基于FPGA硬件实现的谐波检测方法研究
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摘要
本文依据谐波检测理论,在对谐波检测实现技术进行综合分析的基础上,以高精度和高速度为目标,设计了一个高性能的谐波检测系统。文中阐述了电力系统谐波的来源、特点、分类和危害,并对当前国内外谐波检测方法及其实现技术的发展现状、存在问题和技术难点进行综述。本设计的重点是采用FPGA硬件实现傅立叶谐波检测算法。在技术上采用低通滤波器来消除频谱混叠;采用以FPGA硬件实现的数字锁相环来实现对电力系统工频信号的跟踪,以消除由于非同步采样所产生的频谱泄漏,并以尽量提高采样速率来减小“栅栏效应”对谐波测量精度的影响。另外为了进一步提高测量精度和测量速度,本设计采用6路并行16位高速A/D转换器同时对多路谐波信号进行高速高精度采样,并采用具有高并行性的256点基-4 FFT算法实现对谐波信号的分析。为了最大限度地提高谐波检测的速度,算法的实现采用并行的乘法运算单元结构和并行的存储分配方法;A/D采样控制电路、数字锁相环和基-4 FFT处理器等均用VHDL语言实现。本系统全部用MAX+plus II软件进行仿真,仿真结果表明,所设计的数字锁相环可以很好地跟踪被测信号,在模值K设为1时,对被测信号跟踪至180ms时,误差达到0.01Hz;为了方便仿真,采用16点的基-4 FFT对给定谐波数据进行运算,得到的谐波幅值和相位误差小于0.05%,运算时间仅为2.4us。
In this paper, the design of the high accuracy and speed harmonic measurement system is based on the harmonic measurement theories and the realization techniques. The sources, features, classification and harms to the power system of harmonic are summarized, as well as the development, existing problems and difficulties of the different harmonic measurement theories and realization techniques. The Fourier transform algorithm is chosen and is realized with hardware on FPGA. A low-pass filter is designed to eliminate the aliasing, and the Digital Phase Locked Logic (DPLL) is designed on FPGA to synchronize the tested signal to minish the error caused by leakage effect, while, the affect of the picket-fence effect can be minished with the increase of sample numbers. To make further, the six channels parallel 16 bits high speed A/D converter is used, and the 256-point radix-4 FFT is used to compute the harmonic data. The multiplication cells and the storage design of radix-4 FFT are highly parallelized to farthest improve the speed of harmonic measurement. The A/D sampling and control logic, the DPLL and the radix-4 FFT and etc. are designed with VHDL and simulated with MAX+plusⅡsoftware. The simulation result shows that the designed DPLL hardware is good for tracking the tested signal. With the K value is set as 1, an error only of 0.01% is caused at 180ms. And for simulation simplicity, the 16-point radix-4 FFT is simulated, which causes an error less than 0.05%, and takes only 2.4us.
In this paper, the design of the high accuracy and speed harmonic measurement system is based on the harmonic measurement theories and the realization techniques. The sources, features, classification and harms to the power system of harmonic are summarized, as well as the development, existing problems and difficulties of the different harmonic measurement theories and realization techniques. The Fourier transform algorithm is chosen and is realized with hardware on FPGA. A low-pass filter is designed to eliminate the aliasing, and the Digital Phase Locked Logic (DPLL) is designed on FPGA to synchronize the tested signal to minish the error caused by leakage effect, while, the affect of the picket-fence effect can be minished with the increase of sample numbers. To make further, the six channels parallel 16 bits high speed A/D converter is used, and the 256-point radix-4 FFT is used to compute the harmonic data. The multiplication cells and the storage design of radix-4 FFT are highly parallelized to farthest improve the speed of harmonic measurement. The A/D sampling and control logic, the DPLL and the radix-4 FFT and etc. are designed with VHDL and simulated with MAX+plusⅡsoftware. The simulation result shows that the designed DPLL hardware is good for tracking the tested signal. With the K value is set as 1, an error only of 0.01% is caused at 180ms. And for simulation simplicity, the 16-point radix-4 FFT is simulated, which causes an error less than 0.05%, and takes only 2.4us.
引文
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[2] 王兆安. 谐波抑制和无功功率补偿. 北京:机械工业出版社,2006,26-38
[3] George J, Wakileh 著,徐政 译. 电力系统谐波—基本原理、分析方法和滤波器设计. 北京:机械工业出版社,2003,5-6
[4] 吴竞昌. 供电系统谐波. 北京:中国电力出版社,1998,396-425
[5] 林雪海, 孙树勤. 电力网中的谐波. 北京:中国电力出版社, 1998,123-136
[6] Po-Tai Cheng, Bhattacharya S, Divan D M. Application of dominant harmonic active filter system with 12 pulse nonlinear loads. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1999, 14(2):642-647
[7] 粟时平,郑小平,金维宇. 电力系统谐波检测方法及其实现技术的发展. 电气开关,2004,1(6):33-38
[8] F Z Peng, H Akag, A Nabae. A novel harmonic power filter. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1988,19(2):1151-1159
[9] 朱格兰,刘前进,任震. PQ 分解法中的新谐波检测方法. 电力系统及其自动化学报,2001,13(3):4-6
[10] 黄玲,刘骥,曹滨,等. 基于瞬时无功功率理论的谐波电流检测法. 哈尔滨理工大学学报,2001,6(4):103-106
[11] 李圣清,罗飞,张昌凡. 基于 ip 及 iq 运算方式的改进型谐波电流检测方法. 电气传动,2003,33(2):48-50
[12] 马莉,周景海,吕征宇,等. 一种基于 dq 变换的改进型谐波检测方案的研究. 中国电机工程学报,2000,20(10):55-58
[13] 张波,易颂文,何晓敏. 基于广义 d_k-q_k 旋转坐标变换的谐波电流检测方法. 电力系统及其自动化学报,2001,13(3):25-29
[14] 金明,刘远龙. 用于电力系统谐波分析的 ANN 算法. 电网技术,1997,21(5):52-54
[15] 郑一鹏. RBF 神经网络及其在电力谐波测量中的应用研究:[大连理工大学硕士学位论文]. 辽宁大连:大连理工大学,2000,7-12
[16] 王群,吴宁,王兆安. 一种基于人工神经网络的谐波测量方法. 电力系统自动化,1998,23(1):29-32
[17] 毛筱. 神经网络理论在谐波测量中的应用与研究:[湖南大学硕士学位论文]. 湖南长沙:湖南大学,2000,7-9
[18] C Booth, J R McDonald, P Verster. Dynamic Network Reconfiguration for Medium VoltageSystem Automation. IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference, 1999,(3):10-11
[19] 舒双焰,丁洪发,段献忠. 基于自适应数字滤波的谐波检测. 电力自动化设备,2000,20(6):13-16
[20] 王群,吴宁,谢品芳. 一种基于神经元的自适应谐波电流检测法. 电力系统自动化,1997,21(10):13-16
[21] 彭玉华. 小波变换于工程应用. 北京:科学出版社,1999,88-95
[22] 王建赜,冉启文. 基于小波变换的时变谐波检测. 电力系统自动化,1998, 22 (8):52-54
[23] 任震,黄霁莹,何建军. 小波分析及其在电力系统中的应用. 电力系统自动化,1997,21(1):5-7
[24] AngrisaniL, Daponte P, et al. A Measurement Method based on The Wavelet Transform for Power Quality Analysis. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 1998, 13(4):990-998
[25] S Santoso, W M Grady, E J Powers, et al. Characterization of distribution power quality events with Fourier and wavelet transforms. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 2000, 1(15):247-254
[26] G Takata, J Tahara, M Michihira, et al. The time-frequency analysis of the harmonics with wavelet transform for the power electronics systems. Power Conversion Conference, 2002, 4(2):733–737
[27] Clarkson P, Wright P S. A wavelet-based method of measuring fluctuating harmonics for determining the filter time constant of IEC standard harmonic analyzers. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2005, 54(2):488-491
[28] S. Wanograd. On computing the discrete Fourier Transform. IEEE Transactions on SP, 1992, 40(8):172-199
[29] 张伏生,耿中行,葛耀中. 电力系统谐波分析的高精度 FFT 算法. 中国电机工程学报,1999,19(3):63-66
[30] Jun-Zhe Yang, Chi-Shan Yu, Chih-Wen Liu. A new method for power signal harmonic analysis. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2005, 20(2):1235-1239
[31] 毛筱,肖雁鸿,龚理专. FFT 应用于谐波测量中频谱泄漏的分析与处理. 电工技术杂志,2001,(2):3-4
[32] 黄纯,江亚群. 谐波分析的加窗插值改进算法. 中国电机工程学报,2005,25(15):26-32
[33] 孙宏伟,李梅,袁健华,等. 用于电力系统谐波分析的加窗插值 FFT 算法研究. 高电压技术,2004,30(8):52-55
[34] 于海生. 锁相同步采样谐波测量方法及其实现. 电测与仪表,1999,36(398):12-14
[35] 刘俊飞,刘宏达,徐俊红. 基于锁相同步采样的谐波测量. 应用科技,2005,32(5):27-29
[36] 李阳,傅仲文,李群. 锁相环在有源电力滤波器中的应用. 天津科技大学学报,2005,20(3):58-61
[37] 王晓毛, 冯垛生, 张淼. 基于 DSP 的谐波和无功电流检测. 电气传动,2002, (3):39-42
[38] Panos E, Papamichalis. FFT Implementation on the TMS220C30. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Proceeding,1988, 3(6):1399-1402
[39] 肖健华,吴令培. 电力系统谐波测试仪的设计与实现. 吉林大学学报,2000,21(3):20-23
[40] 毛谦敏,肖艳萍. 智能化电网谐波分析检测仪研制. 振动与冲击,1999,18(4):59-62
[41] 李庚银. 一个多功能的交直流系统数字仿真机谐波分析程序. 电力系统自动化,1993,12(10):34-39
[42] Lindell L C. Software predicts harmonic problems and simulates alternative solutions. Computer Applications in Power, 1993, 6(4):52-57
[43] 韩梅. 用 PLD 实现 FFT. 电子工程师,2002,5(28):48-52
[44] 刘隽,唐雄民,彭永进. 基于 FPGA 的新型谐波分析仪设计. 单片机与嵌入式系统应用. 2004,(3):60-64
[45] 马安仁,党存禄,任瑞军,等. 基于 FPGA 和瞬时无功功率理论的谐波检测方法. 微计算机信息,2006,22(4):149-151
[46] Sevino A G,Trotta M. A Windows and Interpolation Algorithom to Improve Electrical Measurement Accuracy. IEEE Transactions on M, 1989, 38(4):856-863
[47] Ferrero A. High-accuracy Fourier Analysis Based on Synchronous Sampling Techniques. IEEE Transactions on M, 1992, 41(4):780-785
[48] Hui Xue. A novel algorithm for harmonic measurement in power system. Power system Technology,2002. Proceedings. PowerCon 2002. International Conference on. Vol.1,Oct. 2002 Pages:438-442
[49] 朱冰莲,梁立宏,张文明,等. 一种改进的余弦窗及其 DSP 实现. 重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(8):64-67
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