围产期健康奶牛与酮病、亚临床低钙血症病牛血液代谢谱的比较与分析
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摘要
围产期（又称过渡期）奶牛经历妊娠-分娩-泌乳的一系列生理变动。尤其是高产奶牛在妊娠后期和泌乳初期能量需求和生理变动更加剧烈，一旦机体由于生理或病理性因素无法及时做出适应性调整，便有可能引发酮病、脂肪肝和低钙血症等生产性疾病。随着奶牛泌乳量的大幅增加和养殖业集约化程度的不断提高，使得酮病和亚临床低钙血症等疾病的发生往往具有群发性特征，该类疾病不仅能引起奶产量下降，而且酮病和亚临床低钙血症也增加了奶牛对其它疾病的易感性，对奶牛业影响巨大。因此，开展营养代谢状态的群体监测显得尤为必要。处在不同生理阶段的围产期奶牛代谢状态亦不同，监测可作为围产期奶牛代谢谱的相关血液生化指标，便有可能对围产期奶牛的营养代谢状态做出评价，在预测、预报酮病和低钙血症等生产性疾病中具有重要意义。有研究者提出了通过定期检测血液、尿液和乳中的某些成份，以评价畜群或个体营养状态，预警营养代谢障碍性疾病的“凯谱顿代谢谱”（camptonmetabolic profiles）。
血液指标及体况评分已经被认为是监测围产期奶牛群体健康和预测奶牛群体患病风险的主要依据。例如，监测能量代谢是否平衡的主要生理学参数包括GLU、NEFA、BHBA以及体况评分的改变等，并已确定了这些指标的预先定义范围。虽然其它的一些血液生化指标参数目前还没有被用做常规群体健康监测体系，但这并不意味着这些指标不重要，而是对于这些指标目前还没有确切的定义范围。本研究利用生物化学和ELISA方法，旨在通过检测围产期健康奶牛血液中糖、脂肪、蛋白质、矿物元素代谢及胰岛素敏感性、炎症反应等相关指标，确定可作为围产期健康、酮病和亚临床低钙血症奶牛代谢谱的相关血液生化指标的变动范围和变动规律，为运用代谢监测评价围产期奶牛营养代谢状态，预测、预报围产期奶牛生产性疾病提供理论和试验依据。
围产期健康奶牛血液生化指标的变动：结果表明，围产期奶牛普遍存在生理性能量和钙负平衡，胰岛素敏感性降低，肝脏的正常功能受到一定程度的影响。确定了妊娠后期、分娩和泌乳初期奶牛血液中能量和矿物元素代谢、激素、细胞因子及急性期反应蛋白等指标的变动范围及规律；与围产期生理变动密切相关的指标主要有：NEFA、BHBA、RQUICKI、TG、TBIL、DBIL、IBIL、AST、GGT、LP、Ⅰ C TP、IL-6、IL-8、HP、SAA、HYP、1,25(OH)2D3、PTH以及Ca、Mg、K和Zn等。围产期奶牛，尤其是临近分娩期，血液中细胞因子（IL-1、IL-6和IL-8等）水平及Zn浓度下降，急性期反应蛋白（如HP和SAA等）浓度较高，可能与该时期奶牛免疫力低下有关。
建立合理和切实有效的奶牛酮病和亚临床低钙血症群体监测体系对于预防和及时诊断该类疾病具有重要的现实意义。本研究在确定围产期奶牛代谢谱的相关指标变动范围和变动规律的基础上，运用预防医学的观点和理论，通过临床检查并结合生物化学和ELISA方法，检测、比较了群体水平围产期健康奶牛与酮病和亚临床低钙血症奶牛血液中糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢等相关指标的差异，并进行相关性分析，筛选具有诊断价值的特异性指标，利用受试者工作特征曲线（receiver operating characteristic curve，ROC曲线）对相关指标在奶牛酮病和亚临床低钙血症诊断中的效用进行比较，并在此基础上确定临界值（cut-point），以期为围产期奶牛酮病、亚临床低钙血症的诊断和群体监测提供有效的数据支持。
酮病奶牛血液代谢参数的评价：结果表明，奶牛酮病多发生于产后1-3周，以产后1周发病比例最高，因此，产后3周内泌乳牛群是酮病监测的重点。酮病奶牛胰岛素敏感性降低，肝功能指标轻度异常，存在免疫抑制现象。血液NEFA、BHBA和GLU浓度是监测酮病奶牛能量代谢状态的首选指标，初步确定RQUICKI、AST、AST/ALT、LDH、DBIL、TBIL和CREA是可用于酮病诊断和群体监测的辅助指标，并确定了其可能的cut-point值。
此外，在前期对围产期和酮病奶牛筛选的过程中，发现部分奶牛存在高血糖、高胰岛素和高BHBA现象，据此，本研究中将低糖、低胰岛素的Ⅰ型酮病与Ⅱ型奶牛酮病进行比较。结果表明，Ⅱ型酮病奶牛比Ⅰ型酮病奶牛存在较为严重肝功能、组织损伤和胰岛素抵抗；奶牛Ⅱ型酮病与脂肪肝的发生密切相关。
亚临床低钙血症奶牛血液代谢参数的分析：结果表明，与健康奶牛相比，亚临床低钙血症奶牛在泌乳初期存在更加严重的能量负平衡，这也可能是亚临床低钙血症奶牛易感酮病和脂肪肝等能量代谢障碍性疾病的主要原因。在群体水平，亚临床低钙血症奶牛部分血清酶学指标（AST/ALT、GGT）和促炎因子以及急性期反应蛋白（HP、SAA）显著升高，表明奶牛亚临床低钙血症过程中存在一定程度的炎症和肝细胞损伤。高P、低Mg是引起或加剧奶牛钙负平衡的风险因素，可能“钝化”PTH作用，抑制1,25(OH)2D3的合成，导致肠钙和骨钙吸收以及肾脏对钙的重吸收减少，进而引起血钙浓度下降。亚临床低钙血症奶牛血液中Zn浓度降低，可能与罹患该病奶牛免疫抑制有关。TRAP和GGT是评价亚临床低钙血症代谢状态的辅助指标，并确定了其可能的cut-point值。
总之，围产期奶牛经历一系列生理变动，而糖、脂、蛋白质和矿物元素等代谢过程不是彼此孤立的，存在着错综复杂的相互作用，诸多因素可影响奶牛个体或群体代谢状态，采用单一监测指标的做法是不可取的，选择数种指标组合监测才有可能提供可靠的诊断信息。
The periparturient period (also called the transition period) of4weeks before and4weeksafter calving from the pregnant, nonlactating state to the nonpregnant, lactating state is often adisastrous experience for the cow. High producing dairy cows struggle to meet energy demandsand handle various transitional changes during late gestation and early lactation. Once the bodycan not respond correspondingly because of physiological and pathological factors, which willcause production diseases such as ketosis, fatty liver and hypocalcemia and so on. With theincreasing of intensive degree of modern dairy cattle farming industry, production diseases of thetransition cow were characterized by herd epidemic, resulting in decreasing milk yield andincreasing the susceptibility to other disease, which has a tremendous impact on dairy cowindustry. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the herd monitoring of nutritional and metabolicstatus. Different physiological stages experience different nutritional and metabolic status ofperiparturient dairy cows, and monitoring blood biochemical indexes of metabolic profiles mayevaluate nutritional and metabolic status of this period, and forecast and warn production diseasesof the transition cow. Therefore, using “campton metabolic profiles” by detecting termly somecomponents in blood, urine and milk could evaluate nutritional and metabolic status of individualand group, and warn an occurrence of metabolic diseases.
Blood profiles and changes in body condition (BCS) have been used to monitor metabolicdisturbances around parturition and, in early lactation, to investigate problem herds as well as topredict the risk of diseases such as ketosis and subclinical hypocalcemia. Parameters used tomonitor imbalances in energy metabolism included glucose (GLU), non-esterified fatty acids(NEFA), betahydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in blood and BCS. This key indicator for each of theseparameters, when they are used to monitor herd health, is the proportion of cows outside apre-defined range. Although other blood biochemical indicators have not be used for routinemonitoring system, which does not mean that they are trivial indexes, only due to lacking of theexact defined range. To monitor glucose, lipid, protein, mineral element metabolism, insulinsensitivity and inflammatory in blood of healthy periparturient dairy cows, we need do the firstthing that it is definiting a range and rule of fluctuation of blood biochemical indexes in healthyperiparturient dairy cows, which can provide theoretical and experimental basis for utilizingmetabolic monitoring to evaluate nutritional and metabolic status, forecast and warn productivediseases in periparturient dairy cows.
The change of blood metabolic parameters in periparturient dairy cows: The resultsshowed that essentially all dairy cattle experience a period of negative energy and calcium balance,decreasing insulin sensitivity, and affected normal function of liver during the periparturientperiod. We also definited the range and rule of fluctuation of energy and mineral elementmetabolism, hormone, cytokines, and acutephasicprotein in dairy cows during late pregnancy,parturition and early lactating. The indicators include NEFA, BHBA, RQUICKI, TG, TBIL, DBIL,IBIL, AST, GGT, LP, ⅠC TP, IL-6, IL-8, HP, SAA, HYP,1,25(OH)2D3, PTH, Ca, Mg, K and Zn.Periparturient dairy cows, especially near parturition, the levels of cytokines (IL-1, IL-6and IL-8)and Zn concentration decrease, the levels of acutephasicprotein (HP and SAA) were high, whichmay be related to low immunity of dairy cows in this period.
On the basis of definiting the range and rule of fluctuation of blood metabolic profiles inperiparturient dairy cows, we measured and compared the difference of glucose, lipid, and proteinmetabolism-related analytes in healthy, ketotic and subclinically hypocalcemic cows of transitionperiod using the viewpoint and theory of preventive medicine by clinical examination,biochemical methods and ELISA. We also carried out the correlation analysis and screened someindexes that are of diagnostic value. In addition, the usefulness of relative indicators in diagnosingketotic and subclinical hypocalcemic is compared by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROCcurve), and the cut-point was determined, which provide the efficient data support for thediagnosis and herd monitoring of ketosis and subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows during theperiparturient period.
The evaluation of blood metabolic parameters in ketotic dairy cows: The results showedthat ketosis is still quite common to occur at1-3weeks postpartum, especially at1weekpostpartum. Therefore, testing programs with the objective of monitoring the prevalence of ketosisshould focus on the first3weeks postpartum. Ketotic cows are characterized by reduced insulinsensitivity, abnormal liver function index and immunosuppression. The concentrations of NEFA,BHBA and GLU in blood are the major indexes for monitoring energy metabolism state of ketoticdairy cows. We initially confirmed some sensitive indexes for diagnosing ketosis and herdmonitoring, such as RQUICKI, AST, AST/ALT, LDH, DBIL, TBIL and CREA, and theircut-point.
In addition, during the screening process of periparturient and ketotic dairy cows, we foundtwo quite different types of ketosis can occur, the hypoglycaemic-hypoinsulinaemic andhyperglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic type. According to this, we compared Type I (the former) withII (the latter) ketosis. The results indicated that compared with Type I ketotic dairy cows, Type IIketotic dairy cows have a marked change of liver function and tissues, and insulin resistance. Theoccurrence of Type II ketosis in dairy cows was closely related to fatty liver.
The analysis of blood metabolic parameters in subclinical hypocalcemic dairy cows: Theresults showed that compared with the healthy dairy cows, subclinical hypocalcemic dairy cowshave more serious negative energy balance, which may be the key reason of subclinical hypocalcemic dairy cows susceptible to energy metabolism diseases, such as ketosis and fatty liver.Some serum enzyme parameters (AST/ALT and GGT), pro-inflammatory factor andacutephasicprotein (HP and SSA) showed a significant rise, which indicated that the course ofsubclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows exist inflammation and hepatocyte injury. Highconcentration of P and low concentration of Mg in blood are both risk factors for causing and/oraggravating negative calcium balance. Compared with the healthy cows, subclinical hypocalcemiccows displayed a blunted PTH response to, at least in part, the decline of blood Ca levels, resultingfrom inhibition of the synthesis of1,25(OH)2D3, and suppression Ca absorption from intestine,reabsorption from kidneys, and resorption from bone. The decreasing of Zn concentration inserum may have association with immunosuppression in subclinically hypocalcemic cows. TRAPand GGT are the sensitive indexes for evaluating metabolism condition of subclinicallyhypocalcemic dairy cows, and also we have definited cut-point.
In conclusion, periparturient dairy cows experience a series of physiological perturbance, andthe metabolic process of glucose, lipid, protein and mineral elements have interactional relations.Many factors can influence metabolic condition of individual and group. It is unreasonable toadopt single monitoring index. The combination of some parameters are reliable for diagnosingand monitoring production diseases of the transition cow.
血液指标及体况评分已经被认为是监测围产期奶牛群体健康和预测奶牛群体患病风险的主要依据。例如，监测能量代谢是否平衡的主要生理学参数包括GLU、NEFA、BHBA以及体况评分的改变等，并已确定了这些指标的预先定义范围。虽然其它的一些血液生化指标参数目前还没有被用做常规群体健康监测体系，但这并不意味着这些指标不重要，而是对于这些指标目前还没有确切的定义范围。本研究利用生物化学和ELISA方法，旨在通过检测围产期健康奶牛血液中糖、脂肪、蛋白质、矿物元素代谢及胰岛素敏感性、炎症反应等相关指标，确定可作为围产期健康、酮病和亚临床低钙血症奶牛代谢谱的相关血液生化指标的变动范围和变动规律，为运用代谢监测评价围产期奶牛营养代谢状态，预测、预报围产期奶牛生产性疾病提供理论和试验依据。
围产期健康奶牛血液生化指标的变动：结果表明，围产期奶牛普遍存在生理性能量和钙负平衡，胰岛素敏感性降低，肝脏的正常功能受到一定程度的影响。确定了妊娠后期、分娩和泌乳初期奶牛血液中能量和矿物元素代谢、激素、细胞因子及急性期反应蛋白等指标的变动范围及规律；与围产期生理变动密切相关的指标主要有：NEFA、BHBA、RQUICKI、TG、TBIL、DBIL、IBIL、AST、GGT、LP、Ⅰ C TP、IL-6、IL-8、HP、SAA、HYP、1,25(OH)2D3、PTH以及Ca、Mg、K和Zn等。围产期奶牛，尤其是临近分娩期，血液中细胞因子（IL-1、IL-6和IL-8等）水平及Zn浓度下降，急性期反应蛋白（如HP和SAA等）浓度较高，可能与该时期奶牛免疫力低下有关。
建立合理和切实有效的奶牛酮病和亚临床低钙血症群体监测体系对于预防和及时诊断该类疾病具有重要的现实意义。本研究在确定围产期奶牛代谢谱的相关指标变动范围和变动规律的基础上，运用预防医学的观点和理论，通过临床检查并结合生物化学和ELISA方法，检测、比较了群体水平围产期健康奶牛与酮病和亚临床低钙血症奶牛血液中糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢等相关指标的差异，并进行相关性分析，筛选具有诊断价值的特异性指标，利用受试者工作特征曲线（receiver operating characteristic curve，ROC曲线）对相关指标在奶牛酮病和亚临床低钙血症诊断中的效用进行比较，并在此基础上确定临界值（cut-point），以期为围产期奶牛酮病、亚临床低钙血症的诊断和群体监测提供有效的数据支持。
酮病奶牛血液代谢参数的评价：结果表明，奶牛酮病多发生于产后1-3周，以产后1周发病比例最高，因此，产后3周内泌乳牛群是酮病监测的重点。酮病奶牛胰岛素敏感性降低，肝功能指标轻度异常，存在免疫抑制现象。血液NEFA、BHBA和GLU浓度是监测酮病奶牛能量代谢状态的首选指标，初步确定RQUICKI、AST、AST/ALT、LDH、DBIL、TBIL和CREA是可用于酮病诊断和群体监测的辅助指标，并确定了其可能的cut-point值。
此外，在前期对围产期和酮病奶牛筛选的过程中，发现部分奶牛存在高血糖、高胰岛素和高BHBA现象，据此，本研究中将低糖、低胰岛素的Ⅰ型酮病与Ⅱ型奶牛酮病进行比较。结果表明，Ⅱ型酮病奶牛比Ⅰ型酮病奶牛存在较为严重肝功能、组织损伤和胰岛素抵抗；奶牛Ⅱ型酮病与脂肪肝的发生密切相关。
亚临床低钙血症奶牛血液代谢参数的分析：结果表明，与健康奶牛相比，亚临床低钙血症奶牛在泌乳初期存在更加严重的能量负平衡，这也可能是亚临床低钙血症奶牛易感酮病和脂肪肝等能量代谢障碍性疾病的主要原因。在群体水平，亚临床低钙血症奶牛部分血清酶学指标（AST/ALT、GGT）和促炎因子以及急性期反应蛋白（HP、SAA）显著升高，表明奶牛亚临床低钙血症过程中存在一定程度的炎症和肝细胞损伤。高P、低Mg是引起或加剧奶牛钙负平衡的风险因素，可能“钝化”PTH作用，抑制1,25(OH)2D3的合成，导致肠钙和骨钙吸收以及肾脏对钙的重吸收减少，进而引起血钙浓度下降。亚临床低钙血症奶牛血液中Zn浓度降低，可能与罹患该病奶牛免疫抑制有关。TRAP和GGT是评价亚临床低钙血症代谢状态的辅助指标，并确定了其可能的cut-point值。
总之，围产期奶牛经历一系列生理变动，而糖、脂、蛋白质和矿物元素等代谢过程不是彼此孤立的，存在着错综复杂的相互作用，诸多因素可影响奶牛个体或群体代谢状态，采用单一监测指标的做法是不可取的，选择数种指标组合监测才有可能提供可靠的诊断信息。
The periparturient period (also called the transition period) of4weeks before and4weeksafter calving from the pregnant, nonlactating state to the nonpregnant, lactating state is often adisastrous experience for the cow. High producing dairy cows struggle to meet energy demandsand handle various transitional changes during late gestation and early lactation. Once the bodycan not respond correspondingly because of physiological and pathological factors, which willcause production diseases such as ketosis, fatty liver and hypocalcemia and so on. With theincreasing of intensive degree of modern dairy cattle farming industry, production diseases of thetransition cow were characterized by herd epidemic, resulting in decreasing milk yield andincreasing the susceptibility to other disease, which has a tremendous impact on dairy cowindustry. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the herd monitoring of nutritional and metabolicstatus. Different physiological stages experience different nutritional and metabolic status ofperiparturient dairy cows, and monitoring blood biochemical indexes of metabolic profiles mayevaluate nutritional and metabolic status of this period, and forecast and warn production diseasesof the transition cow. Therefore, using “campton metabolic profiles” by detecting termly somecomponents in blood, urine and milk could evaluate nutritional and metabolic status of individualand group, and warn an occurrence of metabolic diseases.
Blood profiles and changes in body condition (BCS) have been used to monitor metabolicdisturbances around parturition and, in early lactation, to investigate problem herds as well as topredict the risk of diseases such as ketosis and subclinical hypocalcemia. Parameters used tomonitor imbalances in energy metabolism included glucose (GLU), non-esterified fatty acids(NEFA), betahydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in blood and BCS. This key indicator for each of theseparameters, when they are used to monitor herd health, is the proportion of cows outside apre-defined range. Although other blood biochemical indicators have not be used for routinemonitoring system, which does not mean that they are trivial indexes, only due to lacking of theexact defined range. To monitor glucose, lipid, protein, mineral element metabolism, insulinsensitivity and inflammatory in blood of healthy periparturient dairy cows, we need do the firstthing that it is definiting a range and rule of fluctuation of blood biochemical indexes in healthyperiparturient dairy cows, which can provide theoretical and experimental basis for utilizingmetabolic monitoring to evaluate nutritional and metabolic status, forecast and warn productivediseases in periparturient dairy cows.
The change of blood metabolic parameters in periparturient dairy cows: The resultsshowed that essentially all dairy cattle experience a period of negative energy and calcium balance,decreasing insulin sensitivity, and affected normal function of liver during the periparturientperiod. We also definited the range and rule of fluctuation of energy and mineral elementmetabolism, hormone, cytokines, and acutephasicprotein in dairy cows during late pregnancy,parturition and early lactating. The indicators include NEFA, BHBA, RQUICKI, TG, TBIL, DBIL,IBIL, AST, GGT, LP, ⅠC TP, IL-6, IL-8, HP, SAA, HYP,1,25(OH)2D3, PTH, Ca, Mg, K and Zn.Periparturient dairy cows, especially near parturition, the levels of cytokines (IL-1, IL-6and IL-8)and Zn concentration decrease, the levels of acutephasicprotein (HP and SAA) were high, whichmay be related to low immunity of dairy cows in this period.
On the basis of definiting the range and rule of fluctuation of blood metabolic profiles inperiparturient dairy cows, we measured and compared the difference of glucose, lipid, and proteinmetabolism-related analytes in healthy, ketotic and subclinically hypocalcemic cows of transitionperiod using the viewpoint and theory of preventive medicine by clinical examination,biochemical methods and ELISA. We also carried out the correlation analysis and screened someindexes that are of diagnostic value. In addition, the usefulness of relative indicators in diagnosingketotic and subclinical hypocalcemic is compared by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROCcurve), and the cut-point was determined, which provide the efficient data support for thediagnosis and herd monitoring of ketosis and subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows during theperiparturient period.
The evaluation of blood metabolic parameters in ketotic dairy cows: The results showedthat ketosis is still quite common to occur at1-3weeks postpartum, especially at1weekpostpartum. Therefore, testing programs with the objective of monitoring the prevalence of ketosisshould focus on the first3weeks postpartum. Ketotic cows are characterized by reduced insulinsensitivity, abnormal liver function index and immunosuppression. The concentrations of NEFA,BHBA and GLU in blood are the major indexes for monitoring energy metabolism state of ketoticdairy cows. We initially confirmed some sensitive indexes for diagnosing ketosis and herdmonitoring, such as RQUICKI, AST, AST/ALT, LDH, DBIL, TBIL and CREA, and theircut-point.
In addition, during the screening process of periparturient and ketotic dairy cows, we foundtwo quite different types of ketosis can occur, the hypoglycaemic-hypoinsulinaemic andhyperglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic type. According to this, we compared Type I (the former) withII (the latter) ketosis. The results indicated that compared with Type I ketotic dairy cows, Type IIketotic dairy cows have a marked change of liver function and tissues, and insulin resistance. Theoccurrence of Type II ketosis in dairy cows was closely related to fatty liver.
The analysis of blood metabolic parameters in subclinical hypocalcemic dairy cows: Theresults showed that compared with the healthy dairy cows, subclinical hypocalcemic dairy cowshave more serious negative energy balance, which may be the key reason of subclinical hypocalcemic dairy cows susceptible to energy metabolism diseases, such as ketosis and fatty liver.Some serum enzyme parameters (AST/ALT and GGT), pro-inflammatory factor andacutephasicprotein (HP and SSA) showed a significant rise, which indicated that the course ofsubclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows exist inflammation and hepatocyte injury. Highconcentration of P and low concentration of Mg in blood are both risk factors for causing and/oraggravating negative calcium balance. Compared with the healthy cows, subclinical hypocalcemiccows displayed a blunted PTH response to, at least in part, the decline of blood Ca levels, resultingfrom inhibition of the synthesis of1,25(OH)2D3, and suppression Ca absorption from intestine,reabsorption from kidneys, and resorption from bone. The decreasing of Zn concentration inserum may have association with immunosuppression in subclinically hypocalcemic cows. TRAPand GGT are the sensitive indexes for evaluating metabolism condition of subclinicallyhypocalcemic dairy cows, and also we have definited cut-point.
In conclusion, periparturient dairy cows experience a series of physiological perturbance, andthe metabolic process of glucose, lipid, protein and mineral elements have interactional relations.Many factors can influence metabolic condition of individual and group. It is unreasonable toadopt single monitoring index. The combination of some parameters are reliable for diagnosingand monitoring production diseases of the transition cow.
引文
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