免疫应激对仔猪生产性能和蛋白质需求规律的影响
|
摘要
本试验采用2×3因子设计，探索免疫应激对仔猪生产性能、蛋白质利用和需求规律的影响。仔猪免疫状况设高应激状态和低应激状态(高应激组通过注射血清型为O55：B5的丘Coli.脂多糖诱导产生；低应激组注射生理盐水)二种水平，日粮蛋白水平设17％、20％和23％三种水平。选用28日龄断奶的长荣(长白×荣 二元杂交仔猪36头，预饲一周后随机分成6个处理，每个处理6个重复，每个重复1头猪。高应激组在试验的第1、3、5和7天注射脂多糖，剂量为200ug／kg体重，低应激组按体重注射相应体积的无菌生理盐水。试验全期共21天，在试验的3-21天进行氮平衡试验，测定仔猪对蛋白质的利用率，同时考查仔猪的生产性能；通过测定血清免疫球蛋白水平和T淋巴细胞转化率来反映仔猪免疫状况。
结果表明：(1)多次注射LPS激活了仔猪免疫系统，表现在显著提高试验第3天T淋巴细胞转化率(P＜0.01)，而在试验的后期(第14天)，注射LPS对T淋巴细胞转化率影响不显著；从各阶段来看，注射LPS未显著影响仔猪血清抗体水平(P＞0.05)。(2)免疫应激明显降低仔猪的生产性能。表现在试验的1-6天，高应激组的ADG、ADFI和G/F分别比低应激组低45％、25％和23％；免疫应激对1-9天仔猪生产性能的影响与试验1-6天相似，但影响程度小于1-6天。在试验的后期(14-21天)仔猪生产性能在两组间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。(3)饲粮蛋白质水平影响应激仔猪的生产性能。在试验的1-6天，17％蛋白水平组有较高的ADFI、ADG和G/F，其中G/F显著高于20％、23％蛋白水平组(P＜0.05)；在试验的14-21天，则是应激仔猪在23％蛋白水平组中有较高的G/F、ADG。(4)免疫应激降低了试验3-9天仔猪对蛋白质的消化率、吸收率和日沉积蛋白量，影响了仔猪蛋白质代谢，表现在应激使仔猪对饲粮蛋白的消化率、生物学价值、日沉积蛋白量分别降低3％、3％、15％，尿氮排出率提高43.8％；在试验的14-21天，应激仍然影响了仔猪对饲粮蛋白的利用率，但程度小于试验的第3-9天。(5)蛋白水平除了对应激仔猪3-9天日蛋白质沉积无影响外(P＞0.05)，极显著影响了其余各阶段应激仔猪的日沉积蛋白量(P＜0.01)。
通过本试验的研究发现，免疫应激降低了仔猪对饲粮蛋白质的利用率和仔猪的生产性能；在免疫应激期及应激后的恢复期，仔猪对蛋白水平的需求不同：在应激期，仔猪对蛋白水平的需要降低，在恢复期，仔猪对蛋白水平的需要升高；就本试验所设蛋白水平来看，10-20kg仔猪在免疫应激期对饲粮蛋白质的需要量为17％，应激结束后的恢复期为23％；而低应激仔猪在相应时期的蛋白质需要量均为20％。
A 2x3 factorial nitrogen balance trial was conducted to explore the influence of immune stress and dietary crude protein(CP) on growth performance and protein utilization and requirement of young pigs. Immune system of pigs was activated in stress groups by intramuscular injection of Escherichia coli lipoploysaccaride(LPS, serotype O55:B5) . Pigs in non-stress groups were not challenged by LPS. Dietary protein levels were designed as 17%, 20%, and 23% . A total of 36 crossbred
(Landracex Rongchang) pigs weaned at 28 days were randomly allotted to 6 treatments with 6 replicate each. The trial was conducted for 21 days. On d 1, d 3, d 5 and d 7 of the experiment, piglets in stress groups were challenged with LPS at a dose of 200ug/kg bogy weight. Pigs in non-stress groups were injected with 0.9% sterile saline. Feed consumption and bodyweight of pigs were recorded during the trial. CP digestibility, biological value and body protein retention were determined by nitrogen balance from d 3 to 21 d .Lymphocyte blastogenesis and serum immunoglobulins were measured to monitor piglets'immune status.
The results showed: 1) Repeated injections of LPS increased significantly lymphocyte blastogenesis ratio on d 3 (PO.01), but lymphocyte blastogenesis ratio on d 14 was not significantly different among treatments, indicating immune system was activated by LPS injection. The level of serum immunoglobulins was not different between stress- and non-stress groups at each stage (P>0.05). 2) Immune challenge reduced growth performance of piglets. Average daily gain(ADG), average feed daily intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (G/F) in stress groups were 43% ,25%, and 23%
lower respectively than those in non-stress groups during d 1 to d 6 and ADG was 28% lower during d 1 to d 9. Growth performance during d 14 to d 21 was not affected by stress treatment (P>0.05). 3) Piglets consuming 17%CP diet had higher ADG and G/F than pigs fed 20% or 23%CP diet when piglets were challenged with LPS during d 1 to d 6. During d 14 to d 21, piglets fed 23%CP in stress group had the highest G/F ratio and ADG than pigs fed 17% or 20% CP diet. The results showed that piglets needed lower dietary crude protein(CP) during stress and higher CP after
immune stress for their compensatory growth.. 4) LPS administration reduced the utilization efficiency of crude protein (P>0.05) and the effect was greater during d 3 to d 9 than that during d 14 to d 21. During d 3 to d 9, protein digestibility, biological value, protein retention were lower 3%,3%,15% respectively in stress groups compared with non-stress groups . Urinary nitrogen excretion in the stress groups increased by 43.8% compared to non-stress control during d 3 to d 6. 5) Dietary CP levels affected significantly protein retention in stress groups at each stage (P<0.00) with exception to the stage of d 3 to d 9.
in conclusion, immune stress influences dietary protein utilization and pig performance. Dietary protein requirement during and after stress is inconsistent to that of healthy piglets. In this study, piglets need 17% CP during immune stress and 23%CP during the compensatory growth after stress, while healthy piglets need 20% CP during the same period.
结果表明：(1)多次注射LPS激活了仔猪免疫系统，表现在显著提高试验第3天T淋巴细胞转化率(P＜0.01)，而在试验的后期(第14天)，注射LPS对T淋巴细胞转化率影响不显著；从各阶段来看，注射LPS未显著影响仔猪血清抗体水平(P＞0.05)。(2)免疫应激明显降低仔猪的生产性能。表现在试验的1-6天，高应激组的ADG、ADFI和G/F分别比低应激组低45％、25％和23％；免疫应激对1-9天仔猪生产性能的影响与试验1-6天相似，但影响程度小于1-6天。在试验的后期(14-21天)仔猪生产性能在两组间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。(3)饲粮蛋白质水平影响应激仔猪的生产性能。在试验的1-6天，17％蛋白水平组有较高的ADFI、ADG和G/F，其中G/F显著高于20％、23％蛋白水平组(P＜0.05)；在试验的14-21天，则是应激仔猪在23％蛋白水平组中有较高的G/F、ADG。(4)免疫应激降低了试验3-9天仔猪对蛋白质的消化率、吸收率和日沉积蛋白量，影响了仔猪蛋白质代谢，表现在应激使仔猪对饲粮蛋白的消化率、生物学价值、日沉积蛋白量分别降低3％、3％、15％，尿氮排出率提高43.8％；在试验的14-21天，应激仍然影响了仔猪对饲粮蛋白的利用率，但程度小于试验的第3-9天。(5)蛋白水平除了对应激仔猪3-9天日蛋白质沉积无影响外(P＞0.05)，极显著影响了其余各阶段应激仔猪的日沉积蛋白量(P＜0.01)。
通过本试验的研究发现，免疫应激降低了仔猪对饲粮蛋白质的利用率和仔猪的生产性能；在免疫应激期及应激后的恢复期，仔猪对蛋白水平的需求不同：在应激期，仔猪对蛋白水平的需要降低，在恢复期，仔猪对蛋白水平的需要升高；就本试验所设蛋白水平来看，10-20kg仔猪在免疫应激期对饲粮蛋白质的需要量为17％，应激结束后的恢复期为23％；而低应激仔猪在相应时期的蛋白质需要量均为20％。
A 2x3 factorial nitrogen balance trial was conducted to explore the influence of immune stress and dietary crude protein(CP) on growth performance and protein utilization and requirement of young pigs. Immune system of pigs was activated in stress groups by intramuscular injection of Escherichia coli lipoploysaccaride(LPS, serotype O55:B5) . Pigs in non-stress groups were not challenged by LPS. Dietary protein levels were designed as 17%, 20%, and 23% . A total of 36 crossbred
(Landracex Rongchang) pigs weaned at 28 days were randomly allotted to 6 treatments with 6 replicate each. The trial was conducted for 21 days. On d 1, d 3, d 5 and d 7 of the experiment, piglets in stress groups were challenged with LPS at a dose of 200ug/kg bogy weight. Pigs in non-stress groups were injected with 0.9% sterile saline. Feed consumption and bodyweight of pigs were recorded during the trial. CP digestibility, biological value and body protein retention were determined by nitrogen balance from d 3 to 21 d .Lymphocyte blastogenesis and serum immunoglobulins were measured to monitor piglets'immune status.
The results showed: 1) Repeated injections of LPS increased significantly lymphocyte blastogenesis ratio on d 3 (PO.01), but lymphocyte blastogenesis ratio on d 14 was not significantly different among treatments, indicating immune system was activated by LPS injection. The level of serum immunoglobulins was not different between stress- and non-stress groups at each stage (P>0.05). 2) Immune challenge reduced growth performance of piglets. Average daily gain(ADG), average feed daily intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (G/F) in stress groups were 43% ,25%, and 23%
lower respectively than those in non-stress groups during d 1 to d 6 and ADG was 28% lower during d 1 to d 9. Growth performance during d 14 to d 21 was not affected by stress treatment (P>0.05). 3) Piglets consuming 17%CP diet had higher ADG and G/F than pigs fed 20% or 23%CP diet when piglets were challenged with LPS during d 1 to d 6. During d 14 to d 21, piglets fed 23%CP in stress group had the highest G/F ratio and ADG than pigs fed 17% or 20% CP diet. The results showed that piglets needed lower dietary crude protein(CP) during stress and higher CP after
immune stress for their compensatory growth.. 4) LPS administration reduced the utilization efficiency of crude protein (P>0.05) and the effect was greater during d 3 to d 9 than that during d 14 to d 21. During d 3 to d 9, protein digestibility, biological value, protein retention were lower 3%,3%,15% respectively in stress groups compared with non-stress groups . Urinary nitrogen excretion in the stress groups increased by 43.8% compared to non-stress control during d 3 to d 6. 5) Dietary CP levels affected significantly protein retention in stress groups at each stage (P<0.00) with exception to the stage of d 3 to d 9.
in conclusion, immune stress influences dietary protein utilization and pig performance. Dietary protein requirement during and after stress is inconsistent to that of healthy piglets. In this study, piglets need 17% CP during immune stress and 23%CP during the compensatory growth after stress, while healthy piglets need 20% CP during the same period.
引文
杜念兴．1997．兽医免疫学．中国农业出版社．
冯定远，张守全．2001．日粮营养与仔猪免疫功能的完善．．国外畜牧学：猪与禽．(3)．-48-51．
郭荣富，戴志明，张曦，王志祥主编．2002．猪蛋白质营养．云南科技出版社．
侯永清，涡于明，周毓平，计成，赵京扬．2000．中国畜牧兽医学会动物营养分会(第8届论文集)．
黎介寿主编．1995．肠外瘘．第1版．北京：人民军医出版社．
林映才，蒋宗勇，余德谦，杨晓建．2001．10-20kg仔猪粗蛋白需求参数研究．饲料博览．1：5-7．
施鑫，黎介寿．2000．谷氨酰胺与巨噬细胞的代谢及免疫调节作用．肠外与肠内营养．7(3)：166-170，
孙文晋译，1997，免疫系统激活可影响猪对赖氨酸和含硫氨基酸的需要量，国外畜牧学：猪与禽，3：．14-17．
袁林泉．2001．供给幼畜免疫球蛋白的新途径．饲料与畜牧．(1)．-23-24．
杨汗春．1996．现代动物免疫学．中国农业出版社．
于旭华译．2001．断奶仔猪蛋白质营业研究的新进展．国外畜牧科技．28(2)：13-15．
郑春田，李德发，1999．畜禽免疫系统与氨基酸营养间的相互作用．中国饲料．
张宏福，张子仪．1998．动物营养参数与饲养标准 中国农业出版社
张瑞莉，张世宏，李术．2001．饲料营养与免疫．饲料博览．(4)：28-30．
周明．1994．猪禽营养状况对免疫机能的影响．国外畜牧学．猪与禽．(3)．-38-39．
Adi ,S,A.S.,Pollock,J.K.shigenage,A.H.Moser, K.R. Feingold,and C.Crunfeld. 1992.Role of monokines in the metabolic effects of endotoxin. J.Clin.Invest.89:1603-1609.
Ahmed ,F.,and S.S.Quadri. 1985.Effect of supplementation of essential amnio acid on immune response in protein-deficient rats.Nutr. Rep. Int.31:711.
Baracos ,V.E.,W. Whitmore,and R.Gale. 1987.The metabolic cost of fever. Can.J.Physiol.Pharmacol.65:1246.
Beisel ,W.R. 1977.Metabolic and nutritional consequences of infection.In:H.H.Dr-Aper(Ed.)Advances in nutrional Reseach. Vol.l.p. 125.Plenum,New York.
Benson ,B.N,,C.C.Calvert,E.Roura,and K.C.Klasing. 1993.Dietary energy source and density Modulate the expression of immunologyic stress in chicks.J.Nutr, 123:1714.
Bounous ,G.,and P.A.L.Kongshavn. 1978.The effect of dietary proteins on immune reactivity. Immunology. 35:257.
Bounous ,G,and P.A.L.Kongshavn. 1982.Influnce of dietary protein on the immune system of mice.J.Nutr. 112:1747.
Bounous ,G.,and P.A.L.Kongshavn. 1985.Differential effect of dietary protein on the B-cell and T-cell immune responses in mice.J.Nutr. 115:1403.
Birkhahn ,R.H.,C.L.Long,D.Ftkin,M.Jeevanandam,and W.S.Bblakemore. 1981 Whole-body protein metabolism due to trauma in man as estimated by L-[~(15)N]alanine Am.J Physiol.241 :E64-E71.
Bautista 'N.,M.Cervantes,M.Cuca,A.P.C.Becerril,and S.Rodriguez.2001.Effect of protein level on the activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin,and the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in pigs fed grain sorghum-soybean meal diets. J.Anim. Sci.Vol(78):suppl2.
Cera ,K.R.,D.C.Mahan,R.F. Cross,G.A.Reinhart,R.E.Whitmoyer. 1988.Effect of age ,weaning and postweaning diet on small intestinal growth and jejunal morphology in young swine. J.Anim. Sci.66:574-584.
Chung ,T.K and D.H.,Baker. 1992.Ideal amino acid pattern for 10-kilogram pigs.J.Anim. Sci.70:3102-3111.
Coleman ,E.S and J.L.Sartm. 1996.Endotoxin stimulates in vitro pituitary growth hormone release in
eicosanoid-dependent manner.Am.J.Vet.Res.57:1662-1667．
Colley ,C.M.,Fleck,A.,Googe,A.W.,Muller,B.R.&Myers,M.A.1983． Early time course of acute Phase protein response in man .J.Clin.Path.36:203-207．
Cooper ,W.C.,R.A.Good,and T.Mariani.1974． Effect of protein insufficiency on immune responsiVaness. Am.J.CIin.Nutr.27:647．
Crenshaw ,T.D.,M.E.Cook,J.Odle,and R.E.Martin. 1986． Effect of nutritional status,age at weaning and room temperature on growth and systemic response of weanling pigs. J.Anim.Sci.63:1845．
Crowe ,C.K.D.L.Harris.E.R.Wilson,and W.Tchristianson.1994． Evaluation of environmental contaminants in isowean and con Vantional nurseries. and P. Ingkanium. (Ed.) Pro 13th Int.Pig Veterinary Society Cong.p433(Abstr.) Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Veterinary science,Babgkok,Thailand.
Cuaron ,J.A.,R.P.Chapple ,R.A.Easter. 1984 Effect of lysine and threonine supplementation of sorghum gestation diets on nitrogen balance and plasma constituents in first-litter gilts.J.Anim.Sci. 1984, 58: 3, 631-637; 39 ref.
Cuthbertson ,D.P.,Fell.G.S,C.M.&Tilstone,W.J.1972． Metabolism after injury1: Effcets of severity,nutrition and environmental temperature on protein,potassium, zinc and creatine Br.J.Surg.59:927-931．
Dritz ,S.S.,K.Q.Owen,R.D.Goodband,J.L.Nelssen,M.D.tokach,M.M.Chengappa,and Blecha.1996． 1nfluence of lipopolysaccharide-induced immune challenge and diet complexity on growth performance and acute-phase protein production in segregated early-weaned pigs. J.Anim.Sci74:1620-l628．
Feldmann ,M.,and Male.M.1989． Cell cooperation in the immune response In:I.Roitt,J.Brostoff and D.Male(Ed.)Immunology(2nd Ed.).Gower Medical publishing,London.
Fong ,Y.,L.L.Moldawer,M.Marano,H.Wei,A.Barber,K.Manogue,K.J.Tracey,G.kue,D.A.Fischaman,A.Cerami and S.F.Lowry.l989． Cachectin/TNF or IL-1 *** induces cachexia with redistribution of body proteins.Am.J.Physiol.256:R659-R665．
Garcia-Martinez ,C.M.LIovera, F.J.Lopez-Soriano, B.Santo, J.M.Argiles.1995． Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases the in vivo oxidation of branched-chain amino acids in the rat: a.cytokine-mediated effect.Mol Cell Biochem 148(l):9-15．
Grimdle ,R.F.,A.A.Jackson,C.Persaud,M.J.Wride,F.Delers and R.Engler.l992． Cysteine and glycine supplementation modulate the metabolic response to tumor necrosis factor a in rats fed a low protein diet .J.Nutr 122:2066-2073．
Good ,R.A.,West and G.Fernandes.1980． Nutritional modulation of immune response.F.E d. Proc 39:3098．
Grossman ,C.M.,Sappington,T.S.,Burrows,B.A.,Lavietes,P.H.& Peters,T.P.1945． Nitrogen metabilism in acute infections.J.Clin.Invest.24:523-531．
Kenison ,D.C.,T.H.EIasasser,R.Fayer.l991． Tumor necrosis as a potential mediator of acute metabolic and hormonal responses to endotoxemia in calves .Am.J.Vet.Res.52:1320-1326．
Klasing ,K.C.11984． Effect of inflammatory angents and interleukin lon iron and zinc metabolism.Am.J.Phy-siol.247:R901-R904．
Klasing ,K.C.,D.E.Laurin,R.K.Peng and D.M.Fay. 1987． Immunologically mediated gyowth depression in chicks:influnce of feed intake ,corticosterone and interleukin-1． J.Nutr. 117:1629-1637．
Klasing ,K.C and D.M.Barnes.1988． Decreased amino acid requirements of growing chicks due to
immunologic stress .J.Nutr.ll8:1158-1164．
Klasing ,K.C.,and E.Roura.1991． Interactions between nutrition and immunity in chickens Proc.Cornell Nutr.Conf.p94．
Klasing,K.C and B.J.Jonstone.1991． Monokines in growgth and development.Poult.Sci.70:1781-1789．
Klasing,K.C.1994． Interactions between nutrition and immunity.Proc.Allen D.leman Swine Conf.21:35．
Johnson , R. W. and E. Von borell. 1994． Lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior in pigs is inhibited by pretreatment with indomethacin. J. Anim. Sci. 72:309-314．
Jenhson ,M,M.Pell,C.bates and D.J.millward.l986． The effect of endotoxaemia on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle and liver of fed and fasted rats Biochem.J235:329-336．
Jonhson ,R.W.,M.J.Propes,and Y.Shavit.1996． Corticosterone modulates the behavioral and metabolic effects of lipopolysaccharide.Am.J.Physiol.270:R192-198．
Jennings ,G.,C.Bourgeois and M.EIia.1992． The magnitude of the acute phase protein response is attenuated by protein deficiency in rats J.Nutr. 122:1325-1331．
Jepson ,M.Pell,C.Bates and D.J.Billward.l986． The effect of endotoxaemia on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle and liver of fed and fasted rats Biochem.J235:329-336．
Hale ,O.M.,T.B.Stewart,O.G.Marti,B.E.Wheat,and w.C.McCormick.1981． Influnce of experimental infection of nodular worms(Oesophagostomum spp)on performance of pigs .J.Anim.Sci .52:316．
Hale ,o.M.T.B.Stewart,O.G.Marti.1985． Influnence of an experimental infection of Ascaris suum on performance of pigs.J.Anim.Sci .60:220．
Li ,D.F.,J.L.,Nelssen,P.G,Reddy,F.R.Blecha,R.KIemm,& R.D.Goodband.1991． Interralationship between hyp-ersensitivity to soybean proteins and growth performance in earlyweaned pigs.J.Anim.Sci.69:4062-4069．
Long ,C.L.,M.Jeevanandam,B.M,Kinney,J.M.1977． Whole body protein synthesis and catabolism In septic man .Am..Clin.Nutr.30:1340-1344．
Lyoumi ,S.,F.T.J.Petit,P.Dechelotte,C.Dauguet,M.Hiron,A.Leplingard,J.P.Salier,M.Daveau and J.P.Lerbreton. 1998． Induction and modulation of actute-phase response by protein Malnutrition in rats:comparative effect of systemic and localized inflammation on interleukin-6 and actute-phase response synthesis.
Mccarthy ,D.O.,M.J.Kluger and A.J.vander.1985． Suppression of food intake during infection :is interleukin-1 involved? Am.J.Clin Nutr.42:1179-1182．
Mccracken ,.B.A.,H.R.Gaskins,P.J.,Kaiser,K.C.,Klasing,and D.E.,Jewell.1995． Dietdependent and diet-independent metabolic responses underlie growth stasis of pigs at weaning.J.Nutr.125:2838-2845．
Mchugh ,K.J.,S.M.Collins ,and H.P.weingarten.l994． Central interleukin-1 receptors contribute to suppression of feeding after actute colitis in the rats .Am.J.Physiol.266:R1659-R1663．
Macallan ,D.C., M.A.Mcnulan, A.G .Calder, P.J .Carlick ,andG.E. Griffin. 1995． Whole-body protein turnover from leucine kinetics and the response to nutrition in human immunodeficiency virus infection .Am. J.Clin.Nutr.61:818-826．
Newsholme , P.,E.A.Newsholm.l989． Rates of utilization of glucose,glutamine and oleate and formation of end products by mouse pertitoneal macrophages.Biochem .J.261:211-218．
NRC.1998． Nutrient requerements of swine ,10th Rev. Ed.Washington D.C. :National Academy Press. Pacitti ,A.J,Y.Inoue,W.W.Souba.1993． Tumor necrosis factor stimulates animo acid tranport in plasma membrase vesicles from rat liver :Journal of clinical investgetion.91:474-483．
Reeds ,P.J.,C.R.Fjeld and F.Jahor.1994． Do the difference between the animo acid compositions of acute-phase and muscle proteins have a bearing on nitrogen loss.J.Nutr.124:906-910．
Roth ,F.X.,G.G.Gotterbarm.,W.Windisc,M.Kirchgessner. Whole-body protein turnover and nitrogen balance in growing pigs supplied with an antibiotic fced addlitivc(avilamycin).Journal-of-Animal-Physiology-and-Animal-Nutrition. 1999, 82: 2-3, 88-93．
Spolarics ,W.R, Inborr.C.G.1989． J.Enzymes in combination.J.Feed International.(10) :16-26．
Schaur ,k.J,K.W.Goodom.Tumor.1980． host relations. V. Nitrogen metabolism in Yoshida sarcoma-bearing rats. Reduction of growth rate and increase of survival time by administration of physiological doses of branched-chain amino acids. J.Cancer.Res.Clin.Oncol;97(3) :285-93．
Segreti ,J.,G.Gheusi,R.Dantzer ,K.W.Kelley,R.W Johnson.1997． Defcet in inter-leukin-1β secretion preVants sickness behavior in C3H/HeJ mice.physiol.Behav.61:873-878．
Taakahashi ,.K,S.Yodogawa and Y.Akiba.1991． Effect of dietary protein concentration on responses to Escherichia coli endotoxin in broiler chickens.British Journal of nutrition.74:173-182．
Taakahashi ,K.,N.Miyake,T.Ohta,Y.Akiba and K.Tamura. 1998． Changes in plsma α 1-acid glycoprotein concentration and selected immune response in broiler chickens injected with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide.British Poultry Science.57:152-155．
Torek ,.J.J.,A I Schoennlein,Y.Li,K.G.D.Allen and B.A.Watkins.l998． Modulation of macrophage cytokine production by conjugated linoleic acids is influenced by the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio.J.Nutr.Biochem.9:258-256．
Utsunomiya ,T., S.R Chavali., R.A.Forse.2000． Effectsof sesamin-supplemented dietary fat emulsions on the ex vivo production of lipopolysaccharide-induced prostanoids and tumor necrosis factor a in rats.Am.J Clin Nutr .72:804-808．
Van Heugten ,E.,M.T.Coffey and J.W.Spears.1994． The effect of dietary on performance and immune response in weaning pigs subjected to an inflammatory challenge.J.Anim. Sci72:2661-2669．
Van Heugten ,E.,M.T.Coffey and J.W.Spears.1996． Effects of immune challenge,dietary energy density,and source of energy on performance and immunity in weaning pigs J.Anim.sci 74:2431-2440．
Wan ,.J.M.F.,Haw,M.P.& Blackburn,G.L.1989． Nutrition,immune function,and intlammation:an overview. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 48,315-335．
Wannemacher ,R.W.,Jr.1977． Key role f various individual amino acids in host response to infection .Amer. Clin.Nutr.30:1269-1280．
Warren ,S.R,H.F.,Starnes,N.AIcock,S.Calvano and M.F.Brennan,1988． Hormonal and metabolic response to recombinant human tumor necrosis factor in rat: in vitro and vivo.Am.J Physiol.255::E206-E212．
Waterlow ,J.C.1984． Protein turnover with special reference to man J Exp Physiol.69:409-438．
Waterlow ,J.C.1991． Protein-energy malnutrition:challenges and controversies.Proc.Nulr.Sco.India 37:59-86．
Webel ,D.M.,B.N.Finck,D.H.Baker,and R.W.Johnson.1997． Time course of increased plasma cytokines, cortisol,and urea nitrogen in pigs following intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide.J.Anim.Sci. 75:1514-1520．
Webel ,D.M., R.W.Johnson.,D.H.Baker. 1998． Lipopolysaccharide-induced reductions in food intake do not decrease the efficiency of lysine and threonine utilization for protein accretion in chickens.. J.Nutr.128:1760-1766．
Willis ,G.M.,and D.H.Baker. 1981． Interaction between dietary protcin/Animo Acid level and parasitic infection:Morbidity in amino acid deficient or adequate chicks inoculated chicks inoculated with Eimeria Acervulina.J.Nutr.111:1157-1163．
Williams ,N.H.,T.S.Stahly,and D.R.Zimmerman.1997a.Effect of chronic immune system activation on the rate,efficiency,and composition of growth and lysine needs of pigs fed from 6to 27kg.J.Anim.Sci.75: 2463-2471．
Williams ,N.H.,T.S.Stahly,and D.R.Zimmerman.1997b.Effect of chronic immune system activation on body nitrogen retention partial efficiency of lysine utilization,and lysine needs of pigs J.Anim.sci.75:2472-2480．
Wright ,K.,J.R.Balaji,C.M.Hill,S.S.Drize,E.L.knoppel,and.E.Minton.2000． Integrated adrenal,somatotropic,and immune response of growing pigs to treatment with lipolosaccharide.J.Anim.Sci.78:1892-1899．
冯定远，张守全．2001．日粮营养与仔猪免疫功能的完善．．国外畜牧学：猪与禽．(3)．-48-51．
郭荣富，戴志明，张曦，王志祥主编．2002．猪蛋白质营养．云南科技出版社．
侯永清，涡于明，周毓平，计成，赵京扬．2000．中国畜牧兽医学会动物营养分会(第8届论文集)．
黎介寿主编．1995．肠外瘘．第1版．北京：人民军医出版社．
林映才，蒋宗勇，余德谦，杨晓建．2001．10-20kg仔猪粗蛋白需求参数研究．饲料博览．1：5-7．
施鑫，黎介寿．2000．谷氨酰胺与巨噬细胞的代谢及免疫调节作用．肠外与肠内营养．7(3)：166-170，
孙文晋译，1997，免疫系统激活可影响猪对赖氨酸和含硫氨基酸的需要量，国外畜牧学：猪与禽，3：．14-17．
袁林泉．2001．供给幼畜免疫球蛋白的新途径．饲料与畜牧．(1)．-23-24．
杨汗春．1996．现代动物免疫学．中国农业出版社．
于旭华译．2001．断奶仔猪蛋白质营业研究的新进展．国外畜牧科技．28(2)：13-15．
郑春田，李德发，1999．畜禽免疫系统与氨基酸营养间的相互作用．中国饲料．
张宏福，张子仪．1998．动物营养参数与饲养标准 中国农业出版社
张瑞莉，张世宏，李术．2001．饲料营养与免疫．饲料博览．(4)：28-30．
周明．1994．猪禽营养状况对免疫机能的影响．国外畜牧学．猪与禽．(3)．-38-39．
Adi ,S,A.S.,Pollock,J.K.shigenage,A.H.Moser, K.R. Feingold,and C.Crunfeld. 1992.Role of monokines in the metabolic effects of endotoxin. J.Clin.Invest.89:1603-1609.
Ahmed ,F.,and S.S.Quadri. 1985.Effect of supplementation of essential amnio acid on immune response in protein-deficient rats.Nutr. Rep. Int.31:711.
Baracos ,V.E.,W. Whitmore,and R.Gale. 1987.The metabolic cost of fever. Can.J.Physiol.Pharmacol.65:1246.
Beisel ,W.R. 1977.Metabolic and nutritional consequences of infection.In:H.H.Dr-Aper(Ed.)Advances in nutrional Reseach. Vol.l.p. 125.Plenum,New York.
Benson ,B.N,,C.C.Calvert,E.Roura,and K.C.Klasing. 1993.Dietary energy source and density Modulate the expression of immunologyic stress in chicks.J.Nutr, 123:1714.
Bounous ,G.,and P.A.L.Kongshavn. 1978.The effect of dietary proteins on immune reactivity. Immunology. 35:257.
Bounous ,G,and P.A.L.Kongshavn. 1982.Influnce of dietary protein on the immune system of mice.J.Nutr. 112:1747.
Bounous ,G.,and P.A.L.Kongshavn. 1985.Differential effect of dietary protein on the B-cell and T-cell immune responses in mice.J.Nutr. 115:1403.
Birkhahn ,R.H.,C.L.Long,D.Ftkin,M.Jeevanandam,and W.S.Bblakemore. 1981 Whole-body protein metabolism due to trauma in man as estimated by L-[~(15)N]alanine Am.J Physiol.241 :E64-E71.
Bautista 'N.,M.Cervantes,M.Cuca,A.P.C.Becerril,and S.Rodriguez.2001.Effect of protein level on the activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin,and the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in pigs fed grain sorghum-soybean meal diets. J.Anim. Sci.Vol(78):suppl2.
Cera ,K.R.,D.C.Mahan,R.F. Cross,G.A.Reinhart,R.E.Whitmoyer. 1988.Effect of age ,weaning and postweaning diet on small intestinal growth and jejunal morphology in young swine. J.Anim. Sci.66:574-584.
Chung ,T.K and D.H.,Baker. 1992.Ideal amino acid pattern for 10-kilogram pigs.J.Anim. Sci.70:3102-3111.
Coleman ,E.S and J.L.Sartm. 1996.Endotoxin stimulates in vitro pituitary growth hormone release in
eicosanoid-dependent manner.Am.J.Vet.Res.57:1662-1667．
Colley ,C.M.,Fleck,A.,Googe,A.W.,Muller,B.R.&Myers,M.A.1983． Early time course of acute Phase protein response in man .J.Clin.Path.36:203-207．
Cooper ,W.C.,R.A.Good,and T.Mariani.1974． Effect of protein insufficiency on immune responsiVaness. Am.J.CIin.Nutr.27:647．
Crenshaw ,T.D.,M.E.Cook,J.Odle,and R.E.Martin. 1986． Effect of nutritional status,age at weaning and room temperature on growth and systemic response of weanling pigs. J.Anim.Sci.63:1845．
Crowe ,C.K.D.L.Harris.E.R.Wilson,and W.Tchristianson.1994． Evaluation of environmental contaminants in isowean and con Vantional nurseries. and P. Ingkanium. (Ed.) Pro 13th Int.Pig Veterinary Society Cong.p433(Abstr.) Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Veterinary science,Babgkok,Thailand.
Cuaron ,J.A.,R.P.Chapple ,R.A.Easter. 1984 Effect of lysine and threonine supplementation of sorghum gestation diets on nitrogen balance and plasma constituents in first-litter gilts.J.Anim.Sci. 1984, 58: 3, 631-637; 39 ref.
Cuthbertson ,D.P.,Fell.G.S,C.M.&Tilstone,W.J.1972． Metabolism after injury1: Effcets of severity,nutrition and environmental temperature on protein,potassium, zinc and creatine Br.J.Surg.59:927-931．
Dritz ,S.S.,K.Q.Owen,R.D.Goodband,J.L.Nelssen,M.D.tokach,M.M.Chengappa,and Blecha.1996． 1nfluence of lipopolysaccharide-induced immune challenge and diet complexity on growth performance and acute-phase protein production in segregated early-weaned pigs. J.Anim.Sci74:1620-l628．
Feldmann ,M.,and Male.M.1989． Cell cooperation in the immune response In:I.Roitt,J.Brostoff and D.Male(Ed.)Immunology(2nd Ed.).Gower Medical publishing,London.
Fong ,Y.,L.L.Moldawer,M.Marano,H.Wei,A.Barber,K.Manogue,K.J.Tracey,G.kue,D.A.Fischaman,A.Cerami and S.F.Lowry.l989． Cachectin/TNF or IL-1 *** induces cachexia with redistribution of body proteins.Am.J.Physiol.256:R659-R665．
Garcia-Martinez ,C.M.LIovera, F.J.Lopez-Soriano, B.Santo, J.M.Argiles.1995． Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases the in vivo oxidation of branched-chain amino acids in the rat: a.cytokine-mediated effect.Mol Cell Biochem 148(l):9-15．
Grimdle ,R.F.,A.A.Jackson,C.Persaud,M.J.Wride,F.Delers and R.Engler.l992． Cysteine and glycine supplementation modulate the metabolic response to tumor necrosis factor a in rats fed a low protein diet .J.Nutr 122:2066-2073．
Good ,R.A.,West and G.Fernandes.1980． Nutritional modulation of immune response.F.E d. Proc 39:3098．
Grossman ,C.M.,Sappington,T.S.,Burrows,B.A.,Lavietes,P.H.& Peters,T.P.1945． Nitrogen metabilism in acute infections.J.Clin.Invest.24:523-531．
Kenison ,D.C.,T.H.EIasasser,R.Fayer.l991． Tumor necrosis as a potential mediator of acute metabolic and hormonal responses to endotoxemia in calves .Am.J.Vet.Res.52:1320-1326．
Klasing ,K.C.11984． Effect of inflammatory angents and interleukin lon iron and zinc metabolism.Am.J.Phy-siol.247:R901-R904．
Klasing ,K.C.,D.E.Laurin,R.K.Peng and D.M.Fay. 1987． Immunologically mediated gyowth depression in chicks:influnce of feed intake ,corticosterone and interleukin-1． J.Nutr. 117:1629-1637．
Klasing ,K.C and D.M.Barnes.1988． Decreased amino acid requirements of growing chicks due to
immunologic stress .J.Nutr.ll8:1158-1164．
Klasing ,K.C.,and E.Roura.1991． Interactions between nutrition and immunity in chickens Proc.Cornell Nutr.Conf.p94．
Klasing,K.C and B.J.Jonstone.1991． Monokines in growgth and development.Poult.Sci.70:1781-1789．
Klasing,K.C.1994． Interactions between nutrition and immunity.Proc.Allen D.leman Swine Conf.21:35．
Johnson , R. W. and E. Von borell. 1994． Lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior in pigs is inhibited by pretreatment with indomethacin. J. Anim. Sci. 72:309-314．
Jenhson ,M,M.Pell,C.bates and D.J.millward.l986． The effect of endotoxaemia on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle and liver of fed and fasted rats Biochem.J235:329-336．
Jonhson ,R.W.,M.J.Propes,and Y.Shavit.1996． Corticosterone modulates the behavioral and metabolic effects of lipopolysaccharide.Am.J.Physiol.270:R192-198．
Jennings ,G.,C.Bourgeois and M.EIia.1992． The magnitude of the acute phase protein response is attenuated by protein deficiency in rats J.Nutr. 122:1325-1331．
Jepson ,M.Pell,C.Bates and D.J.Billward.l986． The effect of endotoxaemia on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle and liver of fed and fasted rats Biochem.J235:329-336．
Hale ,O.M.,T.B.Stewart,O.G.Marti,B.E.Wheat,and w.C.McCormick.1981． Influnce of experimental infection of nodular worms(Oesophagostomum spp)on performance of pigs .J.Anim.Sci .52:316．
Hale ,o.M.T.B.Stewart,O.G.Marti.1985． Influnence of an experimental infection of Ascaris suum on performance of pigs.J.Anim.Sci .60:220．
Li ,D.F.,J.L.,Nelssen,P.G,Reddy,F.R.Blecha,R.KIemm,& R.D.Goodband.1991． Interralationship between hyp-ersensitivity to soybean proteins and growth performance in earlyweaned pigs.J.Anim.Sci.69:4062-4069．
Long ,C.L.,M.Jeevanandam,B.M,Kinney,J.M.1977． Whole body protein synthesis and catabolism In septic man .Am..Clin.Nutr.30:1340-1344．
Lyoumi ,S.,F.T.J.Petit,P.Dechelotte,C.Dauguet,M.Hiron,A.Leplingard,J.P.Salier,M.Daveau and J.P.Lerbreton. 1998． Induction and modulation of actute-phase response by protein Malnutrition in rats:comparative effect of systemic and localized inflammation on interleukin-6 and actute-phase response synthesis.
Mccarthy ,D.O.,M.J.Kluger and A.J.vander.1985． Suppression of food intake during infection :is interleukin-1 involved? Am.J.Clin Nutr.42:1179-1182．
Mccracken ,.B.A.,H.R.Gaskins,P.J.,Kaiser,K.C.,Klasing,and D.E.,Jewell.1995． Dietdependent and diet-independent metabolic responses underlie growth stasis of pigs at weaning.J.Nutr.125:2838-2845．
Mchugh ,K.J.,S.M.Collins ,and H.P.weingarten.l994． Central interleukin-1 receptors contribute to suppression of feeding after actute colitis in the rats .Am.J.Physiol.266:R1659-R1663．
Macallan ,D.C., M.A.Mcnulan, A.G .Calder, P.J .Carlick ,andG.E. Griffin. 1995． Whole-body protein turnover from leucine kinetics and the response to nutrition in human immunodeficiency virus infection .Am. J.Clin.Nutr.61:818-826．
Newsholme , P.,E.A.Newsholm.l989． Rates of utilization of glucose,glutamine and oleate and formation of end products by mouse pertitoneal macrophages.Biochem .J.261:211-218．
NRC.1998． Nutrient requerements of swine ,10th Rev. Ed.Washington D.C. :National Academy Press. Pacitti ,A.J,Y.Inoue,W.W.Souba.1993． Tumor necrosis factor stimulates animo acid tranport in plasma membrase vesicles from rat liver :Journal of clinical investgetion.91:474-483．
Reeds ,P.J.,C.R.Fjeld and F.Jahor.1994． Do the difference between the animo acid compositions of acute-phase and muscle proteins have a bearing on nitrogen loss.J.Nutr.124:906-910．
Roth ,F.X.,G.G.Gotterbarm.,W.Windisc,M.Kirchgessner. Whole-body protein turnover and nitrogen balance in growing pigs supplied with an antibiotic fced addlitivc(avilamycin).Journal-of-Animal-Physiology-and-Animal-Nutrition. 1999, 82: 2-3, 88-93．
Spolarics ,W.R, Inborr.C.G.1989． J.Enzymes in combination.J.Feed International.(10) :16-26．
Schaur ,k.J,K.W.Goodom.Tumor.1980． host relations. V. Nitrogen metabolism in Yoshida sarcoma-bearing rats. Reduction of growth rate and increase of survival time by administration of physiological doses of branched-chain amino acids. J.Cancer.Res.Clin.Oncol;97(3) :285-93．
Segreti ,J.,G.Gheusi,R.Dantzer ,K.W.Kelley,R.W Johnson.1997． Defcet in inter-leukin-1β secretion preVants sickness behavior in C3H/HeJ mice.physiol.Behav.61:873-878．
Taakahashi ,.K,S.Yodogawa and Y.Akiba.1991． Effect of dietary protein concentration on responses to Escherichia coli endotoxin in broiler chickens.British Journal of nutrition.74:173-182．
Taakahashi ,K.,N.Miyake,T.Ohta,Y.Akiba and K.Tamura. 1998． Changes in plsma α 1-acid glycoprotein concentration and selected immune response in broiler chickens injected with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide.British Poultry Science.57:152-155．
Torek ,.J.J.,A I Schoennlein,Y.Li,K.G.D.Allen and B.A.Watkins.l998． Modulation of macrophage cytokine production by conjugated linoleic acids is influenced by the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio.J.Nutr.Biochem.9:258-256．
Utsunomiya ,T., S.R Chavali., R.A.Forse.2000． Effectsof sesamin-supplemented dietary fat emulsions on the ex vivo production of lipopolysaccharide-induced prostanoids and tumor necrosis factor a in rats.Am.J Clin Nutr .72:804-808．
Van Heugten ,E.,M.T.Coffey and J.W.Spears.1994． The effect of dietary on performance and immune response in weaning pigs subjected to an inflammatory challenge.J.Anim. Sci72:2661-2669．
Van Heugten ,E.,M.T.Coffey and J.W.Spears.1996． Effects of immune challenge,dietary energy density,and source of energy on performance and immunity in weaning pigs J.Anim.sci 74:2431-2440．
Wan ,.J.M.F.,Haw,M.P.& Blackburn,G.L.1989． Nutrition,immune function,and intlammation:an overview. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 48,315-335．
Wannemacher ,R.W.,Jr.1977． Key role f various individual amino acids in host response to infection .Amer. Clin.Nutr.30:1269-1280．
Warren ,S.R,H.F.,Starnes,N.AIcock,S.Calvano and M.F.Brennan,1988． Hormonal and metabolic response to recombinant human tumor necrosis factor in rat: in vitro and vivo.Am.J Physiol.255::E206-E212．
Waterlow ,J.C.1984． Protein turnover with special reference to man J Exp Physiol.69:409-438．
Waterlow ,J.C.1991． Protein-energy malnutrition:challenges and controversies.Proc.Nulr.Sco.India 37:59-86．
Webel ,D.M.,B.N.Finck,D.H.Baker,and R.W.Johnson.1997． Time course of increased plasma cytokines, cortisol,and urea nitrogen in pigs following intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide.J.Anim.Sci. 75:1514-1520．
Webel ,D.M., R.W.Johnson.,D.H.Baker. 1998． Lipopolysaccharide-induced reductions in food intake do not decrease the efficiency of lysine and threonine utilization for protein accretion in chickens.. J.Nutr.128:1760-1766．
Willis ,G.M.,and D.H.Baker. 1981． Interaction between dietary protcin/Animo Acid level and parasitic infection:Morbidity in amino acid deficient or adequate chicks inoculated chicks inoculated with Eimeria Acervulina.J.Nutr.111:1157-1163．
Williams ,N.H.,T.S.Stahly,and D.R.Zimmerman.1997a.Effect of chronic immune system activation on the rate,efficiency,and composition of growth and lysine needs of pigs fed from 6to 27kg.J.Anim.Sci.75: 2463-2471．
Williams ,N.H.,T.S.Stahly,and D.R.Zimmerman.1997b.Effect of chronic immune system activation on body nitrogen retention partial efficiency of lysine utilization,and lysine needs of pigs J.Anim.sci.75:2472-2480．
Wright ,K.,J.R.Balaji,C.M.Hill,S.S.Drize,E.L.knoppel,and.E.Minton.2000． Integrated adrenal,somatotropic,and immune response of growing pigs to treatment with lipolosaccharide.J.Anim.Sci.78:1892-1899．