英国穆斯林移民研究
摘要
二战以后,随着欧洲殖民主义体系瓦解,欧洲殖民者多从殖民地作为回迁移民返回宗主国,同时也有许多原殖民移民进入欧洲。由于欧洲在伊斯兰世界拥有大量殖民地,所以这些殖民地移民也以信仰伊斯兰教的穆斯林为主体。穆斯林移民因而成为欧洲最大的少数族群。他们来到欧洲并逐渐对欧洲各国的政治经济社会和文化价值观产生重要影响。穆斯林问题因而成为当代欧洲各国不可回避的问题。由于穆斯林与欧洲主流社会的文化、宗教和价值观念差异差异巨大,所以两大文化之问的摩擦和冲突在所难免。穆斯林人口也成为欧洲各国的国内外政策中的一个重要考量因素：它既事关外来族裔能否融入当地社会,也象征着整个伊斯兰世界与西方的所谓“文明冲突”。在全球反恐、欧洲一体化、社会多元化及种族问题尖锐化的背景下,欧洲穆斯林成为值得中国学界研究的重要议题。
英国穆斯林作为世界范围内跨国移民的一部分,是伴随着全球化时代的东西方互动、西方殖民主义的扩张、殖民地独立、欧洲重建等重大历史事件发生和发展起来的。英国是欧洲吸纳移民最多的国家之一。来自各国不同文化背景的穆斯林移民在英国政治、经济、文化等领域扮演着重要角色,因而也与英国的社会文化发展战略休戚相关。英国政府在后殖民时代不得不承认移民的“文化多样性”,并逐渐开始推行文化多元主义模式。这使得英国的主流社会与穆斯林的关系与法、德等其他西欧国家相比,长期相对和睦。但近年来,随着欧洲体化进程遭遇经济挫折,所以英国主流社会与穆斯林的关系也趋于紧张。这种现象反映了国民身份与族裔认同、宗教认同之间的复杂关系。如何在主流社会与穆斯林移民之间,在国民身份与族裔文化认同之间达成包容关系,减少社会文化冲突,不仅对英国至关重要,而且能为全球多民族国家解决民族问题提供重要的借鉴。
本文采用民族学和民族学史相结合的研究方法,根据笔者在中国产生的问题意识和在英国收集的实地调查资料,首先从历史发展的脉络中呈现穆斯林移民英国及欧洲的过程,继而对英国穆斯林人口现状做出描述,又从英国的劳工需求和穆斯林追求出国发展的“推拉”作用中分析穆斯林西向移民的动因和分布特点,描述了英国穆斯林整体的社会经济地位,指出其生计文化多样性和边缘化现状；然后对英国穆斯林复杂的教派分支做出梳理,以分析穆斯林教派组织在保持移民自助互助,增强穆斯林认同,表达利益诉求与促进政治和社会参与等方面发挥的功能。基于笔者对穆斯林教育和女性发展的特殊关切,本文特别关注了英国教育体制对穆斯林教育需求的满足程度,并识别出现在问题并对其社会后果做出预测。本文重点揭示了西方主流社会对伊斯兰教和穆斯林女性的东方主义想象下的英国穆斯林女性,在教育、职业、婚姻、社会参与等方面的弱势地位,指出她们在文化冲突中做出的特殊牺牲。基于笔者对文化多元主义政策前景的关切,本文还分析了英国“9·11”和“7·7”伦敦地铁爆炸案对多元文化主义政策的挑战和英国政府与穆斯林之间的政治互动,以此来展现英国社会潜在的伊斯兰教恐惧症表现和英国穆斯林的去污名化抗争。论文最后探讨了全球化对英国穆斯林认同的影响和由此引发的深层文化认同危机,进而得出了英国穆斯林认同与外部伊斯兰教世界密切相关的“流动”即“可变动性”。
本文的核心论点是：群体生活理念、认同观念和多元文化追求,昭示出全球化进程中的人类处境。本文用“主体性流动、多重自我和身份复合”的概念来阐释社会结构、文化认同与语境象征之间的关联性,及对化解而不是加深文化认同危机的意义。这种流动性的文化身份概念将使得人们在全球化和文化多元主义的时代,以一种“扎根”和“移动”的方式,在本土与四方、现代与传统、民族性与世界性等之间进行灵活的选择与穿越。
After World WarⅡwith the collapse of European colonialism system, Most of European colonists have returned to their original countries, meanwhile many immigrants from the European original colony moved into the European. As European has a large number of colonies in the Islamic world, the main body of these colonial immigrants is Muslims who believe in Islam. Thus Muslim immigrants became the largest minority ethnic group in Europe. Gradually they came to Europe and had an important impact on European political, economic, social and cultural values, thus Muslims become unavoidable issues that contemporary European states should face to. As there is huge difference in the aspects of cultural, religious and values between Muslims and the European mainstream society, so the friction and conflicts between the two cultures are inevitable. Muslim population in European countries has also become an important domestic and foreign policy reference index:it is related to whether the foreign ethnic groups can integrate with the local society, but also be as a symbol of so-called "clash of civilizations" between the Islamic world and the West.
In the context of the global anti-terrorism, European integration, social diversity and racial issues intensified, European Muslims become worthy studying for the Chinese academy.
As a part of worldwide transnational migration, British Muslims happen and develop with the interaction between East and West in the globalization era, the expansion of Western colonialism, colonial independence, the reconstruction of Europe and other major historical events. Britain is one of the largest immigration countries in Europe. Muslim immigrants who have different cultural backgrounds and come from various countries play an important role in British political, economic, cultural and other fields, thus it is closely related with the British social and cultural development strategies. British government had to admit "cultural diversity" of immigrants in the post-colonial era, and gradually began to implement cultural pluralism model. Compared to France, Germany and other Western European countries, Britain has the long-term relative harmony relationship between mainstream society and the Muslim. But in recent years, with the economic setbacks in the European integration process, the relationship between the mainstream society and Muslim has become tenser in Britain. This phenomenon reflects the complex relationships among the national identity, ethnic identity and religious identity. How to reach the inclusive relationship between the mainstream society and Muslim immigrants; between national identity and the ethnic cultural identity, reduce the social and cultural conflict, it is essential not only for Britain, but also to provide important reference to solve the Ethnic Issues for the global multi-ethnic country.
In this dissertation, ethnographic and the history of ethnology research methods was combined to be used, according to the author's issues awareness arising from China and the data being collected in the field survey of UK. This dissertation starts with the presentation of Muslim immigration process in context of the historical development in UK and Europe, then describes the Muslim population actuality in the UK, Under the "push and pull" effect of the UK's labor demand and the wish of the Muslim's going abroad for development, analyzes Muslim immigrants'motives to western countries and the distribution of the immigrants, describes the whole socio-economic status of British Muslims, and pointed that the cultural diversity for their livelihoods and marginalization of the status quo; and then Carding the British complex denominational branch of Islam, analyzes the functions of Muslim religious organizations on maintaining immigrant mutual help, strengthening Muslim identity, expressing interest demands and promoting political and social participation, ect. Based on the author's special concerns on the development of Muslim education and women, this dissertation pays special attention to identify the educational needs of Muslim, tries to find the unmet need problem in the British education system and predicted the social consequences might be caused. This dissertation focuses on revealing British Muslim women who are under the orientalism imagine on Islam and Muslim women from Western mainstream society, their disadvantaged position in education, career, marriage, social participation and other aspects, and points out extraordinary sacrifices they made in the context of cultural conflicts. Based on the author's concern about the future prospects of cultural pluralism policy, the dissertation also analyzes the challenges of multiculturalism policies and the political interaction between the British government and Muslim after "9·11" and "7·7" London subway bombings in order to show that there exists potential Islamophobia performance in the British society and the British Muslims fight for stigma. Finally, the dissertation discusses the globalization impacts on British Muslim identity and causes to deep cultural identity crisis, then come to conclusion that "mobile" ("Variability") of the British Muslim identity is closely related with the Islamic world outside.
The core argument of this dissertation is that the pursuit of group life philosophy, identity concepts and cultural diversity clear out the human situation in the process of globalization. In this dissertation, the author used the concept of "mobile of the subjective, multi-self and identity complex" to interpret the correlation among social structure, cultural identity and context symbol, and it has the significance of resolving rather than deepening of cultural identity crisis. This liquidity cultural identity concept will make people has the flexible choice and pass through local and West, modern and tradition, nationality and globalism, etc. In the manner of "take a root" and "shift" in the era of the globalization and multiculturalism.
英国穆斯林作为世界范围内跨国移民的一部分,是伴随着全球化时代的东西方互动、西方殖民主义的扩张、殖民地独立、欧洲重建等重大历史事件发生和发展起来的。英国是欧洲吸纳移民最多的国家之一。来自各国不同文化背景的穆斯林移民在英国政治、经济、文化等领域扮演着重要角色,因而也与英国的社会文化发展战略休戚相关。英国政府在后殖民时代不得不承认移民的“文化多样性”,并逐渐开始推行文化多元主义模式。这使得英国的主流社会与穆斯林的关系与法、德等其他西欧国家相比,长期相对和睦。但近年来,随着欧洲体化进程遭遇经济挫折,所以英国主流社会与穆斯林的关系也趋于紧张。这种现象反映了国民身份与族裔认同、宗教认同之间的复杂关系。如何在主流社会与穆斯林移民之间,在国民身份与族裔文化认同之间达成包容关系,减少社会文化冲突,不仅对英国至关重要,而且能为全球多民族国家解决民族问题提供重要的借鉴。
本文采用民族学和民族学史相结合的研究方法,根据笔者在中国产生的问题意识和在英国收集的实地调查资料,首先从历史发展的脉络中呈现穆斯林移民英国及欧洲的过程,继而对英国穆斯林人口现状做出描述,又从英国的劳工需求和穆斯林追求出国发展的“推拉”作用中分析穆斯林西向移民的动因和分布特点,描述了英国穆斯林整体的社会经济地位,指出其生计文化多样性和边缘化现状；然后对英国穆斯林复杂的教派分支做出梳理,以分析穆斯林教派组织在保持移民自助互助,增强穆斯林认同,表达利益诉求与促进政治和社会参与等方面发挥的功能。基于笔者对穆斯林教育和女性发展的特殊关切,本文特别关注了英国教育体制对穆斯林教育需求的满足程度,并识别出现在问题并对其社会后果做出预测。本文重点揭示了西方主流社会对伊斯兰教和穆斯林女性的东方主义想象下的英国穆斯林女性,在教育、职业、婚姻、社会参与等方面的弱势地位,指出她们在文化冲突中做出的特殊牺牲。基于笔者对文化多元主义政策前景的关切,本文还分析了英国“9·11”和“7·7”伦敦地铁爆炸案对多元文化主义政策的挑战和英国政府与穆斯林之间的政治互动,以此来展现英国社会潜在的伊斯兰教恐惧症表现和英国穆斯林的去污名化抗争。论文最后探讨了全球化对英国穆斯林认同的影响和由此引发的深层文化认同危机,进而得出了英国穆斯林认同与外部伊斯兰教世界密切相关的“流动”即“可变动性”。
本文的核心论点是：群体生活理念、认同观念和多元文化追求,昭示出全球化进程中的人类处境。本文用“主体性流动、多重自我和身份复合”的概念来阐释社会结构、文化认同与语境象征之间的关联性,及对化解而不是加深文化认同危机的意义。这种流动性的文化身份概念将使得人们在全球化和文化多元主义的时代,以一种“扎根”和“移动”的方式,在本土与四方、现代与传统、民族性与世界性等之间进行灵活的选择与穿越。
After World WarⅡwith the collapse of European colonialism system, Most of European colonists have returned to their original countries, meanwhile many immigrants from the European original colony moved into the European. As European has a large number of colonies in the Islamic world, the main body of these colonial immigrants is Muslims who believe in Islam. Thus Muslim immigrants became the largest minority ethnic group in Europe. Gradually they came to Europe and had an important impact on European political, economic, social and cultural values, thus Muslims become unavoidable issues that contemporary European states should face to. As there is huge difference in the aspects of cultural, religious and values between Muslims and the European mainstream society, so the friction and conflicts between the two cultures are inevitable. Muslim population in European countries has also become an important domestic and foreign policy reference index:it is related to whether the foreign ethnic groups can integrate with the local society, but also be as a symbol of so-called "clash of civilizations" between the Islamic world and the West.
In the context of the global anti-terrorism, European integration, social diversity and racial issues intensified, European Muslims become worthy studying for the Chinese academy.
As a part of worldwide transnational migration, British Muslims happen and develop with the interaction between East and West in the globalization era, the expansion of Western colonialism, colonial independence, the reconstruction of Europe and other major historical events. Britain is one of the largest immigration countries in Europe. Muslim immigrants who have different cultural backgrounds and come from various countries play an important role in British political, economic, cultural and other fields, thus it is closely related with the British social and cultural development strategies. British government had to admit "cultural diversity" of immigrants in the post-colonial era, and gradually began to implement cultural pluralism model. Compared to France, Germany and other Western European countries, Britain has the long-term relative harmony relationship between mainstream society and the Muslim. But in recent years, with the economic setbacks in the European integration process, the relationship between the mainstream society and Muslim has become tenser in Britain. This phenomenon reflects the complex relationships among the national identity, ethnic identity and religious identity. How to reach the inclusive relationship between the mainstream society and Muslim immigrants; between national identity and the ethnic cultural identity, reduce the social and cultural conflict, it is essential not only for Britain, but also to provide important reference to solve the Ethnic Issues for the global multi-ethnic country.
In this dissertation, ethnographic and the history of ethnology research methods was combined to be used, according to the author's issues awareness arising from China and the data being collected in the field survey of UK. This dissertation starts with the presentation of Muslim immigration process in context of the historical development in UK and Europe, then describes the Muslim population actuality in the UK, Under the "push and pull" effect of the UK's labor demand and the wish of the Muslim's going abroad for development, analyzes Muslim immigrants'motives to western countries and the distribution of the immigrants, describes the whole socio-economic status of British Muslims, and pointed that the cultural diversity for their livelihoods and marginalization of the status quo; and then Carding the British complex denominational branch of Islam, analyzes the functions of Muslim religious organizations on maintaining immigrant mutual help, strengthening Muslim identity, expressing interest demands and promoting political and social participation, ect. Based on the author's special concerns on the development of Muslim education and women, this dissertation pays special attention to identify the educational needs of Muslim, tries to find the unmet need problem in the British education system and predicted the social consequences might be caused. This dissertation focuses on revealing British Muslim women who are under the orientalism imagine on Islam and Muslim women from Western mainstream society, their disadvantaged position in education, career, marriage, social participation and other aspects, and points out extraordinary sacrifices they made in the context of cultural conflicts. Based on the author's concern about the future prospects of cultural pluralism policy, the dissertation also analyzes the challenges of multiculturalism policies and the political interaction between the British government and Muslim after "9·11" and "7·7" London subway bombings in order to show that there exists potential Islamophobia performance in the British society and the British Muslims fight for stigma. Finally, the dissertation discusses the globalization impacts on British Muslim identity and causes to deep cultural identity crisis, then come to conclusion that "mobile" ("Variability") of the British Muslim identity is closely related with the Islamic world outside.
The core argument of this dissertation is that the pursuit of group life philosophy, identity concepts and cultural diversity clear out the human situation in the process of globalization. In this dissertation, the author used the concept of "mobile of the subjective, multi-self and identity complex" to interpret the correlation among social structure, cultural identity and context symbol, and it has the significance of resolving rather than deepening of cultural identity crisis. This liquidity cultural identity concept will make people has the flexible choice and pass through local and West, modern and tradition, nationality and globalism, etc. In the manner of "take a root" and "shift" in the era of the globalization and multiculturalism.
引文
1 Immanual Wallerstein:The End of the World as We Know it:Social Science for the Twenty-first Century, University of Minnesota Press,1999. p17.
2本文所指涉的“欧洲”有狭义与广义上的区别。狭义上的欧洲即西欧,特指欧盟15国,包括原初的12个创始国加上1995年加入欧盟的奥地利、瑞典和芬兰3国：广义上的欧洲是指欧洲37国,包括波罗的海国家,但不包括前苏联的其他共和国及土耳其。在中本文使用的欧洲概念指的是狭义上的欧洲。
3 International Religious Freedom Report (2003),载美国国务院网站(http://www.stategov/g/drl/rls/ irf/2003)。而根据欧盟官方网站于2004年公布的统计数据,以及欧共体统计办公室、英国广播公司、美国中央情报局网站于2005和2007年公布的世界各国概况统计数据,整个欧盟国家的穆斯林人口约为16146万,占整个欧盟国家总人口的比例为3%。
4 Tinothy M. Savage:" Europe and Islam:Crescent Waxing Cultures Clashing ", The Washington Quarterly, summer 2004, p26.
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1 Nonneman, G., Muslim Communities in the New Europe:Themes and Puzzles in:Nonneman, G., Niblock, T. and Szajkowski, B. (eds.) (1997) Muslim Communities in the New Europe, Reading; Ithaca Press.
2 Vertovec, S. and Peach, C. (1997) Islam in Europe and the Politics of Religion and Community, in:Vertovec, S. and Peach, C. (eds).Islam in Europe:the Politics of Religion and Community. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
1 Nielsen, J.(1992) Muslims in the Western Europe, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press.p15
2 ibid:11
3 Gerholm, T. and Lithman, Y. (eds)(1988) The New Islamic Presence in Western Europe. London and New York: Mansell Publishing Limited.
4 Shadid, W. and Koningsveld, P. (1995) Religious Freedom and the Position of Islam on West Europe. The Netherlands:Kok Pharos Publishing House.
1 Vertovec, S. and Peach, C. (1997) Islam in Europe and the Politics of Religion and Community, in:Vertovec, S. and Peach. (eds).Islam in Europe:the Politics of Religion and Community. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
2 Shadid, W. and Koningsveld, P. (1995) Religious Freedom and the Position of Islam on West Europe. The Netherlands:Kok Pharos Publishing House.p2
3 Nonneman,G. Muslim Communities in the New Europe:Themes and Puzzles in:Nonneman, G.,Niblock, T. and Szajkowski, B.(eds.)(1997) Muslim Communities in the New Europe, Reading; Ithaca Press:Nielsen,J.(1992) Muslims in the Western Europe, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press:Vertovec, S. and Peach,C.(1997) Islam in Europe and the Politics of Religion and Community, in:Vertovec, S. and Peach,C.(eds).Islam in Europe:the Politics of Religion and Community. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
4 Roy, O. (1994) Islam in France:religion, ethnic community or social ghetto? In:Lewis, B. and Schnapper, D. (eds) Muslims in Europe. London, New York:Pinter Publishers; Nielsen, J. (1992) Muslims in the Western Europe, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press:Vertovec, S. and Peach, C. (1997) Islam in Europe and the Politics of Religion and Community, in:Vertovec, S. and Peach, C. (eds).Islam in Europe:the Politics of Religion and Community. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
1 Nielsen, J. (1992) Muslims in the Western Europe, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press:Vertovec. S. and Peach, C. (1997) Islam in Europe and the Politics of Religion and Community, in:Vertovec, S. and Peach, C. (eds).Islam in Europe:the Politics of Religion and Community. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
1 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England.1999.
1 Sherif, Jamil (2002)'Historical roots of Islam in Britain' in Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) (2002a) The Quest for Sanity:Reflections on September 11 and the Aftermath. Middlesex:Muslim Council of Britain The Muslim Educational Trust (TMET) (1996) Issues in Islamic Education. London:The Muslim Education Trust p163.
2麦西亚：中世纪英国早期的七国之 ,位于今英格兰中部。
3这种由国王颁令铸造的钱币,上面刻着宣称对伊斯兰教信仰的皈依。
4 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST. PRESENT and FUTURE Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations,University of Warwick, England.1999.
5泛指早年圣徒或是伊斯兰教里出身高贵的人。
6指亚洲和非洲部分国家的穆斯林统治者。
(?) Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England.1999.
8英国的王族。
1 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
2 Hisham A. Hellver:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESEXT and FUTURE Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
3许多被流放的穆斯林西班牙居民去了摩洛哥,能部分解释摩洛哥萨拉斐派与伊莉莎白结盟的原因。
4 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England.1999.
5北非伊斯兰教地区。
6 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
7 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE:Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
8 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
9按照这份文件的说法,可能是指那些释放的囚犯、商人、或者其他决定在伦敦定居的穆斯林。
10 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
1 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwic, England,1999.
2安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强泽：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》,《世界宗教文化》2006年第5期。
3 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
4 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
5安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强译：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》,《世界宗教文化》2006年第5期。
6 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
1安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强泽：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》，《世界宗教文化》,2006年第5期。
2英国西部的港口。
3安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强译：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》,《世界宗教文化》,2006年第5期。
4 Hisham A. Hellver:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
1安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强译：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》,《世界宗教文化》,2006年第5期。
2同上。
3同上。
1 Muhammad Anwar, Between cultures:continuity and change in the lives of young Asians, London,1998, p.2
2王军辉：《文化视角中的二战后英国南亚裔移民及其后代》,硕士学位论文,沈阳：《东北师范大学》,2005年。
1 Deakins, N, Colour, Citizenship and British Society, London,1970转引自Muhammad Anwar, Between cultures:continuity and change in the lives of young Asians, London,1998, p.4.
2 Anwar, M, Race and Politics, London,1986转引自Muhammad Anwar. Between cultures:continuity and change in the lives of young Asians, London,1998, p.4.
3 Muhammad Anwar, Between cultures:continuity and change in the lives of young Asians, London,1998, p.4.
4 Ibid, p8.
1李亮：《英国穆斯林在文化多元主义政策治理下的现状与困境》,兰州大学,硕士论文,2010年。
2[英]安格拉·席迪格(罗强强编译)：《英国穆斯林的过去与现在》,《世界宗教文化》,2006年第3期。
1 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293
2 Census of England 2001,S104.
1 Serena Hussain (2008), Muslim on the Map:A National Survey of Social Trends in Britain, London:Tauris Academic Studies, pp.38-40.
2基于英国2008年劳动力调查数据,估计穆斯林人口已经高达240万,Muslim Population "rising ten times faster than rest of society", The Times,30,1,2009 www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article5621482.ece
1 Census of England 2001, S104.
1许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成凼和特点》,《中国穆斯林》,2011年第1期。
2根据联合国的定义,“国际移民”指的是“在非本人出生国居住一年以上的人口”,因此,这里的统计数据仅包括第一代移民。详见DESA (Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division), World Population Policies 2007, New York:United Nations,2008。
3 "Myth of return"由社会人类学家Badr Dahya提出,他曾对伯明翰和布来福德的巴基斯坦移民进行研究。Badr发现许多移民表现出想要返回他们自己的祖国的愿望,而这与他们所处的实际情况不相符合。这个词组被广泛用于指其他移民人口和聚居者的经验。(Badr Dahya(1974), The nature of Pakistani ethnicity in industrial cities in Britain" in A. Cohen (ed.) Urban ethnicity (pp77-118).London:Tavistock.)
4许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成因和特点》，《中国穆斯林》,2011年第1期。
5 Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Summary Report. The Communities and Local Government.2009. http://www.communities.gov.uk
1 Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Summary Report. The Communities and Local Government.2009 http://www.communities.gov.uk
1 Ceri Peach(2006),Islam, ethnicity and South Asian religions in the London 2001 census, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,31,353-370.
1 Source:Census 2001,C0644, C1015.
1许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成因和特点》,《中国穆斯林》,2011年第1期。
2 Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Summary Report. The Communities and Local Government.2009. http://www.communities.gov.uk
1许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成因和特点》,《中国穆斯林》,2011年第1期。
2 Grant of Settlement refers to the number of people who have been granted the right to permanently remain in the UK.
3 Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Summary Report. The Communities and Local Government.2009. http://www.communities.gov.uk
Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (2001), Bangladesh State of the Environment Report 2001, BCAS.
5许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成因和特点》,《中国穆斯林》,2011年第1期。
6同上。
1 Mustafa Malik, "Islam in Europe:Quest for a Paradigm ", Middle East Policy, no.2, June 2001, p.100; Christopher Caldwell, "The Crescent and the Tricolor", Atlantic Monthly, November2000, p.22.
2 Jorgen S.Nielson, Muslims in Western Europe (2nd ed.), Edinburgh University Press,1995, p.26.
3原指中世纪欧洲犹太人被固定居住在一定的区域、与周围社区隔离的现象。这里借指欧洲穆斯林的居住和生活与主流社会相隔离。
4 Tahir Abbas, Muslim Britain:Communities under Pressure. ZED Books LTD,2005, p28.
1郝时远：《美国等西方国家社会裂变中的“认同群体”与ethnic group》,《世界民族》，2002年第4期。
2 Bxuce Bawer, Crisis in Europe, The Hudson Review, Vol 58,No4, Winter 2006, http//www.hudsonreview. com/bawer Wi06.html.
3 Fryer, Peter:Staying Power. London:Pluto.(1984)
1 Annual Report of Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) 2001. http://www.Mcb.org.uk/aboutmcb.php.
2 Religions in the UK-Directory 2001-2003; Editor Paul Weller, Director of the Multi-Faith Centre at the University of Derby; section on'Muslims in the United Kingdom'
3 Vertovec 2002:21.
4 The Salaam Mosque database,2003. http://www.salaam.co.uk.
5洪霞：《当代英国的穆斯林问题》,《南京大学学报》,2006年第2期。
6 Religions in the UK-Directory 2001-2003; Editor Paul Weller, Director of the Multi-Faith Centre at the University of Derby; section on 'Muslims in the United Kingdom'
1详见考克斯新闻社(Cox News Service)2007年12月13日报道：《欧洲空荡荡的教堂与满当当的清真寺Empty churches, full mosques in Europe, http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2007/dec/13/empty-hurches-full-mosques-in-europe.
2《中国天主教》,海外信息,2009年第6期。
3《1951年难民地位公约》,联合国,1951年7月28日http://www.unhcr.org.cn/aboutshow.asp?id=5,2009/1/12.转引自田源著：《移民与国家安全——威胁的衍生及其条件研究》,世界知识出版社,2010年版,第13页。
1张茂盛：《英国移民历史和移民问题浅析》，福建公安高等专科学校学报,2004年第2期。
2张芬：《英国的难民状况及其政策研究》,硕士论文,华东师范大学,2010年。
3张茂盛：《英国移民历史和移民问题浅析》,福建公安高等专科学校学报,2004年第2期。
4《非法移民问题困扰英国政府》,载2001年9月5日《新华日报》。
5《英收紧移民政策,将不再是偷渡客乐土》,http://www.china.com.cn/26/12/2002
6沈青编译,《从欧洲海底隧道偷渡的难民》,载《国际展望》,2001年11月15日。
1 Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Summary Report. The Communities and Local Government,2009. http://www.communities.gov.uk
2许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成因和特点》,《中国穆斯林》,2011年第1期。
1 Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Summary Report. The Communities and Local Government.2009. http://www.communities.gov.uk
2许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成因和特点》,《中国穆斯林》，2011年第1期。
3同上。
4同上。
1 Patricia Sellick (2004), Muslim housing experiences, Oxford:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies.
1郎德·库普曼、保罗·斯特毖姆：《移民的挑战和种族关系政治,欧洲视角的比较研究》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,第199页。
2清真寺内率领伊斯兰教徒做礼拜的人。
1 Institute of Community Cohension (iCoCo):Understanding and Appreciating Muslim Diversity:Towards better Engagement and Participation, Coventry university; De MONTFORT University; University of Leicester, University of Warwick. April,2008. http://wwvv.icoco.co.uk
1乌玛是指超越种族、肤色、语言、地域界限的以共同的伊斯兰信仰为纽带的穆斯林社会共同体。
2吴云贵、周燮藩著：《近现代伊斯兰教思潮与运动》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007年,第253页。
1 Institute of Community Cohesion (iCoCo):Understanding and Appreciating Muslim Diversity:Towards better Engagement and Participation, Coventry university; DE MONTFORT University; University of Leicester. University of Warwick. April,2008. http://www.icoco.co.uk
1安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强译：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》,《世界宗教文化》2006年第5期。
1安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强译：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》,《世界宗教文化》2006年第5期。
2同上。
3阿里译：《英国穆斯林现状报告(下)》,转引自：http://www.norislam.com/informations/2003-09-25/informations.20030925020833,html,2003/9/25。
4同上。
1 http://www.mcb.org.uk.
1同上注。
1郑碧娴：《世界政治情境下的欧洲穆斯林课题》,硕士学位论文,广州：暨南大学,2007年。
2阿里：《英国穆斯林现状报告(上)》,转引自：http:www.norislam.com/informations/2003-09-22/informations20030922022127.html
1 MCB:The MCB-its history, structure and workings. Cited from http://www.Mcb.org.uk/aboutmcb.php.
2郑碧娴：《世界政治情境下的欧洲穆斯林课题》,硕士学位论文,广州：暨南大学,2007年。
3 Sherif 2002:171.
4 The Muslim News, May 25 2001,'Over 200 Muslim Councillors', By Hamed Chapman and Ahmed Versi http://www.muslimnews.co.uk
5伊光编译：《西方穆斯林参政进入主流》,转引自： http://www.kyaz.com/news/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=987&BigClassID=20%BigClassName=国外穆斯林信息&SmallClassID=16&SmallClassName=国外穆斯林信息&SpccialID=0,2004-94
1 Roshan Muhammad Salih:"Muslims voters urged to block Blair man". Cited from http://english.aliazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId/39973.
2 Muslims in Britain Past and Present[EB/OL]. http://www.Islam for today.com/Britain.html.
3 Radcliffe, L. (2004) "A Muslim lobby at Whitehall?" Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations.15(3),365-86
4 Aspinall, P. (2000) "Should a question on 'religion' be asked on the 2001 British census? A Public policy case in favour" Social Policy & Administration,34(5) pp.584-600.
5 Meer,N, (2009) "Identity articulations, mobilization and autonomy in the movement for Muslim schools in Britain ", Race, Ethnicity and Education,12(3),379-398.
6 Policy Innovation Unit(PIU) (2001) Improving Labour Market Achievements for Ethnic Minorities in British Society.www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/innovation/2001/ethnicity/scope.shtml.; Abrams, D. and Houston. D.M.(2006)Equality, Diversity and Prejudice in Britain. London:HMSO.
7 See Modood (2009:42) for a discussion of the development of the MCB.
1 http://www.mcb.org.uk.
1高靓：《英国少数民族教育政策的特点分析》,《民族教育研究》,2004年第4期。
1陈立鸥：中国少数民族教育立法论[M],北京：中央民族大学出版社,1998年。转引自：高靓：《英国少数民族教育政策的特点分析》,《民族教育研究》,2004年第4期。
2 Department of Education:The Parent's Charter. You and your Child's Education, London:HMSO. (1991)
3 The Independent 20/1/89
4陈立鸥：中国少数民族教育立法论[M],北京：中央民族大学出版社,1998年。转引自：高靓：《英国少数民族教育政策的特点分析》,《民族教育研究》,2004年第4期。
1 Guardian22/7/89,Education Guardian 23/3/93
2 The Guardian December 12,2001
3 Naser Meer (2007) Muslim Schools in Britain:Challenging Mobilizations or Logical Developments? By University of Bristol.
1 The Independent 15/7/90
2 Swann. M. (1985)Education for All:A Summary of the Swann Report on the Education of Ethnic Minority Children, Windsor:NFER-Nelsen.
3 Meer, N, (2009)'Identity articulations, mobilization and autonomy in the movement for Muslim schools'in Britain Race, Ethnicity and Education,12(3)379-398.
1 McDermott. M.Y. and Ashan. M.M. (1980) The Muslim Guide. London:The Islamic Foundation.
2 Muslim Educational Trust (1992). Comments on the Government White Paper:Choice and Diversity, London: MET.
3 McDermott, M.Y. and Ashan, M.M. (1980) The Muslim Guide, London:The Islamic Foundation.
Anwar. M. (1982) Young Muslims in a Multicultural Society:Their Needs and Policy Implications, Leicester, the Islamic Foundation.
1 Kairm, I, (1976) Muslim Children in British Schools:Their Rights and Duties, Birmingham:The Straight Path Monthlv.
2 Iqra Trust (1991a) Meeting the Needs of Muslim Pupils, London:Iqra Trust
3 Muslim Educational Trust (1992), Comments on the Government White Paper.Choice and Diversity, London: MET.
4 McDermott, M.Y. and Ashan, M.M.(1980) The Muslim Guide, London:The Islamic Foundation; Anwar. M. Young Muslims in a Multicultural Society:Their Needs and Policy Implications, Leicester, the Islamic Foundation. (1982)
5 Bullock Report,A Language for Life, London:HMSO. (1975) P286
1 Liell, P. and Sanders, J.B. (1984) The Law adn Education, London:Butterworth.9th edn.
2 Anwar. M. (1982) Young Muslims in a Multicultural Society:Their Needs and Policy Implications, Leicester, The Islamic Foundation; Hulmes, E, (1989) Education and Cultural Diversity, London:Longman.
3 Sanvar. G. (1983) Muslims and Education in the UK, London:Muslim Educational Trust.
4 Muslim Educational Trust (1992), Comments on the Government White Paper:Choice and Diversity, London: MET.
5 Muslim Educational Trust (1992), Comments on the Government White Paper:Choice and Diversity, London: MET.
6 Sarwar, G. (1991) British Muslims and Schools, London:Muslim Educational Trust; Union of Muslim Organizations, Young Council of UK and Eire (1989) Seminar on ERA 1988.
7 McDermott, M.Y. and Ashan, M.M.(1980) The Muslim Guide, London:The Islamic Foundation;
1 Joly, D. (1989) "Muslim in Europe:Ethnic Minorities and Education in Britain:Interaction between the Muslim Community and Birmingham Schools", Research Papers No.41. Centre for the study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham.
2 Bastani, J. (1988) Parents and Teachers, Windsor:NFER-Nelson; Bastani, J. (1989) Working with Parents, Windsor:NFER-Nelson.
3 Commission for Racial Equality (1990) School of Faith.
4 Halstead, M.(1986) The Case For Muslim Voluntary-Aided Schools Some Philosophical Reflections, Cambridge: The Islamic Academy:Smith, G.(1990)'The Next Ten Years', Muslim Educational Ouarterly,1(5):p26-27
5 Barrell, G. and Partington, J. (1985) Teachers and the Law, London:Methuen.6th edn.
6 Mahub, S.A. (1992) "A Muslim Response to the Education Reform Act of 1988", British Journal of Religious Education 14:88-98; Anwar. M. (1982) Young Muslims in a Multicultural Society:Their Needs and Policy Implications, Leicester, the Islamic Foundation; Hulmes, E, (1989) Education and Cultural Diversity, London: Longman.
1 Mahub, S.A. (1992) "A Muslim Response to the Education Reform Act of 1988", British Journal of Religious Education 14:88-98
2 Joly, D. (1989) "Muslim in Europe:Ethnic Minorities and Education in Britain:Interaction between the Muslim Community and Birmingham Schools", Research Papers No.41. Centre for the study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham.
1 Nielsen, J. (1986) "A Survey of British Local Authority Response to Muslim Needs", Research Papers:Muslim in Europe.No.30/31.Centre for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. Selly Oak College, Birmingham.
2 Joly. D. (1989) "Muslim in Europe:Ethnic Minorities and Education in Britain:Interaction between the Muslim Community and Birmingham Schools", Research Papers No.41. Centre for the study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham.
1 Madrassah:单独的或附属于清真寺的经堂学校。madrassah student这个词的涵义接近“经学生/海里凡/满拉…”的意思。
1该数据引自英国教育和技能部、内政部、学校健康教育小组、《青年司法委员会年度报告2005》等权威机构和报告。
2 Jeffcoate, R.(1981) "Why Multicultural Education", Education 3-13 9(1):4-7
3 Nielsen,J. (1986) "A Survey of British Local Authority Response to Muslim Needs", Research Papers:Muslim in Europe.No.30/31.Centre for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. Selly Oak College, Birmingham.
1 Runnymede Trust (1997) Islamophobia-A challenge for all of us, London:Runnymede Trust.p11
2 Yaqub, S.(1998) Forced to eat forbidden fruit, The Muslim News, January.p12 Yaqui, S. (1999) Domestic violence in the Muslim community, The Muslim News, June.
1 Jawad, H. (1991) the education of women in Islam, Monograph, London:Gulf Centre for Strategic Studies.
2 Jawad, H. (1991) the education of women in Islam, Monograph, London:Gulf Centre for Strategic Studies.
3 Mirza, K. (1989) The Silent Cry:Second Generation Bradford Muslim Women Speak, Birmingham:Centre for the study of Islam and Christian Muslim Relations, p12
4 Benn,T.(1998) Exploring experiences of a group of British Muslim women in initial teaching training and their early teaching careers, PhD thesis, Loughborough:Loughborough University.
1 Parker-Jenkins, M.et al. (eds.) (1998) Career and Culture:Young Muslim women and their future aspirations, Derbv:Newscheck.
2 ibid
3 Versi, A. (1998) Muslim women win racism case, Q-News,28 August.
4 Adil, A.(2001)Metropolitan police opens up to Muslim women,Q-News,25 May.p9
5 The Muslim News,2000:5
1 Muhammad Anwar, Between cultures:continuity and change in the lives of young Asians, London,1998, p.108
2 Ibid, p.109
3 Modood,T, Ethnic Minorities in Britam:Diversity and Disadvantage:The fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities, London,1997转引自Muhammad Anwar, Between cultures:continuity and change in the lives of young Asians, London,1998, p.115
1 Southall Black Sisters (SBS)(2000)Forced marriage:An abuse of Women's Human Rights, London:Southall.p1
2 ibid.p2.
3 Haiffa Jawad (2003), Historical and Contemporary Perspective of Muslim Women Living in the West, Muslim Women in the United Kingdom and Beyond:Experience and Images, Leiden; Boston:Brill.
1 Southall Black Sisters (SBS)(2000)Forced marriage:An abuse of Women's Human Rights, London:Southall.p2
2 British Muslim Monthly Survey(2001) Vol.9:12,December 2001, Birmingham, Centre for the Study of Islam and Muslim/Christian Relations, University of Birmingham.
3 Lewis, P. (1994) Islamic Britain, London:I.B. Tauris. p194
1 Jawad, H.:The Rights of women on Islam:An authentic approach, Basingstoke:Macmillan,1998先知穆罕默德曾教导穆斯林：“妇有过,善言以教之,勿轻去。”夫妻之间若出现不和睦现象,双方的亲属必须进行劝导以使其重归于好。伊斯兰教法规定,男女双方都有离婚的权利。决定离婚的女子要遵守教法规定的“守制期”。所谓“守制期”,是指改嫁再婚前的待婚期。教法规定：主张离婚的妻子应该期待四个月零十日,“待婚期”满后,可自行决定是否再婚,且不会受到舆论的指责。
2 http://www.mbc.org.com
1 http://www.islamonline.net
2 http://www.mpacuk.com
3 http://www.Islamonline.net
1 http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article C&cid=1182774657883&pagename=Zone-English-New s/NWELayout
1 Mian, S. (1997) Europe's Islamophobia, The Muslim News,28 November.
2 Runnymede Trust (1997) Islamophobia-A challenge for all of us, London:Runnymede Turst.p5.
3 ibid.p9.
4 EL-Solh C. and Mabro, J. (eds) (1994) Muslim women's choices:Religious Belief and Social Reality, Oxford, Berg Publishers. Ibid.
2 Daily Express, January 16th 1995, cited in Runnymede Trust (1997) Islamophobia-A challenge for all of us, London:Runnymede Trust.p26
3 Kingston, S. (1995) Women in Islam versus Women in Judaeo-Christian Tradition:the Myth and the Reality, http://www.usc.edu/dept/dept/MSA/humanrelations/women-inislam/womeninjud-chr.html.
4 Enloe,《香蕉、海滩和基地》,p.44.转引自：陈顺馨、戴锦华选编：《妇女、民族与女性主义》,中央编译出版社,2004年,第77贞。
5 Ashraf, S.(1999)Shattering Illusion:Western Conceptions of Muslim women,http://www.jannah.org/shatter.html
1 Kabbani, R.(1989)Imperial Fictions, Europe's Myths of Orient, London:Pandora.p16
2 Munoz, G. (1999) Islam and the West, An International Duality, in:Munoz, G. (ed.) Islamic modernism and the West. London:I. B. Tauris.
3 al-Hibri,A.(2000)An introduction to Muslim women's rights, in:Webb, G.(ed.)Windows of faiths, Muslim Women scholar-activists in North America, New York:Syracuse University Press.
4 Moghissi,H.(1999)Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism:The limits of post modern analysis, London: Zed Books.p19
1 Kabbani, R.(1992), The Gender Jihad, The Guardian, October.
2 Kabbani, R.(1986),Imperial Fictions, Europe's Myth of Orient, London:Pandora.
3 Munoz, G. (1999) Islam and the West, An International Duality, in:Munoz, G. (ed.) Islamic modernism and the West. London:I. B. Tauris.P13.
4 al-Hibri, A.(2000)An introduction to Muslim women's rights, in:Webb, G.(e:d.)Windows of faiths, Muslim women scholar-activists in North America, New York:Syracuse University Press.p67-68
1 Memissi, F.(1985)Beyond the Veil:Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society, London:Al-Saqi Books.pl67
2 Wadud, A. (2000) Alternative Ouranic Interpretation and the Status of Muslim Women, in:Windows of Faith: Muslim women scholar-activities. New York:Syracuse University Press.
3 Munoz, G. (1999) Islam and the West, An International Duality, in:Munoz, G. (ed.) Islamic modernism and the West, London:I. B. Tauris.
1吴云贵、周燮藩：《近现代伊斯兰教思潮与运动》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007年,P352。
2 Bullock, K.(2001) Challenging Media representations of the veil:Contemporary Muslim women are re-veiling movement, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Vol.17, No.3.
3 Macleod, A.(1991)Accommodating Protest, New York, Col umbia University Press.p 104
4 Bullock, K. (2001) Challenging Media representations of the veil:Contemporary Muslim women are re-veiling movement, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Vol.17, No.3.
5 Ashraf, S. (1999) Shattering Illusion:Western conceptions of Muslim women, h http://www.jannah.org/shatter.html.
6 Runny mede Trust:Islamophobia-A challenge for all of us, London:Runnymede Trust. (1997)
1何农：《法国要求学校“非宗教化”说明什么》，《光明日报》,2004年2月20日。
2宋全成：《欧洲移民研究——20世纪的欧洲移民进程与欧洲移民问题化》,山东大学出版社,2007年,第313-314页。
1《英国一名穆斯林女教师戴面纱上英文课遭停职》,http://www.news.163.com/16/10/2006.
2《布莱尔：穆斯林女子戴面纱是分离象征》,http://www.news.163.com/16/10/2006
3《英国议员申请禁止穆斯林女性在公共场所穿“蒙头”罩袍》,http://www.islamonline.com./20/1/2011
1 http://www.gxnews.com.cn/7/1/2010
2 Fauna Husain and Margaret O'Brien,"Muslim Communities in Europe Reconstruction and Transformnation",p8.
1 http://www.islamonline.net
2 The Financial Times, January 23,2002, quoting Professor M Anwar, head of the Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick.
3 British Muslims Monthly Survey:Vol.10:1 Birmingham, Centre for the Study of Islam and Muslim Christan Relations, University of Birmingham.(2002)
1 Allen, C. and Nielsen, J. (2002) Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001, Vienna: European Monitoring Centre for Racism and Xenophobia.
1阎云祥著：《英国政治思想史》,北京：人民出版社，2010年,第289页。
2董小川著：《现代欧关国家宗教多元化的历史与现实》，上海：上海三联书店,2008年,第25页。
3同上书,第14页。
1姚克：《英国<种族关系法>及其立法实践研究》,《西北民族大学学报》,2009年第5期。
2 Simon Heffer,Like the Roman:The Life of Enoch Powell,Phoenix,1999,p460.
1姚克：《英国〈种族关系法〉及其立法实践研究》,《西北民族大学学报》,2009年第5期
2 Community Relations Commission, Some of My Best Friends, London:CRC,1976.13; Muhammad Anwar. Patrick Roach, and Ranjit Sondhi. From legislation to integration?:race relations in Britain,11-13,68-69.M.
3 Anwar, Race Relations in 1981, London:Commission for Racial Equality,1981. p12.
1姚克：《英国〈种族关系法〉及其立法实践研究》,《西北民族大学学报》,2009年第5期。
2李亮：《英国穆斯林在文化多元主义政策治理下的现状与困境》,硕士学位论文,兰州大学,2010年。
3布莱尔：《第三条道路：新世纪的新政治》,载陈林、林德山主编：《第三条道路—世纪之交的西方政治变革》,当代世界出版社.2000年版,第9页。
1(英)安东尼·吉登斯著,郑戈译：《第三条道路—社会民主主义的复兴》,北京大学出版社,三联书店,2001年,第107页。
1洪霞编著,《和平之途——当代世界移民问题与种族关系》,南京出版社,2006年版,第50页。
1 Analytical Report on Legislation, RAXEN National Focal Point United Kingdom, Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) 2004, Vienna, Website:http://www.Eumc.eu.int.
2 Andrew Geddes, The Politics of Migration and Immigration in Europe. SAGE Publication, London,2003, p.2.
3李亮：《英国穆斯林在文化多元主义政策治理下的现状与困境—以英国反恐需要为视角》,硕士学位论 文,兰州：兰州大学,2010年。
1马胜利、祁杨主编：《欧洲认同研究》中王建娥和劳焕强：《移民与欧洲认同——政治人类学的视角》一文,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2008年,第124页。
2李亮：《英国穆斯林在文化多元主义政策治理下的现状与困境——以英国反恐需要为视角》,硕士学位论文,兰州：兰州大学,2010年。
3同上。
1洪霞编著,《和平之途——当代世界移民问题与种族关系》,南京出版社,2006年版,第162页。
2《参考消息》,2007年1月17日第13版,转载美国《华盛顿周刊》文章《2006,美国书中观世界》。
1姚芸竹：《欧洲善待穆斯林》,《世界知识》,2005年第11期,第41页。
2吴岳添：《可怜的拉什迪》,《读书》,《生活·读书·新知》,1994年5月。
1葛壮：《当今西方社会中的穆斯林》,《社会科学》,2002年5月。
2邹海仑：《拉什迪与(午夜的孩子)》,《外国文学动态》1993年第1期。
3 Christian Joppke:Immigration and the Nation-state:the United State, Germany, and Great Britain. New York. Oxford,1999.p253.
1葛壮： 《当今西方社会中的穆斯林》,《社会科学》,2002年第5期。
2 Strategic Defense Review修订本,英国国防部(MOD) 2001年发布。转引自盛红生主编：《英国政治发展与对外政策》,世界知识出版社(北京),2008年，第140-141页。
3 The Parekh Report:The Future of Multi Ethnic Britain, London:Runnymede Trust PUB, UK0053. See: Analytical Report on Legislation, RAXEN National Focal Point United Kingdom, Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) 2004, Vienna, Website:http://www.Eumc.eu.int.
1 The Runnymeade Trust:(1997) Islamophobia:A Challenge For us.etl European Muslim Research Centre (2010):Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime in the UK.
1李明欢：《欧拉伯：源起、现实与反思》,《读书》,2010年第2期。
2 Hate Crime in the City (2008) London lganski etl European Muslim Research Centre (2010):Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime in the UK.
3塔拉·佩帕撰,鲁洁译：《伦敦连环爆炸案：人弹招募的难解之谜》,《国外社会科学文摘》,2005年8月。
1江建国： 《西欧社会：一场持久激烈的辩论》, 《人民日报》,2005-01-28(7)。
1英国穆斯林面临的机遇与挑战[EB/OL]. http://www.ind/worldservice/Chinese/zhuanti/yinggoumusiling.html.
2《9·11恐怖袭击以来,西欧国家更加排斥穆斯林》[EB/OL]欧洲时报.http://www.oushinet.com/news/281.html
32006年10月欧洲种族主义和排外行为监控中心的欧洲穆斯林状况的报告。该在欧洲10个穆斯林人口较多的国家进行,其中包括英国。见Report of EUMC 2006:Muslims in the European Union:Discrimination and Islamophobia, http://www.Eumc.eu.int.转引自：马胜利、祁杨主编：《欧洲认同研究》中王建娥和劳焕强：《移民与欧洲认同——政治人类学的视角》一文,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2008年,第138页。
1 http://www.Islamonline.com
2 http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1237705627667&pagename=Zone-English-News/ NWELayout
1 http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1237705627667&pagename=Zone-English-News/ NWELavout
2 http://www.muslimnews.co.uk.
1《“英国穆斯林月刊”进入英国主流报刊》,http://www.islamonline.com./23/1/2011
1 Home Office Citizenship Survey, Home Office,2005. http://www.home office.co.uk.
1 Home Office Citizenship Survey, Home Office,2005.http://www.home office.co.uk.
2 Ansari, K. H. (2000) Negotiating British Muslim Identity. in:M.S. Bahmanpour & H. Bashir. (eds)Muslim Identity in the 21st Century:Challenges of Modernity, London, Book Extra,pp96-97.
1 Giddens,A(1999)Runaway World:How Globalization is Reshaping our lives,London,Profile Books.
1马建国：《看不透的英国：新华社驻伦敦记者眼中的英国》,新华出版社,2009年,第15页。
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1 Britain Ignores the Angry Muslims within its Peril [EB/OL]. http://www.sundaytimes.co.uk/news/pages/sti/2001/11/04/stinwenwc01004.html.
2 Saied Reza Ameli:Globalization, Americanization and British Muslim Identity, London:Islamic College for Advanced Studies Press (ICAS) p199.
1[美]曼纽尔·卡斯特：《认同的力量》(第2版),曹荣湘译,社会科学文献出版社,2006年9月版,第29页。
2洪霞编著,《和平之途——当代世界侈民问题与种族关系》,南京出版社，2006年版.第204页。
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2 Anna Triandayllidou, Immigrants and National Identity in Europe, London, Routledge,2001, p6-7.
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1马胜利、祁杨主编：《欧洲认同研究》中王建娥和劳焕强：《移民与欧洲认同——政治人类学的视角》一文,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2008年,第139页。
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2本文所指涉的“欧洲”有狭义与广义上的区别。狭义上的欧洲即西欧,特指欧盟15国,包括原初的12个创始国加上1995年加入欧盟的奥地利、瑞典和芬兰3国：广义上的欧洲是指欧洲37国,包括波罗的海国家,但不包括前苏联的其他共和国及土耳其。在中本文使用的欧洲概念指的是狭义上的欧洲。
3 International Religious Freedom Report (2003),载美国国务院网站(http://www.stategov/g/drl/rls/ irf/2003)。而根据欧盟官方网站于2004年公布的统计数据,以及欧共体统计办公室、英国广播公司、美国中央情报局网站于2005和2007年公布的世界各国概况统计数据,整个欧盟国家的穆斯林人口约为16146万,占整个欧盟国家总人口的比例为3%。
4 Tinothy M. Savage:" Europe and Islam:Crescent Waxing Cultures Clashing ", The Washington Quarterly, summer 2004, p26.
5《欧洲穆斯林何去何从》,[EB/OL]. http://www.elaputa.com/bbs/read.php?tid=1458.
1萨义德·侯赛因·纳速尔：《伊斯兰教》,上海：上海古籍出版社,2008年,第146页。
2洪霞：《当代英国的穆斯林问题》,《南京大学学报》,2006年第2期。
1周聿峨、阮征宇：《当代国际移民理论研究的现状与趋势》,《暨南学报》,2003年第3期。
1周聿峨、阮征宇：《当代国际移民理论研究的现状与趋势》,《暨南学报》,2003年第3期。
1李明欢：《20世纪西方国际移民理论》,《厦门大学学报》,2000年第6期。
2阮征宇：《跨国人口迁移与国家安全——一项非传统安全因素的研究》,博士学位论文,广州：暨南大学,2003年。
3孙朝辉、禹响平：《国际移民理论及移民与输出国经济发展的关系研究》,《宜宾学院学报》,2008-09-25。
4阮征宇：《跨国人口迁移与国家安全——一项非传统安全因素的研究》,博士学位论文,广州：暨南大学,2003年。
1李明欢：《20世纪西方国际移民理论》,《厦门火学学报》,2000年第6期。
1李明欢：《“多元文化”论争世纪回眸》,《社会学研究》,2001年第3期。
2包景泉、金志远：《多元文化教育的批判与反思》,《内蒙古民族大学学报》,2005年第3期。
1.李明欢：《“多元文化”述评》,《文艺报》,2000-06-20。
1包景泉、金志远：《多元文化教育的批判与反思》,《内蒙古民族大学学报》,2005年第3期。
2李明欢：《“多元文化”论争世纪回眸》,《社会学研究》,2001年第3期。
3罗柳宁：《族群研究综述》,《西南民族大学学报》,2004年第4期。
4雷开春：《城市新移民的社会认同研究》,博士学位论文,上海：上海大学,2008年。
5祁进玉：《族群认同与族群性研究——兼论对中国民族问题研究的意义》,《青海民族研究》,2010年第1期。
1[挪威]弗里德里克·巴斯／著高崇／译，周大鸣／校李远龙/复校,《族群与边界》广西民族学院学报,1999年第1期。
2[挪威］弗里德里克·巴斯／著,高崇／译：《族群与边界》,《广西民族学院学报》,1999年第1期。
1罗柳宁：《族群研究综述》,《西南民族大学学报》,2004年第4期。
2李忠石、文典：《文化同化与冲突下的民族认同与民族偏见》,《社会心理科学》2007年第5-6期。
3祁进玉：《不同情景中的群体认同意识》,博士学位论文,北京：中央民族大学,2006年。
1陈志强：《欧洲移民问题：研究史回顾及中国视角构建》,《上海商学院学报》，2008年第3期。
1陈志强：《欧洲移民问题：研究史回顾及中国视角构建》, 《上海商学院学报》,2008年第3期。
2李亮：《英国穆斯林在文化多元主义政策治理下的现状与困境——以英国反恐需要为视角》,硕士学位论文,兰州：兰州大学,2010年。
1方金英：《英国穆斯林激进化的根源——<英国穆斯林>介评》,《现代国际关系》,2005年第4期。
1 Nonneman, G., Muslim Communities in the New Europe:Themes and Puzzles in:Nonneman, G., Niblock, T. and Szajkowski, B. (eds.) (1997) Muslim Communities in the New Europe, Reading; Ithaca Press.
2 Vertovec, S. and Peach, C. (1997) Islam in Europe and the Politics of Religion and Community, in:Vertovec, S. and Peach, C. (eds).Islam in Europe:the Politics of Religion and Community. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
1 Nielsen, J.(1992) Muslims in the Western Europe, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press.p15
2 ibid:11
3 Gerholm, T. and Lithman, Y. (eds)(1988) The New Islamic Presence in Western Europe. London and New York: Mansell Publishing Limited.
4 Shadid, W. and Koningsveld, P. (1995) Religious Freedom and the Position of Islam on West Europe. The Netherlands:Kok Pharos Publishing House.
1 Vertovec, S. and Peach, C. (1997) Islam in Europe and the Politics of Religion and Community, in:Vertovec, S. and Peach. (eds).Islam in Europe:the Politics of Religion and Community. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
2 Shadid, W. and Koningsveld, P. (1995) Religious Freedom and the Position of Islam on West Europe. The Netherlands:Kok Pharos Publishing House.p2
3 Nonneman,G. Muslim Communities in the New Europe:Themes and Puzzles in:Nonneman, G.,Niblock, T. and Szajkowski, B.(eds.)(1997) Muslim Communities in the New Europe, Reading; Ithaca Press:Nielsen,J.(1992) Muslims in the Western Europe, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press:Vertovec, S. and Peach,C.(1997) Islam in Europe and the Politics of Religion and Community, in:Vertovec, S. and Peach,C.(eds).Islam in Europe:the Politics of Religion and Community. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
4 Roy, O. (1994) Islam in France:religion, ethnic community or social ghetto? In:Lewis, B. and Schnapper, D. (eds) Muslims in Europe. London, New York:Pinter Publishers; Nielsen, J. (1992) Muslims in the Western Europe, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press:Vertovec, S. and Peach, C. (1997) Islam in Europe and the Politics of Religion and Community, in:Vertovec, S. and Peach, C. (eds).Islam in Europe:the Politics of Religion and Community. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
1 Nielsen, J. (1992) Muslims in the Western Europe, Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press:Vertovec. S. and Peach, C. (1997) Islam in Europe and the Politics of Religion and Community, in:Vertovec, S. and Peach, C. (eds).Islam in Europe:the Politics of Religion and Community. Basingstoke:Macmillan.
1 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England.1999.
1 Sherif, Jamil (2002)'Historical roots of Islam in Britain' in Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) (2002a) The Quest for Sanity:Reflections on September 11 and the Aftermath. Middlesex:Muslim Council of Britain The Muslim Educational Trust (TMET) (1996) Issues in Islamic Education. London:The Muslim Education Trust p163.
2麦西亚：中世纪英国早期的七国之 ,位于今英格兰中部。
3这种由国王颁令铸造的钱币,上面刻着宣称对伊斯兰教信仰的皈依。
4 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST. PRESENT and FUTURE Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations,University of Warwick, England.1999.
5泛指早年圣徒或是伊斯兰教里出身高贵的人。
6指亚洲和非洲部分国家的穆斯林统治者。
(?) Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England.1999.
8英国的王族。
1 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
2 Hisham A. Hellver:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESEXT and FUTURE Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
3许多被流放的穆斯林西班牙居民去了摩洛哥,能部分解释摩洛哥萨拉斐派与伊莉莎白结盟的原因。
4 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England.1999.
5北非伊斯兰教地区。
6 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
7 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE:Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
8 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
9按照这份文件的说法,可能是指那些释放的囚犯、商人、或者其他决定在伦敦定居的穆斯林。
10 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
1 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwic, England,1999.
2安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强泽：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》,《世界宗教文化》2006年第5期。
3 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
4 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
5安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强译：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》,《世界宗教文化》2006年第5期。
6 Hisham A. Hellyer:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
1安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强泽：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》，《世界宗教文化》,2006年第5期。
2英国西部的港口。
3安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强译：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》,《世界宗教文化》,2006年第5期。
4 Hisham A. Hellver:BRITISH MUSLIMS:PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE, Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick, England,1999.
1安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强译：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》,《世界宗教文化》,2006年第5期。
2同上。
3同上。
1 Muhammad Anwar, Between cultures:continuity and change in the lives of young Asians, London,1998, p.2
2王军辉：《文化视角中的二战后英国南亚裔移民及其后代》,硕士学位论文,沈阳：《东北师范大学》,2005年。
1 Deakins, N, Colour, Citizenship and British Society, London,1970转引自Muhammad Anwar, Between cultures:continuity and change in the lives of young Asians, London,1998, p.4.
2 Anwar, M, Race and Politics, London,1986转引自Muhammad Anwar. Between cultures:continuity and change in the lives of young Asians, London,1998, p.4.
3 Muhammad Anwar, Between cultures:continuity and change in the lives of young Asians, London,1998, p.4.
4 Ibid, p8.
1李亮：《英国穆斯林在文化多元主义政策治理下的现状与困境》,兰州大学,硕士论文,2010年。
2[英]安格拉·席迪格(罗强强编译)：《英国穆斯林的过去与现在》,《世界宗教文化》,2006年第3期。
1 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293
2 Census of England 2001,S104.
1 Serena Hussain (2008), Muslim on the Map:A National Survey of Social Trends in Britain, London:Tauris Academic Studies, pp.38-40.
2基于英国2008年劳动力调查数据,估计穆斯林人口已经高达240万,Muslim Population "rising ten times faster than rest of society", The Times,30,1,2009 www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article5621482.ece
1 Census of England 2001, S104.
1许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成凼和特点》,《中国穆斯林》,2011年第1期。
2根据联合国的定义,“国际移民”指的是“在非本人出生国居住一年以上的人口”,因此,这里的统计数据仅包括第一代移民。详见DESA (Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division), World Population Policies 2007, New York:United Nations,2008。
3 "Myth of return"由社会人类学家Badr Dahya提出,他曾对伯明翰和布来福德的巴基斯坦移民进行研究。Badr发现许多移民表现出想要返回他们自己的祖国的愿望,而这与他们所处的实际情况不相符合。这个词组被广泛用于指其他移民人口和聚居者的经验。(Badr Dahya(1974), The nature of Pakistani ethnicity in industrial cities in Britain" in A. Cohen (ed.) Urban ethnicity (pp77-118).London:Tavistock.)
4许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成因和特点》，《中国穆斯林》,2011年第1期。
5 Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Summary Report. The Communities and Local Government.2009. http://www.communities.gov.uk
1 Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Summary Report. The Communities and Local Government.2009 http://www.communities.gov.uk
1 Ceri Peach(2006),Islam, ethnicity and South Asian religions in the London 2001 census, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,31,353-370.
1 Source:Census 2001,C0644, C1015.
1许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成因和特点》,《中国穆斯林》,2011年第1期。
2 Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Summary Report. The Communities and Local Government.2009. http://www.communities.gov.uk
1许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成因和特点》,《中国穆斯林》,2011年第1期。
2 Grant of Settlement refers to the number of people who have been granted the right to permanently remain in the UK.
3 Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Summary Report. The Communities and Local Government.2009. http://www.communities.gov.uk
Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (2001), Bangladesh State of the Environment Report 2001, BCAS.
5许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成因和特点》,《中国穆斯林》,2011年第1期。
6同上。
1 Mustafa Malik, "Islam in Europe:Quest for a Paradigm ", Middle East Policy, no.2, June 2001, p.100; Christopher Caldwell, "The Crescent and the Tricolor", Atlantic Monthly, November2000, p.22.
2 Jorgen S.Nielson, Muslims in Western Europe (2nd ed.), Edinburgh University Press,1995, p.26.
3原指中世纪欧洲犹太人被固定居住在一定的区域、与周围社区隔离的现象。这里借指欧洲穆斯林的居住和生活与主流社会相隔离。
4 Tahir Abbas, Muslim Britain:Communities under Pressure. ZED Books LTD,2005, p28.
1郝时远：《美国等西方国家社会裂变中的“认同群体”与ethnic group》,《世界民族》，2002年第4期。
2 Bxuce Bawer, Crisis in Europe, The Hudson Review, Vol 58,No4, Winter 2006, http//www.hudsonreview. com/bawer Wi06.html.
3 Fryer, Peter:Staying Power. London:Pluto.(1984)
1 Annual Report of Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) 2001. http://www.Mcb.org.uk/aboutmcb.php.
2 Religions in the UK-Directory 2001-2003; Editor Paul Weller, Director of the Multi-Faith Centre at the University of Derby; section on'Muslims in the United Kingdom'
3 Vertovec 2002:21.
4 The Salaam Mosque database,2003. http://www.salaam.co.uk.
5洪霞：《当代英国的穆斯林问题》,《南京大学学报》,2006年第2期。
6 Religions in the UK-Directory 2001-2003; Editor Paul Weller, Director of the Multi-Faith Centre at the University of Derby; section on 'Muslims in the United Kingdom'
1详见考克斯新闻社(Cox News Service)2007年12月13日报道：《欧洲空荡荡的教堂与满当当的清真寺Empty churches, full mosques in Europe, http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2007/dec/13/empty-hurches-full-mosques-in-europe.
2《中国天主教》,海外信息,2009年第6期。
3《1951年难民地位公约》,联合国,1951年7月28日http://www.unhcr.org.cn/aboutshow.asp?id=5,2009/1/12.转引自田源著：《移民与国家安全——威胁的衍生及其条件研究》,世界知识出版社,2010年版,第13页。
1张茂盛：《英国移民历史和移民问题浅析》，福建公安高等专科学校学报,2004年第2期。
2张芬：《英国的难民状况及其政策研究》,硕士论文,华东师范大学,2010年。
3张茂盛：《英国移民历史和移民问题浅析》,福建公安高等专科学校学报,2004年第2期。
4《非法移民问题困扰英国政府》,载2001年9月5日《新华日报》。
5《英收紧移民政策,将不再是偷渡客乐土》,http://www.china.com.cn/26/12/2002
6沈青编译,《从欧洲海底隧道偷渡的难民》,载《国际展望》,2001年11月15日。
1 Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Summary Report. The Communities and Local Government,2009. http://www.communities.gov.uk
2许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成因和特点》,《中国穆斯林》,2011年第1期。
1 Understanding Muslim Ethnic Communities. Summary Report. The Communities and Local Government.2009. http://www.communities.gov.uk
2许燕：《英国穆斯林移民人口成因和特点》,《中国穆斯林》，2011年第1期。
3同上。
4同上。
1 Patricia Sellick (2004), Muslim housing experiences, Oxford:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies.
1郎德·库普曼、保罗·斯特毖姆：《移民的挑战和种族关系政治,欧洲视角的比较研究》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,第199页。
2清真寺内率领伊斯兰教徒做礼拜的人。
1 Institute of Community Cohension (iCoCo):Understanding and Appreciating Muslim Diversity:Towards better Engagement and Participation, Coventry university; De MONTFORT University; University of Leicester, University of Warwick. April,2008. http://wwvv.icoco.co.uk
1乌玛是指超越种族、肤色、语言、地域界限的以共同的伊斯兰信仰为纽带的穆斯林社会共同体。
2吴云贵、周燮藩著：《近现代伊斯兰教思潮与运动》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007年,第253页。
1 Institute of Community Cohesion (iCoCo):Understanding and Appreciating Muslim Diversity:Towards better Engagement and Participation, Coventry university; DE MONTFORT University; University of Leicester. University of Warwick. April,2008. http://www.icoco.co.uk
1安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强译：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》,《世界宗教文化》2006年第5期。
1安塔拉·席迪格,罗强强译：《英国穆斯林的过去和现在》,《世界宗教文化》2006年第5期。
2同上。
3阿里译：《英国穆斯林现状报告(下)》,转引自：http://www.norislam.com/informations/2003-09-25/informations.20030925020833,html,2003/9/25。
4同上。
1 http://www.mcb.org.uk.
1同上注。
1郑碧娴：《世界政治情境下的欧洲穆斯林课题》,硕士学位论文,广州：暨南大学,2007年。
2阿里：《英国穆斯林现状报告(上)》,转引自：http:www.norislam.com/informations/2003-09-22/informations20030922022127.html
1 MCB:The MCB-its history, structure and workings. Cited from http://www.Mcb.org.uk/aboutmcb.php.
2郑碧娴：《世界政治情境下的欧洲穆斯林课题》,硕士学位论文,广州：暨南大学,2007年。
3 Sherif 2002:171.
4 The Muslim News, May 25 2001,'Over 200 Muslim Councillors', By Hamed Chapman and Ahmed Versi http://www.muslimnews.co.uk
5伊光编译：《西方穆斯林参政进入主流》,转引自： http://www.kyaz.com/news/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=987&BigClassID=20%BigClassName=国外穆斯林信息&SmallClassID=16&SmallClassName=国外穆斯林信息&SpccialID=0,2004-94
1 Roshan Muhammad Salih:"Muslims voters urged to block Blair man". Cited from http://english.aliazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId/39973.
2 Muslims in Britain Past and Present[EB/OL]. http://www.Islam for today.com/Britain.html.
3 Radcliffe, L. (2004) "A Muslim lobby at Whitehall?" Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations.15(3),365-86
4 Aspinall, P. (2000) "Should a question on 'religion' be asked on the 2001 British census? A Public policy case in favour" Social Policy & Administration,34(5) pp.584-600.
5 Meer,N, (2009) "Identity articulations, mobilization and autonomy in the movement for Muslim schools in Britain ", Race, Ethnicity and Education,12(3),379-398.
6 Policy Innovation Unit(PIU) (2001) Improving Labour Market Achievements for Ethnic Minorities in British Society.www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/innovation/2001/ethnicity/scope.shtml.; Abrams, D. and Houston. D.M.(2006)Equality, Diversity and Prejudice in Britain. London:HMSO.
7 See Modood (2009:42) for a discussion of the development of the MCB.
1 http://www.mcb.org.uk.
1高靓：《英国少数民族教育政策的特点分析》,《民族教育研究》,2004年第4期。
1陈立鸥：中国少数民族教育立法论[M],北京：中央民族大学出版社,1998年。转引自：高靓：《英国少数民族教育政策的特点分析》,《民族教育研究》,2004年第4期。
2 Department of Education:The Parent's Charter. You and your Child's Education, London:HMSO. (1991)
3 The Independent 20/1/89
4陈立鸥：中国少数民族教育立法论[M],北京：中央民族大学出版社,1998年。转引自：高靓：《英国少数民族教育政策的特点分析》,《民族教育研究》,2004年第4期。
1 Guardian22/7/89,Education Guardian 23/3/93
2 The Guardian December 12,2001
3 Naser Meer (2007) Muslim Schools in Britain:Challenging Mobilizations or Logical Developments? By University of Bristol.
1 The Independent 15/7/90
2 Swann. M. (1985)Education for All:A Summary of the Swann Report on the Education of Ethnic Minority Children, Windsor:NFER-Nelsen.
3 Meer, N, (2009)'Identity articulations, mobilization and autonomy in the movement for Muslim schools'in Britain Race, Ethnicity and Education,12(3)379-398.
1 McDermott. M.Y. and Ashan. M.M. (1980) The Muslim Guide. London:The Islamic Foundation.
2 Muslim Educational Trust (1992). Comments on the Government White Paper:Choice and Diversity, London: MET.
3 McDermott, M.Y. and Ashan, M.M. (1980) The Muslim Guide, London:The Islamic Foundation.
Anwar. M. (1982) Young Muslims in a Multicultural Society:Their Needs and Policy Implications, Leicester, the Islamic Foundation.
1 Kairm, I, (1976) Muslim Children in British Schools:Their Rights and Duties, Birmingham:The Straight Path Monthlv.
2 Iqra Trust (1991a) Meeting the Needs of Muslim Pupils, London:Iqra Trust
3 Muslim Educational Trust (1992), Comments on the Government White Paper.Choice and Diversity, London: MET.
4 McDermott, M.Y. and Ashan, M.M.(1980) The Muslim Guide, London:The Islamic Foundation; Anwar. M. Young Muslims in a Multicultural Society:Their Needs and Policy Implications, Leicester, the Islamic Foundation. (1982)
5 Bullock Report,A Language for Life, London:HMSO. (1975) P286
1 Liell, P. and Sanders, J.B. (1984) The Law adn Education, London:Butterworth.9th edn.
2 Anwar. M. (1982) Young Muslims in a Multicultural Society:Their Needs and Policy Implications, Leicester, The Islamic Foundation; Hulmes, E, (1989) Education and Cultural Diversity, London:Longman.
3 Sanvar. G. (1983) Muslims and Education in the UK, London:Muslim Educational Trust.
4 Muslim Educational Trust (1992), Comments on the Government White Paper:Choice and Diversity, London: MET.
5 Muslim Educational Trust (1992), Comments on the Government White Paper:Choice and Diversity, London: MET.
6 Sarwar, G. (1991) British Muslims and Schools, London:Muslim Educational Trust; Union of Muslim Organizations, Young Council of UK and Eire (1989) Seminar on ERA 1988.
7 McDermott, M.Y. and Ashan, M.M.(1980) The Muslim Guide, London:The Islamic Foundation;
1 Joly, D. (1989) "Muslim in Europe:Ethnic Minorities and Education in Britain:Interaction between the Muslim Community and Birmingham Schools", Research Papers No.41. Centre for the study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham.
2 Bastani, J. (1988) Parents and Teachers, Windsor:NFER-Nelson; Bastani, J. (1989) Working with Parents, Windsor:NFER-Nelson.
3 Commission for Racial Equality (1990) School of Faith.
4 Halstead, M.(1986) The Case For Muslim Voluntary-Aided Schools Some Philosophical Reflections, Cambridge: The Islamic Academy:Smith, G.(1990)'The Next Ten Years', Muslim Educational Ouarterly,1(5):p26-27
5 Barrell, G. and Partington, J. (1985) Teachers and the Law, London:Methuen.6th edn.
6 Mahub, S.A. (1992) "A Muslim Response to the Education Reform Act of 1988", British Journal of Religious Education 14:88-98; Anwar. M. (1982) Young Muslims in a Multicultural Society:Their Needs and Policy Implications, Leicester, the Islamic Foundation; Hulmes, E, (1989) Education and Cultural Diversity, London: Longman.
1 Mahub, S.A. (1992) "A Muslim Response to the Education Reform Act of 1988", British Journal of Religious Education 14:88-98
2 Joly, D. (1989) "Muslim in Europe:Ethnic Minorities and Education in Britain:Interaction between the Muslim Community and Birmingham Schools", Research Papers No.41. Centre for the study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham.
1 Nielsen, J. (1986) "A Survey of British Local Authority Response to Muslim Needs", Research Papers:Muslim in Europe.No.30/31.Centre for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. Selly Oak College, Birmingham.
2 Joly. D. (1989) "Muslim in Europe:Ethnic Minorities and Education in Britain:Interaction between the Muslim Community and Birmingham Schools", Research Papers No.41. Centre for the study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham.
1 Madrassah:单独的或附属于清真寺的经堂学校。madrassah student这个词的涵义接近“经学生/海里凡/满拉…”的意思。
1该数据引自英国教育和技能部、内政部、学校健康教育小组、《青年司法委员会年度报告2005》等权威机构和报告。
2 Jeffcoate, R.(1981) "Why Multicultural Education", Education 3-13 9(1):4-7
3 Nielsen,J. (1986) "A Survey of British Local Authority Response to Muslim Needs", Research Papers:Muslim in Europe.No.30/31.Centre for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations. Selly Oak College, Birmingham.
1 Runnymede Trust (1997) Islamophobia-A challenge for all of us, London:Runnymede Trust.p11
2 Yaqub, S.(1998) Forced to eat forbidden fruit, The Muslim News, January.p12 Yaqui, S. (1999) Domestic violence in the Muslim community, The Muslim News, June.
1 Jawad, H. (1991) the education of women in Islam, Monograph, London:Gulf Centre for Strategic Studies.
2 Jawad, H. (1991) the education of women in Islam, Monograph, London:Gulf Centre for Strategic Studies.
3 Mirza, K. (1989) The Silent Cry:Second Generation Bradford Muslim Women Speak, Birmingham:Centre for the study of Islam and Christian Muslim Relations, p12
4 Benn,T.(1998) Exploring experiences of a group of British Muslim women in initial teaching training and their early teaching careers, PhD thesis, Loughborough:Loughborough University.
1 Parker-Jenkins, M.et al. (eds.) (1998) Career and Culture:Young Muslim women and their future aspirations, Derbv:Newscheck.
2 ibid
3 Versi, A. (1998) Muslim women win racism case, Q-News,28 August.
4 Adil, A.(2001)Metropolitan police opens up to Muslim women,Q-News,25 May.p9
5 The Muslim News,2000:5
1 Muhammad Anwar, Between cultures:continuity and change in the lives of young Asians, London,1998, p.108
2 Ibid, p.109
3 Modood,T, Ethnic Minorities in Britam:Diversity and Disadvantage:The fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities, London,1997转引自Muhammad Anwar, Between cultures:continuity and change in the lives of young Asians, London,1998, p.115
1 Southall Black Sisters (SBS)(2000)Forced marriage:An abuse of Women's Human Rights, London:Southall.p1
2 ibid.p2.
3 Haiffa Jawad (2003), Historical and Contemporary Perspective of Muslim Women Living in the West, Muslim Women in the United Kingdom and Beyond:Experience and Images, Leiden; Boston:Brill.
1 Southall Black Sisters (SBS)(2000)Forced marriage:An abuse of Women's Human Rights, London:Southall.p2
2 British Muslim Monthly Survey(2001) Vol.9:12,December 2001, Birmingham, Centre for the Study of Islam and Muslim/Christian Relations, University of Birmingham.
3 Lewis, P. (1994) Islamic Britain, London:I.B. Tauris. p194
1 Jawad, H.:The Rights of women on Islam:An authentic approach, Basingstoke:Macmillan,1998先知穆罕默德曾教导穆斯林：“妇有过,善言以教之,勿轻去。”夫妻之间若出现不和睦现象,双方的亲属必须进行劝导以使其重归于好。伊斯兰教法规定,男女双方都有离婚的权利。决定离婚的女子要遵守教法规定的“守制期”。所谓“守制期”,是指改嫁再婚前的待婚期。教法规定：主张离婚的妻子应该期待四个月零十日,“待婚期”满后,可自行决定是否再婚,且不会受到舆论的指责。
2 http://www.mbc.org.com
1 http://www.islamonline.net
2 http://www.mpacuk.com
3 http://www.Islamonline.net
1 http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article C&cid=1182774657883&pagename=Zone-English-New s/NWELayout
1 Mian, S. (1997) Europe's Islamophobia, The Muslim News,28 November.
2 Runnymede Trust (1997) Islamophobia-A challenge for all of us, London:Runnymede Turst.p5.
3 ibid.p9.
4 EL-Solh C. and Mabro, J. (eds) (1994) Muslim women's choices:Religious Belief and Social Reality, Oxford, Berg Publishers. Ibid.
2 Daily Express, January 16th 1995, cited in Runnymede Trust (1997) Islamophobia-A challenge for all of us, London:Runnymede Trust.p26
3 Kingston, S. (1995) Women in Islam versus Women in Judaeo-Christian Tradition:the Myth and the Reality, http://www.usc.edu/dept/dept/MSA/humanrelations/women-inislam/womeninjud-chr.html.
4 Enloe,《香蕉、海滩和基地》,p.44.转引自：陈顺馨、戴锦华选编：《妇女、民族与女性主义》,中央编译出版社,2004年,第77贞。
5 Ashraf, S.(1999)Shattering Illusion:Western Conceptions of Muslim women,http://www.jannah.org/shatter.html
1 Kabbani, R.(1989)Imperial Fictions, Europe's Myths of Orient, London:Pandora.p16
2 Munoz, G. (1999) Islam and the West, An International Duality, in:Munoz, G. (ed.) Islamic modernism and the West. London:I. B. Tauris.
3 al-Hibri,A.(2000)An introduction to Muslim women's rights, in:Webb, G.(ed.)Windows of faiths, Muslim Women scholar-activists in North America, New York:Syracuse University Press.
4 Moghissi,H.(1999)Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism:The limits of post modern analysis, London: Zed Books.p19
1 Kabbani, R.(1992), The Gender Jihad, The Guardian, October.
2 Kabbani, R.(1986),Imperial Fictions, Europe's Myth of Orient, London:Pandora.
3 Munoz, G. (1999) Islam and the West, An International Duality, in:Munoz, G. (ed.) Islamic modernism and the West. London:I. B. Tauris.P13.
4 al-Hibri, A.(2000)An introduction to Muslim women's rights, in:Webb, G.(e:d.)Windows of faiths, Muslim women scholar-activists in North America, New York:Syracuse University Press.p67-68
1 Memissi, F.(1985)Beyond the Veil:Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society, London:Al-Saqi Books.pl67
2 Wadud, A. (2000) Alternative Ouranic Interpretation and the Status of Muslim Women, in:Windows of Faith: Muslim women scholar-activities. New York:Syracuse University Press.
3 Munoz, G. (1999) Islam and the West, An International Duality, in:Munoz, G. (ed.) Islamic modernism and the West, London:I. B. Tauris.
1吴云贵、周燮藩：《近现代伊斯兰教思潮与运动》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007年,P352。
2 Bullock, K.(2001) Challenging Media representations of the veil:Contemporary Muslim women are re-veiling movement, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Vol.17, No.3.
3 Macleod, A.(1991)Accommodating Protest, New York, Col umbia University Press.p 104
4 Bullock, K. (2001) Challenging Media representations of the veil:Contemporary Muslim women are re-veiling movement, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Vol.17, No.3.
5 Ashraf, S. (1999) Shattering Illusion:Western conceptions of Muslim women, h http://www.jannah.org/shatter.html.
6 Runny mede Trust:Islamophobia-A challenge for all of us, London:Runnymede Trust. (1997)
1何农：《法国要求学校“非宗教化”说明什么》，《光明日报》,2004年2月20日。
2宋全成：《欧洲移民研究——20世纪的欧洲移民进程与欧洲移民问题化》,山东大学出版社,2007年,第313-314页。
1《英国一名穆斯林女教师戴面纱上英文课遭停职》,http://www.news.163.com/16/10/2006.
2《布莱尔：穆斯林女子戴面纱是分离象征》,http://www.news.163.com/16/10/2006
3《英国议员申请禁止穆斯林女性在公共场所穿“蒙头”罩袍》,http://www.islamonline.com./20/1/2011
1 http://www.gxnews.com.cn/7/1/2010
2 Fauna Husain and Margaret O'Brien,"Muslim Communities in Europe Reconstruction and Transformnation",p8.
1 http://www.islamonline.net
2 The Financial Times, January 23,2002, quoting Professor M Anwar, head of the Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick.
3 British Muslims Monthly Survey:Vol.10:1 Birmingham, Centre for the Study of Islam and Muslim Christan Relations, University of Birmingham.(2002)
1 Allen, C. and Nielsen, J. (2002) Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001, Vienna: European Monitoring Centre for Racism and Xenophobia.
1阎云祥著：《英国政治思想史》,北京：人民出版社，2010年,第289页。
2董小川著：《现代欧关国家宗教多元化的历史与现实》，上海：上海三联书店,2008年,第25页。
3同上书,第14页。
1姚克：《英国<种族关系法>及其立法实践研究》,《西北民族大学学报》,2009年第5期。
2 Simon Heffer,Like the Roman:The Life of Enoch Powell,Phoenix,1999,p460.
1姚克：《英国〈种族关系法〉及其立法实践研究》,《西北民族大学学报》,2009年第5期
2 Community Relations Commission, Some of My Best Friends, London:CRC,1976.13; Muhammad Anwar. Patrick Roach, and Ranjit Sondhi. From legislation to integration?:race relations in Britain,11-13,68-69.M.
3 Anwar, Race Relations in 1981, London:Commission for Racial Equality,1981. p12.
1姚克：《英国〈种族关系法〉及其立法实践研究》,《西北民族大学学报》,2009年第5期。
2李亮：《英国穆斯林在文化多元主义政策治理下的现状与困境》,硕士学位论文,兰州大学,2010年。
3布莱尔：《第三条道路：新世纪的新政治》,载陈林、林德山主编：《第三条道路—世纪之交的西方政治变革》,当代世界出版社.2000年版,第9页。
1(英)安东尼·吉登斯著,郑戈译：《第三条道路—社会民主主义的复兴》,北京大学出版社,三联书店,2001年,第107页。
1洪霞编著,《和平之途——当代世界移民问题与种族关系》,南京出版社,2006年版,第50页。
1 Analytical Report on Legislation, RAXEN National Focal Point United Kingdom, Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) 2004, Vienna, Website:http://www.Eumc.eu.int.
2 Andrew Geddes, The Politics of Migration and Immigration in Europe. SAGE Publication, London,2003, p.2.
3李亮：《英国穆斯林在文化多元主义政策治理下的现状与困境—以英国反恐需要为视角》,硕士学位论 文,兰州：兰州大学,2010年。
1马胜利、祁杨主编：《欧洲认同研究》中王建娥和劳焕强：《移民与欧洲认同——政治人类学的视角》一文,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2008年,第124页。
2李亮：《英国穆斯林在文化多元主义政策治理下的现状与困境——以英国反恐需要为视角》,硕士学位论文,兰州：兰州大学,2010年。
3同上。
1洪霞编著,《和平之途——当代世界移民问题与种族关系》,南京出版社,2006年版,第162页。
2《参考消息》,2007年1月17日第13版,转载美国《华盛顿周刊》文章《2006,美国书中观世界》。
1姚芸竹：《欧洲善待穆斯林》,《世界知识》,2005年第11期,第41页。
2吴岳添：《可怜的拉什迪》,《读书》,《生活·读书·新知》,1994年5月。
1葛壮：《当今西方社会中的穆斯林》,《社会科学》,2002年5月。
2邹海仑：《拉什迪与(午夜的孩子)》,《外国文学动态》1993年第1期。
3 Christian Joppke:Immigration and the Nation-state:the United State, Germany, and Great Britain. New York. Oxford,1999.p253.
1葛壮： 《当今西方社会中的穆斯林》,《社会科学》,2002年第5期。
2 Strategic Defense Review修订本,英国国防部(MOD) 2001年发布。转引自盛红生主编：《英国政治发展与对外政策》,世界知识出版社(北京),2008年，第140-141页。
3 The Parekh Report:The Future of Multi Ethnic Britain, London:Runnymede Trust PUB, UK0053. See: Analytical Report on Legislation, RAXEN National Focal Point United Kingdom, Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) 2004, Vienna, Website:http://www.Eumc.eu.int.
1 The Runnymeade Trust:(1997) Islamophobia:A Challenge For us.etl European Muslim Research Centre (2010):Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime in the UK.
1李明欢：《欧拉伯：源起、现实与反思》,《读书》,2010年第2期。
2 Hate Crime in the City (2008) London lganski etl European Muslim Research Centre (2010):Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime in the UK.
3塔拉·佩帕撰,鲁洁译：《伦敦连环爆炸案：人弹招募的难解之谜》,《国外社会科学文摘》,2005年8月。
1江建国： 《西欧社会：一场持久激烈的辩论》, 《人民日报》,2005-01-28(7)。
1英国穆斯林面临的机遇与挑战[EB/OL]. http://www.ind/worldservice/Chinese/zhuanti/yinggoumusiling.html.
2《9·11恐怖袭击以来,西欧国家更加排斥穆斯林》[EB/OL]欧洲时报.http://www.oushinet.com/news/281.html
32006年10月欧洲种族主义和排外行为监控中心的欧洲穆斯林状况的报告。该在欧洲10个穆斯林人口较多的国家进行,其中包括英国。见Report of EUMC 2006:Muslims in the European Union:Discrimination and Islamophobia, http://www.Eumc.eu.int.转引自：马胜利、祁杨主编：《欧洲认同研究》中王建娥和劳焕强：《移民与欧洲认同——政治人类学的视角》一文,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2008年,第138页。
1 http://www.Islamonline.com
2 http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1237705627667&pagename=Zone-English-News/ NWELayout
1 http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1237705627667&pagename=Zone-English-News/ NWELavout
2 http://www.muslimnews.co.uk.
1《“英国穆斯林月刊”进入英国主流报刊》,http://www.islamonline.com./23/1/2011
1 Home Office Citizenship Survey, Home Office,2005. http://www.home office.co.uk.
1 Home Office Citizenship Survey, Home Office,2005.http://www.home office.co.uk.
2 Ansari, K. H. (2000) Negotiating British Muslim Identity. in:M.S. Bahmanpour & H. Bashir. (eds)Muslim Identity in the 21st Century:Challenges of Modernity, London, Book Extra,pp96-97.
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2赵锦元：《当代欧洲民族间题的新趋向——移民问题与种族主义》,《世界民族》,1995年第1期。
3.盛文沁：《欧盟反种族主义政策：发展历程与新动向》,《社会科学》2007年第 11期。
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5.李明欢：《“多元文化”论争世纪回眸》,《社会学研究》,2001年第3期。
6.李明欢：《20世纪西方国际移民理论》,厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000年第4期。
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8.洪霞：《当代英国的穆斯林问题》,《南京大学学报》(社科类),2006年第2期。
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10.杨涛：《两种理论视野下的西欧穆斯林政治参与问题探析》,《哈尔滨工业大学学报》(社科版),2007年第3期。
11.朱陆民：《西方关于移民参政的几种理论阐释》,《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》,2004年第6期。
12.吴前进：《跨国主义：全球化时代移民问题研究的新视野》,《国际观察》,2004年第3期。
13.何平立：《认同政治与政治认同—“第三条道路”与西方社会政治文化变迁》,《江淮论坛》,2008年第4期。
14.方金英：《英国穆斯林激进化的根源—〈英国穆斯林〉介评》,《现代国际关系》,2005年第8期。
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16.吴冰冰：《圣战观念与当代伊斯兰恐怖主义》,《阿拉伯问题研究》,2006年第1期。
17.胡昌宇,陈晓律： 《试析布莱尔工党政府的成功之道》,南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学),2006年第2期。
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20.张茂盛：《英国移民历史和移民问题浅析》, 《福建公安高等专科学校学报》2004年第2期。
21.彭兆荣：《论民族与族群在变迁语境中的裂化因子》,《广西民族学院学报》,2004年第4期。
22.李明明： 《当民族主义遇上超国家主义——兼论安东尼·史密斯关于国际一体化的思想》, 《国际观察》,2006年第6期。
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30.陈志强：《欧洲移民问题：研究史回顾及中国视角构建》,《上海商学院学报》2008年第3期。
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35杨涛：《两种理论视野下的西欧穆斯林政治参与问题探析》,《哈尔滨工业大学学报》,2007年第5期。
36.罗爱玲：《存在与冲突：试论穆斯林移民对欧洲政治与社会的影响》,《世界民族》,2009年第3期。
37.胡雨：《欧洲穆斯林问题研究：边缘化还是整合》,《宁夏社会科学》,2008年第4期。
38.[挪威]弗里德里克·巴斯/著,高崇/译：《族群与边界》,《广西民族学院学报(哲 学社会科学版)》,1999年第1期。
39.郝时远：《美国等西方国家社会裂变中的“认同群体”与ethnic group》,《世界民族》,2002年第4期。
40.周聿峨、阮征宇：《当代国际移民理论研究的现状与趋势》,《暨南学报》,2003年第3期。
1.郑碧娴：《世界政治情境下的欧洲穆斯林课题——以社群间关系为研究视角》,硕士学位论文,广州：暨南大学,2007年
2.耿丽娟：《包容与排斥：1997年以来英国移民政策及其经济影响研究》,硕士学位论文,上海：上海外国语大学,2008年。
3 陈昕彤：《超越文化冲突探寻多重文化认同——穆斯林移民在欧洲》,硕士学位论文,成都：四川大学,2006年。
4.任迎新：《国际关系视角下的欧洲移民问题》,硕士学位论文,北京：外交学院,2009年。
5.王军辉：《文化视角中的二战后英国南亚裔移民及其后代》,硕士学位论文,长春：东北师范大学,2005年。
6.肖宏伟：《约束与控制——二战后英国移民制度研究》,硕士学位论文,上海：上海外国语大学,2005年。
7.李亮：《英国穆斯林在文化多元主义政策治理下的现状与困境——以英国反恐需要为视角》,硕士学位论文,兰州：兰州大学,2010年。
8.阮征宇：《跨国人口迁移与国家安全——一项非传统安全因素的研究》,博士学位论文,广州：暨南大学,2003年。
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