
     用目测法调查研究了南疆不同粮食生产模式对棉田第二代棉铃虫数量的影响,结果表明:与吨粮田相比,多熟制模式中春套玉米对棉铃虫产卵有很强的吸引作用,可以显著减少棉田第二代棉铃虫数量,减轻第二代棉铃虫对棉花的危害。
     对棉铃虫自然种群生命表的研究表明,引起南疆棉田第二代和第三代棉铃虫死亡的重要因子均为捕食性天敌,捕食性天敌和寄生性天敌对棉田第二代和第三代棉铃虫的联合控制作用很强,可以大大降低棉铃虫的种群趋势指数,这证明了在棉铃虫防治中保护利用自然天敌的重要性,也说明在保护利用自然天敌进行棉铃虫的自然生物控制时,应以利用捕食性天敌为主。南疆棉田棉铃虫自然死亡的重要虫期第二代为卵期、1龄幼虫期和6龄幼虫期,第三代为1龄幼虫期、5龄幼虫期和6龄幼虫期。在重要虫期需要人工防治棉铃虫时,更应该采用对自然天敌相对安全的措施。
     6.棉花蚜虫种群数量动态
     通过三年田间调查发现,随着南疆种植结构的调整,棉蚜成为南疆棉花重要害虫,而其它蚜虫成为次要害虫。转Bt基因抗虫棉对各种蚜虫没有影响作用。
     7.棉花盲蝽类害虫种群数量动态
     通过三年田间调查发现,随着南疆种植结构的调整,牧草盲蝽发生程度加重,又成为重要害虫。转Bt基因抗虫棉对牧草盲蝽没有影响作用。
     8.棉叶螨种群数量动态
     通过三年田间调查发现,随着南疆种植结构的调整,棉叶螨发生程度减轻,成为次要害虫。转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉叶螨没有影响作用。
     9.棉蓟马种群数量动态
     通过三年田间调查发现,随着南疆种植结构的调整,棉蓟马发生程与以往相同,仍为南疆棉花重要害虫。转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉蓟马没有影响作用。
     10.棉田自然天敌数量动态
     用目测法通过三年田间调查发现,棉田自然天敌以瓢虫类、食虫蝽类和蜘蛛类为主,其合计所占天敌总数的比例达85%-93%,这三类天敌的相对比例受棉蚜发生程度影响很大。转Bt基因抗虫棉对各种自然天敌没有影响作用,喷施化学农药可以使天敌数量明显减少。
     本文的研究结果可为保护利用自然天敌进行棉花害虫生物防治、调节生态环境进行害虫宏观生态控制、将转Bt基因抗虫棉纳入棉花害虫防治技术体系、实现南疆棉花害虫可持续治理提供可靠的理论基础和方法。
Cotton is the most important cashing crop, and often attacked by many pests, in southern Xinjiang. Arthropod community structure and functions in cotton and some influencing factors of arthropod community and major pest population were studied with the principles and methods of community ecology and population ecology to meet the need of cotton SPM (Sustainable Pest Management) at Shache county in this region in 2002-2006. The results were as follows:
     1. Arthropod community structure in cotton-wheat-alfalfa ecosystem
     By sampling with an electric sucker refitted with WFB-20AC Sprayer (Beijing Fengmao Plant Protection Machine Company) by Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and sweep net, a total of 403 arthropod species were collected from cotton field, of which 382 belong to Insecta, 20 belong to Arachnoidea, 1 belong to Chilopoda. The orders with high species richness were Hymenoptera (168 species), Diptera (90 species), Coleoptera (44 species), Homoptera (26 species), Hemiptera (23 species), Araneida (18 species) and Lepidoptera (12 species). The families with highest species richness were Ichneumonidae (22 species) and Eulophidae (21 species). Of all arthropod species, 141 were herbivorous arthropods, 229 were carnivorous arthropods, 33 were omnivorous and saprophagous arthropods; 33 were cotton pests, 226 were natural enemies (91 predator species and 135 parasitoid species), 144 were neutral arthropods.
     In cotton field, orders with high relative individual abundance were Homoptera (54.67%), Thysanoptera (29.39%), Diptera (6.01%), Hemiptera (4.54%), Coleoptera (2.52%) and Hymenoptera (1.30%); families with high relative individual abundance were Aphididae (53.04%), Thripidae (28.43%), Miridae (3.64%), and Coccinellidae (2.33%). Relative individual abundances of herbivorous arthropod, carnivorous arthropod, total of omnivorous and saprophagous arthropod were 88.73%, 9.07%, and 2.20%; and those of cotton pest, natural enemy, and neutral arthropod were 84.33%, 9.07%, and 6.60%, respectively.
     In cotton field, the dominant cotton pest species were Aphis gossypii Glover and Thrips tabaci L., abundant cotton pest species was Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko, frequent cotton pest species were Lygus pratensis L. and Empoasa bipunctata ulmicola A.Z.; the dominant natural enemy species were Hippodamia (Adonia) variegata (Goeze), Campylomma diversicornis Reuter, and Deraeocoris punctulatus Fall, abundant natural enemy species were Aeolothrips fasciatus (L.) and Orius niger Woiff, and 10 other species were frequent natural enemy species; the abundant neutral arthropod species were sp1 of Ceratopogonidae, sp1 of Drosophilidae, and Delia platura (Meigen), and the number of abundant and frequent neutral arthropod species were 4 and 8 respectively.
     248, 196, and 257 arthropod species were collected from wild vegetation at the margin of cotton field, from wheat field, and from alfalfa field. The relation of arthropod community in cotton field and in these three non-cotton habitats was also studied. The sub-community of herbivorous arthropods in cotton field was more similar with those in alfalfa field and in wild vegetation at the margin of cotton field, than that in wheat field. The sub-communities of carnivorous and saprophagous arthropods in cotton field were more similar with those in alfalfa field and in wheat field, than that in wild vegetation at the margin of cotton field. The sub-communities of omnivorous arthropods in cotton field were more similar with those in wheat field and in wild vegetation at the margin of cotton field, than that in alfalfa field.
     2. Effects of wheat-cotton overall arrangement mode on the structure and diversity of arthropod communities in cotton fields
     The influencing effects of wheat-cotton overall arrangement mode on the structure and diversity of arthropod communities in cotton fields were studied by sampling with the mean of nude-eye inspection. The more evenly were wheat and cotton fields distributed, the less total cotton pest arthropod individuals and the more total natural enemy individuals were found in cotton fields. Compared with the cotton fields arranged alternatively with or adjacent to wheat fields, continuous large area mono-planted cotton fields had more total cotton pest arthropod individuals, neutral arthropod individuals, aphids, spider mites, Aeolothrips fasciatus (L.), and ladybirds, less total natural enemy individuals, cotton thrips, spiders, similar number of Lygus pratensis L., Helicoverpa armigera Hubner, predacious hemipteran bugs, and Paederus fuscipes Curtis. Diversity index of cotton pest arthropods was not influenced by wheat-cotton overall arrangement mode. Species richness and dominant concentration index of cotton pest arthropods, and species richness and diversity index of natural enemy, showed different results in 2 years experiments, suggested there should be other influencing factors except wheat-cotton overall arrangement mode to be studied.
     3. Effects of alfalfa and rape lines planted on the ends and margins of cotton fields on arthropods in cotton field
     The influencing effects of alfalfa and rape lines planted on the ends and margins of cotton fields on arthropods in cotton fields were studied by sampling with the mean of nude-eye inspection. Alfalfa lines increased the number of cotton thrips and natural enemies except lady beetles, but reduced the number of spider mites and neutral arthropods, while rape lines increased the number of lady beetles, aphids, and spider mites, but reduced the number of cotton thrips in cotton. Cotton fields with these two crop lines had more abundant natural enemies which not only controlled different pest arthropods before these two crops were harvested but also laid a solid foundation for the control of cotton pests including cotton bollworm appeared after late-June.
     4. Efects of Bt cotton on diversity of arthropods in cotton
     The effects of Bt cotton and chemical control on diversity of arthropods in cotton were studied by sampling with electric sucker and sweep net. Bt cotton did not influence the diversities of cotton pest arthropod, natural enemy, and neutral arthropod sub-communities, while broad-spectrum insecticide spraying caused violent fluctuation to parameters of individual abundance, species richness, and diversity index of these sub-communities.
     5. Population dynamics of cotton bollworm
     Population density of the first generation cotton bollworm larvae in wheat field was surveyed for consecutive 12 years by sampling with sweep net. Cotton bollworm population increased rapidly when the cropping system was reforming to expend cotton production. At present cotton bollworm is the major pest in southern Xinjiang.
     The effects of transgenic Bt cotton to bollworm were studied with the method of nude-eye inspection. Bt cotton gave very effective control against cotton bollworm.
     The influencing effects of grain production systems on the population of second generation of cotton bollworm in cotton were studied. The multi-harvest system provided cotton a good protection against cotton bollworm due to the corn plants in this system strongly attracted cotton bollworm adults when they were ovipositing, therefore reduced the density of cotton bollworm in cotton, compared with ton-grain system..
     The life table of natural population of cotton bollworm in cotton was studied. The important factors that caused the death of second and third generation of cotton bollworm in cotton field were predacious natural enemies. Predacious and parasitic natural enemies had strong conjoint control effect to both second and third generation, therefore considerably reduced the population trend indices of cotton bollworm. This confirmed the importance of natural enemy conservation, and showed that predacious natural enemies should be employed primarily in cotton bollworm natural biological control. The important stages in which natural mortality occurred were egg, first instar and sixth instar larvae for second generation, first, fifth, and sixth instar larvae for third generation of cotton bollworm. -Measures safe to natural enemies should be applied particularly in these important stages if cotton bollworm need to be controlled artificially.
     6. Population dynamics of aphids in cotton
     Population dynamics of aphids in cotton were studied for 3 years. Along with the evolution of planting system, Aphis gossypii Glover became the important cotton pest, while other aphid species became the minor pests. Bt cotton had no negative influence to the occurrence of pest aphids in cotton.
     7. Population dynamics of pest mirids in cotton
     Population dynamics of pest mirids in cotton were studied for 3 years. Along with the evolution of planting system, Lygus pratensis L. increased and became the major cotton pest. Bt cotton had no negative influence to the occurrence of this pest.
     8. Population dynamics of cotton spider mites
     Population dynamics of spider mites in cotton were studied for 3 years. Along with the evolution of planting system, Tetranychus spp. population decreased and became the minor cotton pest. Bt cotton had no negative influence to the occurrence of spider mites.
     9. Population dynamics of cotton thrips
     Population dynamics of Thrips tabaci L. in cotton were studied for 3 years. Along with the evolution of planting system, Thrips tabaci L. population still remained at high level as previous, and was the major cotton pest. Bt cotton had no negative influence to the occurrence of this pest.
     10. Population dynamics of arthropod natural enemies in cotton field
     Population dynamics of natural enemies in cotton field was studied with the method of nude-eye inspection. The most of the arthropod natural enemy were lady beetles, predacious hemipteran bugs, and spider, occupying a total percentage of 85%-93%. The proportion of individuals of these 3 natural enemy groups was strongly influenced by the occurrence degree of Aphis gossypii Glover. Bt cotton had no negative influence to the occurrence of natural enemies, while the spraying of broad-spectrum chemical insecticide caused in reduction in the natural enemy populations.
     Results in these studies lay a reliable theoretical foundation and provide some applied methods to cotton pest biological control through natural enemy conservation, cotton pest ecological control through ecological environment manipulation, bringing Bt cotton into cotton IPM system, and cotton SPM (Sustainable Pest Management).
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