侧壁偏角对膨胀节刚度与稳定性的影响
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摘要
国际膨胀节工业发展迅速,国外对膨胀节结构的研究和设计大量采用计算机数值模拟等手段,在疲劳寿命、蠕变分析、稳定性分析等方面进行了大量工作,并把最新研究结果体现到其标准体系中。尽管目前世界上许多几种膨胀节标准最初均以EJMA为基础,但其后续发展与完善均结合了各国自己的设计经验和研究成果,所以相互之间存在着很多差异,这给膨胀节设计者的设计与制造工作带来了一些麻烦。
本文首先对行业内常用的五种标准在适用范围、应力评定、失稳校核和疲劳寿命计算等方面进行对比分析。在比对分析过程中,发现EN13445和ASME对U形膨胀节的形状尺寸提出了较为详细的要求,内容包括了对圆弧半径、侧壁偏角、材料层数以及波高的限制。其中对侧壁偏角的限制要求尚未见其它标准提出。
其次,本论文采用数值模拟的方法,从强度、刚度和稳定性三个方面全面分析研究侧壁偏角的存在对U形波纹管性能的影响。为今后膨胀节标准的修订以及膨胀节的结构优化提供更多的参考。
最后,基于本文的有限元分析结果,考虑到更广泛的推广有限元法在工程实际中的应用,本文采用国际通用的VB汇编语言开发了U形波纹管刚度计算软件。对于很多不能熟练使用有限元分析软件的膨胀节设计者,有着一定的实际工程应用价值。
With the rapid development of the expansion joint industry, a large number of studies on the expansion joint in the aspects of fatigue life calculation, creep analysis and buckling check were performed by means of the computer numerical simulation, and the results were used for updating the expansion joint design code. Many expansion joint design standards in the world were originally based on the EJMA code, but the subsequent development combined with different design experience and research results of specific countries. Obviously, the difference of these standards troubles the designers in the design of the expansion.
Firstly, several standards for the design of expansion joint were compared in teams of application scope, stress evaluation, buckling check and fatigue calculation in this paper. It is found that EN13445 and ASME provide the most detailed structures and dimensions requirement for U-shaped bellows, which contained restriction of the arc radius, the off-set angle of the sidewall, the number of plies and the convolution height. Especially, the restriction of the off-set angle of the sidewall was never mentioned by other design standards.
Secondly, the influence of the sidewall off-set angle on capacities of U-shaped bellows was numerically studied in terms of strength, rigidity and stability. It is valuable for optimizing the expansion joint structure and revising the expansion joint design standards.
Finally, based on the calculated results, a software for the axial rigidity calculation of the U-shaped bellows was developed to facilitate engineering design of bellows. The software was programmed by working the visual basic programming language VB on the internationally used finite element program ANSYS. It is helpful for engineers to numerically design the U-shaped bellows without getting deep into the details of the finite element method.
本文首先对行业内常用的五种标准在适用范围、应力评定、失稳校核和疲劳寿命计算等方面进行对比分析。在比对分析过程中,发现EN13445和ASME对U形膨胀节的形状尺寸提出了较为详细的要求,内容包括了对圆弧半径、侧壁偏角、材料层数以及波高的限制。其中对侧壁偏角的限制要求尚未见其它标准提出。
其次,本论文采用数值模拟的方法,从强度、刚度和稳定性三个方面全面分析研究侧壁偏角的存在对U形波纹管性能的影响。为今后膨胀节标准的修订以及膨胀节的结构优化提供更多的参考。
最后,基于本文的有限元分析结果,考虑到更广泛的推广有限元法在工程实际中的应用,本文采用国际通用的VB汇编语言开发了U形波纹管刚度计算软件。对于很多不能熟练使用有限元分析软件的膨胀节设计者,有着一定的实际工程应用价值。
With the rapid development of the expansion joint industry, a large number of studies on the expansion joint in the aspects of fatigue life calculation, creep analysis and buckling check were performed by means of the computer numerical simulation, and the results were used for updating the expansion joint design code. Many expansion joint design standards in the world were originally based on the EJMA code, but the subsequent development combined with different design experience and research results of specific countries. Obviously, the difference of these standards troubles the designers in the design of the expansion.
Firstly, several standards for the design of expansion joint were compared in teams of application scope, stress evaluation, buckling check and fatigue calculation in this paper. It is found that EN13445 and ASME provide the most detailed structures and dimensions requirement for U-shaped bellows, which contained restriction of the arc radius, the off-set angle of the sidewall, the number of plies and the convolution height. Especially, the restriction of the off-set angle of the sidewall was never mentioned by other design standards.
Secondly, the influence of the sidewall off-set angle on capacities of U-shaped bellows was numerically studied in terms of strength, rigidity and stability. It is valuable for optimizing the expansion joint structure and revising the expansion joint design standards.
Finally, based on the calculated results, a software for the axial rigidity calculation of the U-shaped bellows was developed to facilitate engineering design of bellows. The software was programmed by working the visual basic programming language VB on the internationally used finite element program ANSYS. It is helpful for engineers to numerically design the U-shaped bellows without getting deep into the details of the finite element method.
引文
[1]李永生,李建国.波形膨胀节实用技术—设计、制造与应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000.191
[2]MURPHY G.Analysis of stress and displacements in heat exchanger expansion joints[J].Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers,1952,74(3):397-402
[3]C.比奇特,黎廷新、李建国译.用数值法和理论法预测波纹管的行为[J].波纹管膨胀节译文集,中国机械工程学会压力容器学会编,上海电力建设修造厂等出版单位协作出版:1-19
[4]CLARK R A.On theory of thin elastic toroidal shells[J].Journal of Mathematics Physicals,1950,29:146-177
[5]ANDERSON W F.Analysis of Stresses in Bellows[A].PattⅠ,Design Criteri and Test Result,NAA-SR-4527(Pt,Ⅰ)[C],United States Atomic Energy Commission,1964
[6]ANDERSON W F.Analysis of Stresses in Bellows[A].PartⅡ,Mathematics NAA-SR-4527(Pt,Ⅱ)[C],United States Atomic Energy Commission,1964
[7]钱伟长,郑思梁.轴对称圆环壳的复变量方程和轴对称细环壳的一般解[J].清华大学学报,1979,19(1):27-47
[8]刘岩,段玫,张道伟.波纹管应力分析研究进展[J].管道技术与设备,2006,(4):31-33
[9]史晓凌.U型波纹管在扭转载荷作用下的稳定性分析[D].北京:北京化工大学,2003
[10]BECHT I V C,SKOPP G.Stress analysis of bellows[J].ASME,Metallic Bellows and Expansion Joints,1981,51:11-27
[11]孙义冈.圆形波纹管的有限元法分析[J].工业汽轮机,1996,(4):1-8
[12]赵连生,王心丰,王银惠.用非线性有限元分析U形波纹管的强度[J].压力容器,1998,15(1):51-55
[13]陈晔,李永生,顾伯勤,等.用ANSYS软件对U形波纹管的有限元分析[J].压力容器,2000,17(3):34-36
[14]刘颖,徐鸿,高海涛,等.有限元法在膨胀节设计计算中的应用[J].压力容器,2001,18(2):30-33
[15]陈军,段云岭,杜效鹄,等.多层波纹管有限元接触分析方法研究[J].人民长江,2005,36(2):11-13
[16]贾志刚,寿比南,梅林涛,等.有限元方法在膨胀节强度分析中的应用[J].压力容器,2001,18(4):43-45
[17]何家胜,鲁录义,吴球红,等.单层及多层U形膨胀节轴向刚度有限元分析[J].石油化工设备,2004,33(5):25-27
[18]刘岩,段玫.碟形金属波纹管的轴向刚度研究[J].压力容器,2007,24(1):8-11
[19]段玫,钟玉平,金桂筠,等.波纹管带压刚度研究[J].舰船科学技术,2001,(2):55-59
[20]Y.Ooka,S.Yoshie,M.Morishita,et al.Dynamic Buckling Characteristics of Bellows under Pressure Waves[J].International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping,1990,44(1):137-158
[21]Y.Ooka,H.Ogawa.Simulative Analyses of Dynamic Buckling of Bellows[J].Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology,1996,118:129-136
[22]黎廷新,李添祥,罗小平.膨胀节承受压力下的失稳[J].石油化工设备,1998,27(6):9-14
[23]缪春生,赵建平,孙涛,等.波纹管膨胀节型式试验中平面失稳试验方法的讨论[A].见:第六届全国压力容器学术会议压力容器先进技术精选集[C].北京:机械工业出版社,2005,771-773
[24]钱逸,卢志明.我国波纹管膨胀节的技术发展[A].见:第六届全国膨胀节学术交流会议论文集[C].中国机械工程学会压力容器分会膨胀节专业委员会,青岛,1999
[25]钱逸,陈龙根.单层膨胀节在外压和内压下的失效[J].压力容器,1988,5(1):22-26
[26]Tsukimori K,Iwata K.The buckling behavior of U-shaped bellows under pressure loads[I].International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping,1990,44(1):365-380
[27]Iwata K,Tsukimori K,Kubo F,et al.A symmetric load stiffness matrix for buckling analysis of shell structures under pressure loads[J].International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping,1991,45:101-120
[28]K.Tsukimori K.Iuata A.Imazu Y.Ooka S.Koue,黎廷新,李建国译,波纹管内压失稳的一种简化分析方法及实验验证[J],波纹管膨胀节译文集,中国机械工程学会压力容器学会编,上海电力建设修造厂等出版单位协作出版,247-257
[29]史晓凌,徐鸿,寿比南.波纹管在扭转载荷下的稳定性分析[J].压力容器,2002,19(7):8-17
[30]张道伟,张巨,刘艳江,等.波纹管在外压—拉伸条件下的稳定性研究[J].压力容器,2004 21(4):13-26
[31]陈晔,李永生,顾伯勤,等.循环载荷下波纹管应变累积及平面失稳[J].石油化工设备,2001 30(5):24-27
[32]徐海涵,王心丰.用非线性有限元分析波纹管的扭转稳定性[J].压力容器,2001,18(5):20-23
[33]周强,李永生.膨胀节的计算机辅助设计及参数化绘图系统[J].管道技术与设备,2000,(6):4-10
[34]岳希.用Visual Lisp开发波纹管膨胀节设计软件[J].管道技术与设备,2002,(6):5-8
[35]郭道宜,李永生.基于SolidWorks的波形膨胀节三维参数化绘图软件的开发[J].压力容器,2006,23(8):36-39
[36]ASME boiler and pressure vessel code,section Ⅷ[S].2004
[37]Standards of the expansion joint manufacture association Inc,7th edition[S].1998
[38]GB/T12777-1999.金属波纹管膨胀节通用技术条件[S].1999
[39]GB16749-1997.压力容器波形膨胀节[S].1997
[40]European Standard EN13445-UnfiredPressure Vessels[S].2002
[41]高海涛,钱才富,刘颖,等.膨胀节标准简述[J].化工机械,2001,28(2):106-109
[42]李添祥,黎庭新,罗小平.膨胀节EJMA标准新版设计算式改动的述评[J].压力容器,1999,16(5):1-4
[43]黄志新.卧螺离心机螺旋输送器结构、强度及其转鼓内的流场研究[D].北京:北京化工大学,2006
[44]陆明万,徐鸿。分析设计中若干重要问题的讨论(一)[J].压力容器,2006,23(1):15-19
[45]ANSYS结构非线性分析指南,安世亚太培训手册
[46]刘炳文,许蔓舒.Visual BASIC程序设计教程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000.3-5
[47]博弈创作室.APDL参数化有限元分析技术及其应用实例[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004.1
[2]MURPHY G.Analysis of stress and displacements in heat exchanger expansion joints[J].Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers,1952,74(3):397-402
[3]C.比奇特,黎廷新、李建国译.用数值法和理论法预测波纹管的行为[J].波纹管膨胀节译文集,中国机械工程学会压力容器学会编,上海电力建设修造厂等出版单位协作出版:1-19
[4]CLARK R A.On theory of thin elastic toroidal shells[J].Journal of Mathematics Physicals,1950,29:146-177
[5]ANDERSON W F.Analysis of Stresses in Bellows[A].PattⅠ,Design Criteri and Test Result,NAA-SR-4527(Pt,Ⅰ)[C],United States Atomic Energy Commission,1964
[6]ANDERSON W F.Analysis of Stresses in Bellows[A].PartⅡ,Mathematics NAA-SR-4527(Pt,Ⅱ)[C],United States Atomic Energy Commission,1964
[7]钱伟长,郑思梁.轴对称圆环壳的复变量方程和轴对称细环壳的一般解[J].清华大学学报,1979,19(1):27-47
[8]刘岩,段玫,张道伟.波纹管应力分析研究进展[J].管道技术与设备,2006,(4):31-33
[9]史晓凌.U型波纹管在扭转载荷作用下的稳定性分析[D].北京:北京化工大学,2003
[10]BECHT I V C,SKOPP G.Stress analysis of bellows[J].ASME,Metallic Bellows and Expansion Joints,1981,51:11-27
[11]孙义冈.圆形波纹管的有限元法分析[J].工业汽轮机,1996,(4):1-8
[12]赵连生,王心丰,王银惠.用非线性有限元分析U形波纹管的强度[J].压力容器,1998,15(1):51-55
[13]陈晔,李永生,顾伯勤,等.用ANSYS软件对U形波纹管的有限元分析[J].压力容器,2000,17(3):34-36
[14]刘颖,徐鸿,高海涛,等.有限元法在膨胀节设计计算中的应用[J].压力容器,2001,18(2):30-33
[15]陈军,段云岭,杜效鹄,等.多层波纹管有限元接触分析方法研究[J].人民长江,2005,36(2):11-13
[16]贾志刚,寿比南,梅林涛,等.有限元方法在膨胀节强度分析中的应用[J].压力容器,2001,18(4):43-45
[17]何家胜,鲁录义,吴球红,等.单层及多层U形膨胀节轴向刚度有限元分析[J].石油化工设备,2004,33(5):25-27
[18]刘岩,段玫.碟形金属波纹管的轴向刚度研究[J].压力容器,2007,24(1):8-11
[19]段玫,钟玉平,金桂筠,等.波纹管带压刚度研究[J].舰船科学技术,2001,(2):55-59
[20]Y.Ooka,S.Yoshie,M.Morishita,et al.Dynamic Buckling Characteristics of Bellows under Pressure Waves[J].International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping,1990,44(1):137-158
[21]Y.Ooka,H.Ogawa.Simulative Analyses of Dynamic Buckling of Bellows[J].Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology,1996,118:129-136
[22]黎廷新,李添祥,罗小平.膨胀节承受压力下的失稳[J].石油化工设备,1998,27(6):9-14
[23]缪春生,赵建平,孙涛,等.波纹管膨胀节型式试验中平面失稳试验方法的讨论[A].见:第六届全国压力容器学术会议压力容器先进技术精选集[C].北京:机械工业出版社,2005,771-773
[24]钱逸,卢志明.我国波纹管膨胀节的技术发展[A].见:第六届全国膨胀节学术交流会议论文集[C].中国机械工程学会压力容器分会膨胀节专业委员会,青岛,1999
[25]钱逸,陈龙根.单层膨胀节在外压和内压下的失效[J].压力容器,1988,5(1):22-26
[26]Tsukimori K,Iwata K.The buckling behavior of U-shaped bellows under pressure loads[I].International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping,1990,44(1):365-380
[27]Iwata K,Tsukimori K,Kubo F,et al.A symmetric load stiffness matrix for buckling analysis of shell structures under pressure loads[J].International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping,1991,45:101-120
[28]K.Tsukimori K.Iuata A.Imazu Y.Ooka S.Koue,黎廷新,李建国译,波纹管内压失稳的一种简化分析方法及实验验证[J],波纹管膨胀节译文集,中国机械工程学会压力容器学会编,上海电力建设修造厂等出版单位协作出版,247-257
[29]史晓凌,徐鸿,寿比南.波纹管在扭转载荷下的稳定性分析[J].压力容器,2002,19(7):8-17
[30]张道伟,张巨,刘艳江,等.波纹管在外压—拉伸条件下的稳定性研究[J].压力容器,2004 21(4):13-26
[31]陈晔,李永生,顾伯勤,等.循环载荷下波纹管应变累积及平面失稳[J].石油化工设备,2001 30(5):24-27
[32]徐海涵,王心丰.用非线性有限元分析波纹管的扭转稳定性[J].压力容器,2001,18(5):20-23
[33]周强,李永生.膨胀节的计算机辅助设计及参数化绘图系统[J].管道技术与设备,2000,(6):4-10
[34]岳希.用Visual Lisp开发波纹管膨胀节设计软件[J].管道技术与设备,2002,(6):5-8
[35]郭道宜,李永生.基于SolidWorks的波形膨胀节三维参数化绘图软件的开发[J].压力容器,2006,23(8):36-39
[36]ASME boiler and pressure vessel code,section Ⅷ[S].2004
[37]Standards of the expansion joint manufacture association Inc,7th edition[S].1998
[38]GB/T12777-1999.金属波纹管膨胀节通用技术条件[S].1999
[39]GB16749-1997.压力容器波形膨胀节[S].1997
[40]European Standard EN13445-UnfiredPressure Vessels[S].2002
[41]高海涛,钱才富,刘颖,等.膨胀节标准简述[J].化工机械,2001,28(2):106-109
[42]李添祥,黎庭新,罗小平.膨胀节EJMA标准新版设计算式改动的述评[J].压力容器,1999,16(5):1-4
[43]黄志新.卧螺离心机螺旋输送器结构、强度及其转鼓内的流场研究[D].北京:北京化工大学,2006
[44]陆明万,徐鸿。分析设计中若干重要问题的讨论(一)[J].压力容器,2006,23(1):15-19
[45]ANSYS结构非线性分析指南,安世亚太培训手册
[46]刘炳文,许蔓舒.Visual BASIC程序设计教程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2000.3-5
[47]博弈创作室.APDL参数化有限元分析技术及其应用实例[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004.1