桑叶粉在蛋鸡饲料添加剂中的应用研究
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摘要
桑树适应范围广,栽培历史悠久,技术成熟,产叶量高,营养丰富,并含有多种保健活性物质,是优良的饲料植物。传统的蚕桑生产,栽桑只为养蚕,远没有发挥桑树应有的优势。现有研究资料表明,桑叶以及桑叶粉作为畜禽饲料或添加剂,适口性好,营养价值高,国外利用桑叶饲养奶牛、羊、肉食鸡、蛋鸡、兔等动物方面取得了良好效果,但国内对此尚未进行系统研究。我国是栽桑养蚕的发祥地,也是目前世界上最大的蚕丝生产国,桑树资源十分丰富,充分利用这一优势发展畜牧业,对于扩大畜牧饲料资源和桑树的新用途具有重要的实践意义。为此,本文探讨了桑叶粉作为蛋鸡饲料添加剂对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质的影响,旨在为开发桑叶粉在畜禽业尤其是蛋鸡饲养中的应用技术提供参考。主要研究结果如下:
1调查了饲料中添加桑叶粉对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质的影响。在蛋鸡饲料中分别添加7.5%和15%的桑叶粉,短期内蛋鸡的取食量有下降趋势,但生理状况正常,产蛋量没有显著变化,无破蛋、软蛋及畸形蛋,对鸡蛋的主要品质指标和蛋黄中主要营养成分的含量也没有显著影响。但添加桑叶粉后产蛋量和饲料效率有所降低,添加量越多其不良影响越大。桑叶粉对鸡蛋品质最显著的影响是能提高蛋黄的黄度,改善鸡蛋感官性状,桑叶粉添加量越多,效果越明显。
2根据桑叶粉对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质影响的试验结果,并参考有关其他树木叶、中药等作为鸡饲料添加剂的研究报道,本试验以提高蛋鸡品质、生产保健鸡蛋为主要目标,分别以桑叶、杨树叶、苜蓿、刺槐叶、松针粉、海藻粉、茶叶末等为主要原料,并与部分中药、微量元素、维生素等配合组成7种蛋鸡饲料添加剂配方。饲养结果表明,在供试的7种配方中,其中5种配方导致产蛋量显著下降,料蛋比大幅度升高,没有实用价值,只有两个配方(配方5与配方6)的添加剂对蛋鸡生产性能指标没有显著影响,其中有一个配方的生产性能总体优于对照。不同配方添加剂对鸡蛋的形态感官指标和品质有不同程度的影响,其中有4个配方的蛋黄黄度显著高于对照,最大提高3.4级。
3根据以上7个配方饲料添加剂的试验结果,进一步对综合效果较好的2组添加剂的配方进行调整,设计出以桑叶粉为主要原料的蛋鸡用“桑叶粉复合添加剂”,并探讨了该添加剂对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质的影响。结果表明,蛋鸡取食该添加剂30d,其平均取食量、产蛋率、料蛋比和蛋黄比率等指标略高于对照组,日产蛋量、蛋重略低于对照组,但均不存在显著差异。蛋形指数、蛋壳相对重、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄重、蛋黄指数、蛋白重、蛋白比率等指标与对照无明显差异,蛋黄比色显著大于对照组,用该饲料添加剂饲养15d即可取得明显效果。
4探讨了桑叶粉复合添加剂对鸡蛋部分营养成分及其对小鼠血糖、血脂和衰老指标的影响。结果表明,取食该添加剂15d和30d的蛋鸡所产鸡蛋的含水率、粗蛋白含量及胆固醇含量与对照差异很小,粗脂肪含量略低于对照组,但没有显著性差异,鸡蛋中锌和硒两种微量元素的含量比对照显著提高。动物试验结果表明,饲喂添加了试验鸡蛋的高糖高脂饲料的小鼠的空腹血糖显著低于正常对照组,而血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯和丙二醛浓度高于正常对照组。添加桑叶粉复合添加剂鸡蛋组与添加普通鸡蛋组相比,小鼠的血糖、甘油三酯和丙二醛浓度前者高于后者,而血清总胆固醇和SOD活性则前者低于后者,除血糖和丙二醛浓度之外,二者均不存在显著差异。
本试验结果说明,在蛋鸡饲料中通过添加桑叶粉、微量元素等成分,可以显著提高蛋黄的黄度,增加对人体有特殊功效的微量元素的含量,但对鸡蛋中胆固醇含量的影响甚微。另外,由于鸡蛋中众多营养成分的综合作用,对动物生理和代谢的影响是极为复杂的,不能单纯根据某种成分的含量来判断其营养和保健功能。
Mulberry is an excellent feedstuff plant due to its good adaptability, long cultivation history, mature planting techniques, high leaf yield, abundant nutrition, and a great deal of active substances of health care. However, for a long time the advantages of mulberry trees have been restricted to the area of silkworm feeding. Previous studies overseas have successfully revealed that the mulberry leaves as well as mulberry leaf powders were all good feedstuffs or additives for livestock or poultry. Outstanding effects have been obtained owing to the mulberry leaves’delicious taste and high nutrition in feeding milch cow, sheep, broiler chickens, laying hens, rabbit, etc. In contrast, no systemic research was performed in this field. As the birthplace of mulberry planting and sericulture, China owns plenty of mulberry resources and occupies the largest silk production in the world. In order to develop further the mulberry trees and enrich the feedstuff resources for animal husbandry, the effects of mulberry leaf powder as additives for laying hens on the production capability as well as the egg quality were studied in detail in this paper and the main results were as follows:
1. The effects of mulberry leaf powder added in feedstuff on the production capability of laying hens, as well as on the egg quality, were investigated. When 7.5% and 15% of mulberry leaf powder was added respectively, the food consumption of laying hens decreased in a short period while the physiological situation remained its normal level. At the same time, there was no significant fluctuation in the egg yield, and there was no appearance of damaged egg, soft egg and deformed egg. Moreover, the main quality indexes of eggs and the contents of main nutrition in yolk were not influenced. As for the egg yield and feedstuff efficiency, they reduced slightly, and the more mulberry leaf powder was added, the worse effect emerged. The significant effect of mulberry leaf powder on egg quality was that it could increase the Roche yolk colour and improve sensory character of eggs, and this tendency increased with the amount of additive mulberry leaf powders.
2. In order to improve the egg quality and increase the yield of health care eggs, 7 recipes were tested in this experiment according to the results above and the previous studies. These recipes were composed of mulberry leaves, poplar tree leaves, lucerne, robinia leaves, pine needle powder, seaweed powder, tea leaf powder, combined with a certain amount of Chinese traditional medicines, microelements, vitamins, etc. The results indicated that among the 7 test recipes, 5 of them had no practice value because they decreased remarkably the egg yield, and increased observably the feed-egg ratio. 2 recipes (recipe 5 and recipe 6) had no significant effect on the production capability of laying hens, and one of this 2 recipes performed better in production capability than the control group. Different additives from different recipes had different effects on the morphological and sensory indexes of eggs. The Roche yolk colour of 4 recipes was much higher than the control, and the optimal recipe increased 3.4 grade of Roche yolk colour.
3. Based on the results of 7 recipes above, the 2 optimal recipes were further adjusted and the compound additive of mulberry leaf powder for laying hens was obtained. Moreover, the effects of this new compound additive on the production capability and the egg quality were investigated. The results indicated that after 30 days treatment, the indexes such as average food consumption, egg laying rate, feed-egg ratio and the ratio of egg yolk weight to egg weight were higher than the control group, while the daily egg yield and the egg weight were lower than the control. There were no remarkable differences of these indexes between the treatment groups and the control. Meanwhile, there were also no obvious differences between the treatment and the control for the indexes such as egg-shaped index, eggshell relative weight, eggshell thickness, egg yolk weight, yolk index, egg white weight and the ratio of egg white weight to egg weight. As for the index of Roche yolk colour, it was significantly higher than the control, and the effect was evident after 15 days feeding of this additive compound to the laying hens.
4. The effects of the additive compound containing mulberry leaf powder on the nutrition components of eggs as well as on the mice’s blood glucose, blood lipid and the indexes of aging were studied. The results revealed that there were no differences of the moisture percentage, content of crude protein and cholesterol of eggs between the additive group and the control after the laying hens were fed on this additive for 15 days and 30 days. While the content of crude fat was lower than the control group slightly, but there is also no significant difference between them. Meanwhile, the content of element zinc and selenium in these eggs was notably higher than the control. The results of animal tests indicated that after the mice were fed on the feedstuff with additive eggs carrying high sugar and high fat, the fasting blood glucose of mice was lower than the control remarkably, while indexes such as the concentrations of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and malondialdehyde were higher than the control. Comparing the mice group fed on the feedstuff with additive compound of mulberry leaf powder and the one fed on the common feedstuff, the concentrations of mice’s blood glucose, triglycerides and malondialdehyde were higher, while the content of cholesterol and SOD activity were lower. There were all no significant differences for these indexes except for the blood glucose and malondialdehyde between these two groups.
In short, the Roche yolk colour and the health care microelements were increased remarkably by adding mulberry leaf powder, microelements and other substances to the feedstuff of laying hens. This additive compound had no influence on the content of cholesterol in eggs. Moreover, the integrative effects of multitudinous nutrition in eggs on the physiology and metabolizability of animal are very complicated, so that the nutrition and the health care function of eggs could not be estimated only by the content of a certain ingredients only.
1调查了饲料中添加桑叶粉对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质的影响。在蛋鸡饲料中分别添加7.5%和15%的桑叶粉,短期内蛋鸡的取食量有下降趋势,但生理状况正常,产蛋量没有显著变化,无破蛋、软蛋及畸形蛋,对鸡蛋的主要品质指标和蛋黄中主要营养成分的含量也没有显著影响。但添加桑叶粉后产蛋量和饲料效率有所降低,添加量越多其不良影响越大。桑叶粉对鸡蛋品质最显著的影响是能提高蛋黄的黄度,改善鸡蛋感官性状,桑叶粉添加量越多,效果越明显。
2根据桑叶粉对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质影响的试验结果,并参考有关其他树木叶、中药等作为鸡饲料添加剂的研究报道,本试验以提高蛋鸡品质、生产保健鸡蛋为主要目标,分别以桑叶、杨树叶、苜蓿、刺槐叶、松针粉、海藻粉、茶叶末等为主要原料,并与部分中药、微量元素、维生素等配合组成7种蛋鸡饲料添加剂配方。饲养结果表明,在供试的7种配方中,其中5种配方导致产蛋量显著下降,料蛋比大幅度升高,没有实用价值,只有两个配方(配方5与配方6)的添加剂对蛋鸡生产性能指标没有显著影响,其中有一个配方的生产性能总体优于对照。不同配方添加剂对鸡蛋的形态感官指标和品质有不同程度的影响,其中有4个配方的蛋黄黄度显著高于对照,最大提高3.4级。
3根据以上7个配方饲料添加剂的试验结果,进一步对综合效果较好的2组添加剂的配方进行调整,设计出以桑叶粉为主要原料的蛋鸡用“桑叶粉复合添加剂”,并探讨了该添加剂对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质的影响。结果表明,蛋鸡取食该添加剂30d,其平均取食量、产蛋率、料蛋比和蛋黄比率等指标略高于对照组,日产蛋量、蛋重略低于对照组,但均不存在显著差异。蛋形指数、蛋壳相对重、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄重、蛋黄指数、蛋白重、蛋白比率等指标与对照无明显差异,蛋黄比色显著大于对照组,用该饲料添加剂饲养15d即可取得明显效果。
4探讨了桑叶粉复合添加剂对鸡蛋部分营养成分及其对小鼠血糖、血脂和衰老指标的影响。结果表明,取食该添加剂15d和30d的蛋鸡所产鸡蛋的含水率、粗蛋白含量及胆固醇含量与对照差异很小,粗脂肪含量略低于对照组,但没有显著性差异,鸡蛋中锌和硒两种微量元素的含量比对照显著提高。动物试验结果表明,饲喂添加了试验鸡蛋的高糖高脂饲料的小鼠的空腹血糖显著低于正常对照组,而血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯和丙二醛浓度高于正常对照组。添加桑叶粉复合添加剂鸡蛋组与添加普通鸡蛋组相比,小鼠的血糖、甘油三酯和丙二醛浓度前者高于后者,而血清总胆固醇和SOD活性则前者低于后者,除血糖和丙二醛浓度之外,二者均不存在显著差异。
本试验结果说明,在蛋鸡饲料中通过添加桑叶粉、微量元素等成分,可以显著提高蛋黄的黄度,增加对人体有特殊功效的微量元素的含量,但对鸡蛋中胆固醇含量的影响甚微。另外,由于鸡蛋中众多营养成分的综合作用,对动物生理和代谢的影响是极为复杂的,不能单纯根据某种成分的含量来判断其营养和保健功能。
Mulberry is an excellent feedstuff plant due to its good adaptability, long cultivation history, mature planting techniques, high leaf yield, abundant nutrition, and a great deal of active substances of health care. However, for a long time the advantages of mulberry trees have been restricted to the area of silkworm feeding. Previous studies overseas have successfully revealed that the mulberry leaves as well as mulberry leaf powders were all good feedstuffs or additives for livestock or poultry. Outstanding effects have been obtained owing to the mulberry leaves’delicious taste and high nutrition in feeding milch cow, sheep, broiler chickens, laying hens, rabbit, etc. In contrast, no systemic research was performed in this field. As the birthplace of mulberry planting and sericulture, China owns plenty of mulberry resources and occupies the largest silk production in the world. In order to develop further the mulberry trees and enrich the feedstuff resources for animal husbandry, the effects of mulberry leaf powder as additives for laying hens on the production capability as well as the egg quality were studied in detail in this paper and the main results were as follows:
1. The effects of mulberry leaf powder added in feedstuff on the production capability of laying hens, as well as on the egg quality, were investigated. When 7.5% and 15% of mulberry leaf powder was added respectively, the food consumption of laying hens decreased in a short period while the physiological situation remained its normal level. At the same time, there was no significant fluctuation in the egg yield, and there was no appearance of damaged egg, soft egg and deformed egg. Moreover, the main quality indexes of eggs and the contents of main nutrition in yolk were not influenced. As for the egg yield and feedstuff efficiency, they reduced slightly, and the more mulberry leaf powder was added, the worse effect emerged. The significant effect of mulberry leaf powder on egg quality was that it could increase the Roche yolk colour and improve sensory character of eggs, and this tendency increased with the amount of additive mulberry leaf powders.
2. In order to improve the egg quality and increase the yield of health care eggs, 7 recipes were tested in this experiment according to the results above and the previous studies. These recipes were composed of mulberry leaves, poplar tree leaves, lucerne, robinia leaves, pine needle powder, seaweed powder, tea leaf powder, combined with a certain amount of Chinese traditional medicines, microelements, vitamins, etc. The results indicated that among the 7 test recipes, 5 of them had no practice value because they decreased remarkably the egg yield, and increased observably the feed-egg ratio. 2 recipes (recipe 5 and recipe 6) had no significant effect on the production capability of laying hens, and one of this 2 recipes performed better in production capability than the control group. Different additives from different recipes had different effects on the morphological and sensory indexes of eggs. The Roche yolk colour of 4 recipes was much higher than the control, and the optimal recipe increased 3.4 grade of Roche yolk colour.
3. Based on the results of 7 recipes above, the 2 optimal recipes were further adjusted and the compound additive of mulberry leaf powder for laying hens was obtained. Moreover, the effects of this new compound additive on the production capability and the egg quality were investigated. The results indicated that after 30 days treatment, the indexes such as average food consumption, egg laying rate, feed-egg ratio and the ratio of egg yolk weight to egg weight were higher than the control group, while the daily egg yield and the egg weight were lower than the control. There were no remarkable differences of these indexes between the treatment groups and the control. Meanwhile, there were also no obvious differences between the treatment and the control for the indexes such as egg-shaped index, eggshell relative weight, eggshell thickness, egg yolk weight, yolk index, egg white weight and the ratio of egg white weight to egg weight. As for the index of Roche yolk colour, it was significantly higher than the control, and the effect was evident after 15 days feeding of this additive compound to the laying hens.
4. The effects of the additive compound containing mulberry leaf powder on the nutrition components of eggs as well as on the mice’s blood glucose, blood lipid and the indexes of aging were studied. The results revealed that there were no differences of the moisture percentage, content of crude protein and cholesterol of eggs between the additive group and the control after the laying hens were fed on this additive for 15 days and 30 days. While the content of crude fat was lower than the control group slightly, but there is also no significant difference between them. Meanwhile, the content of element zinc and selenium in these eggs was notably higher than the control. The results of animal tests indicated that after the mice were fed on the feedstuff with additive eggs carrying high sugar and high fat, the fasting blood glucose of mice was lower than the control remarkably, while indexes such as the concentrations of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and malondialdehyde were higher than the control. Comparing the mice group fed on the feedstuff with additive compound of mulberry leaf powder and the one fed on the common feedstuff, the concentrations of mice’s blood glucose, triglycerides and malondialdehyde were higher, while the content of cholesterol and SOD activity were lower. There were all no significant differences for these indexes except for the blood glucose and malondialdehyde between these two groups.
In short, the Roche yolk colour and the health care microelements were increased remarkably by adding mulberry leaf powder, microelements and other substances to the feedstuff of laying hens. This additive compound had no influence on the content of cholesterol in eggs. Moreover, the integrative effects of multitudinous nutrition in eggs on the physiology and metabolizability of animal are very complicated, so that the nutrition and the health care function of eggs could not be estimated only by the content of a certain ingredients only.
引文
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