高技术虚拟产业集群互助投融资模式研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
为了缓解高技术企业融资困难、充分利用高技术虚拟产业集群(Hi-TechVirtual Industry Cluster,以下简称HTVIC)的资源优势、促进集群成员间的投融资合作,本文从HTVIC的含义及演化入手,将虚拟集群界定为一种基于成员关系网的跨地域的集群组织形式。在此内涵界定的基础上,分别对集群融资主体基于生命周期的资金需求、高技术企业融资渠道以及投资方预期收益的影响因素进行了分析,并结合虚拟集群的社会关系网特征和高技术企业融资的需求特征,提出了HTVIC投融资的主要特征。接下来,在充分考虑了虚拟集群的关系网优势及互助模式的特点的基础上,从理论和现实需求的不同角度,分别对互助投融资模式在HTVIC中应用的可行性进行了分析。
     本文HTVIC互助投融资模式设计为运行基础和流程设计、风险防范和信任保障三个部分。其中,运行是互助投融资模式的核心,主要包括信息共享、成员动态信用评级和运行的具体流程设计等几个方面的内容。本文认为信息共享是互助投融资模式运行的基础保证,动态信用评级是在信息共享的基础上实现的。运作流程分别从总体运作流程和互助投融资基金的运行流程两方面进行设计。
     互助投融资模式虽然具有降低成员投融资交易费用、提高投融资合作效率的积极作用,但高技术领域投融资所固有的高风险性,加之其基于成员关系网和互惠互利基础的集群设立原则,使得HTVIC互助投融资风险不容忽视。鉴于以上分析,本文在对HTVIC互助投融资风险管理部分,首先对集群内高技术企业不同生命周期的风险因素以及集群投资方主要投资风险进行了分析。并对互助投融资风险因素从不同角度进行分析,继而识别出主要投融资风险。由于互助投融资模式下,企业间可能会相互提供连带责任担保,这就使得HTVIC互助投融资违约风险,不再单纯的表现为融资企业自身的预期违约行为可能造成的损失,而更多的表现为一种联合违约风险。因此本文在对融资企业违约风险影响因素分析的基础上,进一步分析了当融资企业违约的同时、连带企业也违约的连带违约风险,并为互助投融资违约风险的防范设计具体的措施。
     HTVIC成员间的相互信任不仅是对互助投融资模式顺利运行的保障,同时也能够有效防范投融资风险的出现。这部分的研究首先分析了成员间信任的形成方式和过程,并在对投融资合作的信任策略进行了进化博弈分析的基础上,提出了HTVIC互助投融资信任的保障策略。
     最后,为验证互助投融资模式对集群投融资活动的促进作用,本文选取了一个以高技术制造业为核心的高技术虚拟产业集群,对本文设计的互助投融资模式中的信息共享、动态信用评级、风险管理及互助投融资基金的运作等主要内容进行了实证研究,并得到了互助模式可以有效降低高技术企业融资成本的结论。
In order to release the investing and financing predicament of hi-techindustry, make full use of the advantages of Hi-Tech Virtual Industry Cluster(HTVIC) and improve the financing cooperations of cluster members, byanalyzing the evolvement of HTVIC, this thesis defines virtual cluster as acluster that engages cooperation relations from more than one area. Based on thedefinition, the fund demand, financing channel and the factors that influence theexpected revenue of investors in different life cycles are analyzed. The traits ofHTVIC investing and financing are explained combining with the social networkcharacteristic of HTVIC and the fianancing demand of hi-tech enterprises. Whendeciding the financing mode, the relationships in HTVIC and the features ofmutual aid are considered. From the perspective of theory and reality, thefeasibility of mutual aid financing is analyzed. The framework, main contentsand functions for mutual aid financing are designed.
     This thesis divides the mutual aid investing and financing mode withinHTVIC into three parts, namely, operational mode, risk prevention mode andtrust guarantee mode. Operational mechanism is the core part and basis of mutualaid financing, including information sharing, dynamic credit rating and specificprocedures. Information sharing acts as the basis of mutual aid financing. Creditrating also depends on information sharing. The design of operational procedureis divided into overall design and the funds’ operational procedure design.
     Mutual aid financing can decrease the financing cost and improve financingefficiency. However, hi-tech enterprises are known for their high risks, Besides,the industry is based on social network and mutual beneficial principle, whichmake the financing risks in HTVIC indispensable. Based on the analysis,before identifying the risks in mutual aid financing, this thesis analyzes the risk factors in different stages of enterprises’ life cycle and the investment risks ofinvestors. From different aspects, the risks of financing (violation risk) areidentified. In mutual aid financing, there are guarantee relationships betweenenterprises, which makes violation risks a combination risk rather than theviolation risk for financing enterprises. Thus, based on the analysis of the factorsthat influence the risk of fianancing enterprise, the joint and several risk areanalyzed, cooresponding risk avoiding measures are provided.
     Trust plays an important role in gurantee the operation of the mode andpreventing financing risks. The study on trust begins with trust establishment, onconducting evolutionary game analysis, trust guarantee measure for HTVIC areput forward.
     Finally, a manufacture centered HTVIC is chosen to testify the improvementthe mutual aid financing mode. The information sharing mechanism, credit ratingmechanism and the operations of mutual aid financing fund are analyzed. Wereach the conclusion that mutual aid can effectively decrease the financing costof hi-tech enterprises.
引文
[1] MOLINA A,PONGUTA S.An information model to research the corecompetencies of virtual industry clusters[R]. Research Report, WZLAachen,1997:120-130.
    [2] WIESER M.Virtual high tech clusters-the modern Silicon Valley [J].Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design,2002,(9):397-399.
    [3] TRACEY P.Perspective-alliances,networks and competitive strategy,rethinking cluster of innovation [J].Growth and Change,2003,34(8):l-16.
    [4] GIUSEPPINA P,GIUSTINA S. From geographical innovation clusterstowards virtual innovation clusters:The innovation virtual system[C].42nd ERSA Congress,Germany:University of Dortmund,2002:124-140.
    [5] MACPHERSON A, OSSIE J. Re-conceptualizing learning spaces:developing capabilities in a high-tech small firm[J].Workplace Learning,2003,15(6):259-270
    [6] TECK-YONG E. Implications of the internet for knowledge creation anddissemination in clusters of hi-tech firms [J].European ManagementJournal,2004,(22):87-88.
    [7] KEVIN R. Interregional collaboration and innovation in Vancouver'semerging high-tech cluster [J].Tijdschrift voor Economische en SocialeGeografie,2005,96(3):298-312.
    [8] WEBSTER J,WONG W. Comparing traditional and virtual group forms:identity, communication and trust in naturally occurring projectteams[J].The international journal of human resource management,2008,19(1):41-62.
    [9]杨建华,薛恒新,吴炎太.基于虚拟产业群的虚拟企业与企业虚拟化研究[J].中国机械工程,2002,13(21):1841-1846.
    [10]余利红,李煜文.基于虚拟产业群的汽车虚拟企业研究[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2003,(5):93-96.
    [11]吕坚,孙林岩,马新莉.产业集群与虚拟企业组织模式比较及发展研究[J].中国机械工程,2003,14(13):1111-1115.
    [12]孙耀吾,曾德明.高技术企业集群虚拟化发展研究[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005,29(7):74-79.
    [13]吴文华,张琰飞.技术标准联盟对技术标准确立与扩散的影响研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006,(4):44-46.
    [14]金潇明,陆小成.基于网络效应经济的虚拟企业集群模式演进与策略[J].系统工程,2008,(7):117-120.
    [15]宋昱雯,于渤.虚拟产业集群组织模式探析及政策建议[J].中国科技论坛,2008,(11):52-54.
    [16]易军.虚拟科技园组织结构与模式探析[J].中国软科学,2002,(8):92-95.
    [17]李帅,郭亚军,田可.虚拟产业群运作管理:一个案例研究[J].工业工程与管理,2003,(5):68-71.
    [18]罗鸿铭,郝宇.应用信息化整合高新技术企业集群[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2004,(7):101.
    [19]郝宇,陈芳.我国高新技术产业集群的组织模式探析[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005,(6):69-71.
    [20]王文亮,冯军政.民营科技企业虚拟集群模式分析与创新战略设计[J].现代管理科学,2005,(11):9-11.
    [21]杨雪雁,高新和.我国秸秆人造板虚拟产业群的探讨[J].木材工业,2008,(4):30-32.
    [22]张荣.我国虚拟动漫产业集群的优势与运作[J].经济管理,2008,(3):16-19
    [23] SOPHIE M,CAROL S. Financing high technology startups in Belgium:an explorative study [J].Small Business Economics,1997,9(2):125-135.
    [24] GIANCARLO G,STEFANO P. The provision of finance to innovation:a survey conducted among Italian technology-based small firms[J].SmallBusiness Economics,2000,14(1):37-53.
    [25] MASSIMO G,LUCA G. Funding gaps? Access to bank loans by high-tech start-ups[J].Small Business Economics,2007,29(1-2):25-46.
    [26] MINOLA T,GIORGINO M. Who's going to provide the funding for hightech start-ups? A model for the analysis of determinants with a fuzzyapproach [J]. R&D Management,2008,38(3):335-351.
    [27] JAMES R,STEVEN M. Financing innovation and growth:Cash flow,external equity, and the1990s R&D boom [J]. Finance,2009,64(1):151-185.
    [28] AUDRETSCH D, GIOVANNI B. Venture capital financing and thegrowth of new technology-based firms: correcting for sample self-selection[M].New York:New Frontiers in Entrepreneurship,2009:125-144.
    [29] LOTZ F,BUYS A. New technological ventures:start-up financing trendsin South Africa[C].IEEE International Engineering ManagementConference,Canada,2005:165-169.
    [30] FLORIAN H.The role of smart money: what drives venture capitalsupport and interference within biotechnology ventures?[J].Zeitschrift fürBetriebswirtschaft,2008,78(4):13-25.
    [31] MASTROENI M. Shaping innovation through finance: the strategicpursuit of high-tech innovation[C].IEEE International Symposium onTechnology and Society,Paris,2008:532-550.
    [32] JARUNEE W. Entrepreneurial financing for venture and innovationdevelopment [J]. International journal of foresight and innovation policy,2009,5(4):234-243.
    [33] WANG L, DANG X. Venture capital, technology innovation and thedevelopment of new high-tech industry:Empirical research of Chinesedata based on canonical correlation analysis[C].The InternationalConference on Management of Technology,Taiyuan,2007:80-87.
    [34] ARMIN S. Venture capital investment practices in Europe and the UnitedStates [J]. Financial Markets and Portfolio Management,2008,22(3):195-217.
    [35] HUA J,MENG L. Construction of the index system of investment risksevaluation on high-tech projects[C]. International Conference on Industrialand Information Systems,Peradeniya,2009:275-278.
    [36] MARINA G. Small Biotechnology Industry and InstitutionalTransformation: A Case Study of The Netherlands [M].Berlin:SpringerBerlin Heidelberg,2009:177-194.
    [37] YAN W,CHEN R.IPO pricing efficiency analysis of high-tech SMEsfrom messaging perspective[C].Proceedings of the4th internationalconference on product innovation management Vols I and II, HubeiPeoples Press,2009:861-864.
    [38]张伟,刘翠英,齐德华,等.高技术中小企业融资需求及主要供给方式探讨[J].科学学研究,2005,23(4):506-512.
    [39]张玉明,邓志钦,燕鹏,等.高新技术企业融资策略与资本结构优化[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005,(7):139-144.
    [40]熊波,陈柳.非对称信息对高新技术企业融资的影响[J].中国管理科学,2007,15(3):136-141.
    [41]张菊梅,史安娜,石莎莎.高新技术企业融资困境的深层思考[J].科技管理研究,2008,(8):203-205.
    [42]向静,王苏生,孔昭昆,等.我国中小高技术企业隐性筹资成本的形成机理及其诱发性危害[J].科技管理研究,2009,(7):285-288.
    [43]黄刚,蔡幸.开发性金融对广西高新技术企业融资支持模式初探[J].改革与战略,2006,(5):81-84.
    [44]叶红雨.基于知识预期收益的高新技术中小企业融资[J].经济问题探索,2006,(9):114-117.
    [45]綦鲁明,张亮.美英、日高新技术产业投融资模式比较及其对我国的启示[J].经济管理,2009,31(7):151-154.
    [46]于春红.我国高新技术企业融资体系研究[J].科技进步与对策,2007,24(12):99-103.
    [47]赵建刚.中小企业技术创新的金融支持体系研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2007:27-54.
    [48]王定迅.高新技术企业融资体系的构建与完善[J].河南金融管理干部学院学报,2009,(3):36-39.
    [49]岳宝宏,周飞跃.中小软件企业的融资问题与政府支持——源于建立区域软件园的思考[J].工业技术经济,2009,28(9):30-32.
    [50]刘振,宋献中.国外高新技术企业融资机制比较与借鉴[J].经济纵横,2007,(11):58-60.
    [51]刘勇,梅良勇,王娟娟,等.知识产权证券化:高新技术产业发展的有效推动力[J].金融理论与实践,2007,(5):11-13.
    [52]朱华.高新技术企业集合债券发行的相关问题探讨[J].商业时代,2008,23(12):82-83.
    [53]杨兆廷,李吉栋.“担保换期权”与高新技术中小企业融资[J].管理世界,2008,(10):167-169.
    [54]刘丽巍.中小高新技术企业融资对社区银行的制度需求[J].科技进步与对策,2009,26(12):37-40.
    [55]赵睿,杨宜.中关村高新技术中小企业融资路径的演变与优化[J].科技进步与对策,2008,25(11):105-107.
    [56] LOFSTEN H, LINDELOF P. Determinants for an entrepreneurial milieu:Science parks and business policy in growing firms [J].Technovation,2003,23(1):354-360.
    [57] LINDEL F P, L FSTEN H. Academic versus corporate newtechnology-based firms in Swedish science parks: An analysis ofperformance, business networks and financing[J].International Journal ofTechnology Management,2005,31(3-4):334-357.
    [58] WONGLIMPIYARAT J. The dynamic economic engine at Silicon Valleyand US government programs in financing innovations[J].Technovation,2006,26(9):1081-1089.
    [59] SONG H,YU K. Factors influencing bank financing quality of SMEs inclusters[C]. International Conference on Management Science andEngineering15th Annual Conference Proceedings, Long Beach, USA,2008:1182-1190.
    [60] WONGLIMPIYARAT J. Strategies for technology commercialization-Silicon Valley as a model of venture capital financing[J].InternationalJournal of Technology, Policy and Management,2009,9(3):222-234.
    [61]苏英,穆荣平,宋河发,等.高技术产业集群的竞争优势论[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2007,(2):120-126.
    [62]魏剑锋.信息不对称对中小企业及企业集群的信贷融资约束问题研究[J].金融理论与实践,2008,(8):57-61.
    [63]汪冬梅,王兰粉.中小企业集群信贷融资的信用优势分析[J].技术与创新管理,2009,30(3):352-354.
    [64]吴小瑾,陈晓红.基于社会资本的集群中小企业融资行为研究[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2009,(3):122-128.
    [65]张铁山,赵光.集群对高技术企业创新能力的影响分析[J].中国科技论坛,2009,(1):31-35.
    [66]刘拓.中小企业集群信用担保模式的选择——从社会资本的角度[J].经济论坛,2009,(19):42-46.
    [67]张飞.基于社会资本的中小企业集群融资研究[D].长沙:湖南大学,2009:10-22.
    [68]刘轶,张飞.基于社会资本的中小企业集群融资分析[J].湖南大学学报(社会科学版),2009,23(3):64-67.
    [69]王晓杰.基于互助担保联盟的中小企业集群融资研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2005:21-31.
    [70]张淑焕,陈志莲.基于集群理论的中小企业“融资链”问题探讨[J].商业经济与管理,2006,(5):66-69.
    [71]高连和.中小企业集群融资:模式创新、融资边界与竞争优势[J].经济社会体制比较(双月刊),2007,(3):92-97.
    [72]谢冰,蔡洋萍.基于集群效应的中小企业开发性融资模式创新[J].财经理论与实践(双月刊),2008,29(11):27-30.
    [73]曾繁英.企业集群治理及其投融资合作研究[D].长沙:湖南大学,2009:85-107.
    [74]孙耀吾,曾德明.基于技术标准合作的企业虚拟集群:内涵、特征与性质[J].中国软科学,2005,(9):98-104.
    [75]夏亚民,翟运开.基于虚拟产业集群的高新区产业发展与创新研究[J].武汉理工大学学报·信息与管理工程版,2007,29(4):107-108.
    [76]李运强,吴秋明.虚拟产业集群——一种新型的产业集群发展模式[J].华东经济管理,2006,(12):43-45.
    [77]郑也夫.信任论[M].北京:中国广播电视出版社,2001:24-29.
    [78]姜长云,孙同全,潘忠.中国中小企业互助担保机构的发展与前景.经济研究参考,2003,(69):2-19.
    [79] STIGLITZ J, WEISS A. Credit rationing in markets with imperfectinformation[J]. The American Economic Review,1981,71(6):393-410.
    [80] COASE R. The Nature of the Firm [J].Economica,1937,4(16):386-405.
    [81]肯尼斯.阿罗.信息经济学[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1989:157.
    [82]迈克尔.迪屈奇.交易成本经济学[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1999:29-44.
    [83]包亚明.布厄迪访谈录:文化资本与社会炼金术[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1997:202.
    [84] STIGLITZ, J.E.“Formal and informal institutions”, in Partha Dasgupta andIsmail Serageldin, eds., Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective,Washington D.C.: World Bank.1999:59-68.
    [85]弗朗西斯.福山.彭志华译.信任:社会美德与创造经济繁荣[M].海口:海南出版社,2001:30.
    [86]杰拉尔德.迈耶,约瑟夫.斯蒂格利茨.发展经济学前沿:未来展望[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2003:21.
    [87]卜长莉.社会资本与社会和谐[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005:85-100.
    [88]詹姆斯.S.科尔曼.邓方译.社会理论的基础[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999:354.
    [89] SHANNON C E. A mathematical theory of communication,Bell SystemTechnical Journal,1948,(27):379-429,623—656.
    [90] SHAPIRO C,VARIAN H R. Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to theNetwork Economy[J]. The Journal of Technology Transfer.1998,25(2):250-252.
    [91] UEDA, M. Banks versus venture capital: Project evaluation, screening, andexpropriation [J]. Journal of Finance,2004,59(2):601-621.
    [92] LERNER J. Venture capitalists and oversight of privately heldfirms[J].The Journal of Finance,1995,50(1):301-318.
    [93]郑伯埙.企业中上下属的信任关系[J].社会学研究.1999,(2):22-35.
    [94] DEUTSCH M. Trust and suspicion [J] The Journal of Conflict Resolution,1958,(2):265-279.
    [95] DEUTSCH M. Cooperation and trust: Some theoretical notes[J].Nebraskas ymposium on motivation,1962,(11):275-319.
    [96] ROTTER J B. Interpersonal trust, trustworthiness, and gullibility.American Psychologist,1980,(35):1-7.
    [97] LEWIS J D, WEIGERT A. Trust as a social reality [J].Social Forces,1985,63(4):967-985.
    [98] MAYER R C, DAVIS J H, SCHOORMAN F D. An integrative model oforganizational trust[J].Academy of Management Review.1995,20(3):709-734.
    [99] LUHMANN N. Trust and Power[M].Chichester: John Wiley&Sons Ltd,1979:16-40.
    [100]罗伯特·帕特南.使民主运转起来[M].南昌:江西人民出版社,2001:195.
    [101]弗朗西斯·福山.大分裂:人类本性与社会秩序的重建[M].刘榜离等译.北京:中国社会科学出版社.2002:18.
    [102] PETERSEN M A, RAJAN R G. Trade Credit: Theories and Evidence.TheReview of Financial Studies,1997,10(3):661-691.
    [103] BERGER A, UDELL F. Small Business and Debt Finance[M].International Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship, Handbook ofEntrepreneurship Research, Britain: Kluwer Academic Publishers,2003:299-330.
    [104]李大武.中小企业融资难的原因剖析及对策选择[J].金融研究,2001,(10):124-131.
    [105]李哲,赵芳.当前我国中小企业融资问题及对策[J].工业技术经济,2006,25(8):141-142.
    [106] WEBER M. The Religion of China:Confucianism and Taoism[J]. NewYork:The Free Press,1951:23-46.
    [107] WHITLEY R D. The social construction of business systems in East Asia.Organization Studies,1991,12(1):1-28.
    [108] ZUCKER L G. Production of trust:Institutional sources of economicstructure[J]. Research in Organizational Behavior1986:1840-1920.
    [109] LEWIS R J, BUNKER B B. Developing and maintaining trust in workingrelationships. In Kramer R M, Tyler T R. Trust in Organization: Frontiers ofTheory and Research[M]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications,1996:114-139.
    [110] NGUYEN T V.Learning to trust a strudy of interfirm trust dynamics inVietnam[J]. Journal of World Business,2005,40(2):203-221.
    [111]鄢章华,滕春贤,刘蕾.供应链信任传递机制及其均衡研究[J].管理科学,2010,(6):66-73.
    [112]乐国安,韩振华.信任的心理学研究与展望[J].西南大学学报(社会科学版),2009,35(2):1-5.
    [113] FEIXUE WANG, TOSHIO YAMAGISHI. Group-based trust and genderdifferences in China[J]. Asian Journal of Social Psychology,2005,(8):199-210.
    [114]曹淑芬.性别差异与信任关系[J].科学之友,2005,(10):242-251.
    [115] YANG C F. Psychocultural foundations of informal groups: the issues ofloyalty, sincerity, and trust[C]. Paper presented at the47th Annual Meetingof the Association of Asian Studies, Washington, D. C.1995,(4):6-9.
    [116]尼克拉斯.卢曼.翟铁鹏,李强译.信任:一个社会复杂性的简化机制[M].上海:上海世纪出版集团,2005:15-23.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700