烟酸和烟酸铬对奶牛热应激和犊牛断奶应激的影响
|
摘要
本试验研究了烟酸和烟酸铬对奶牛热应激和犊牛断奶应激的影响，并对其机制进行了初步探讨，为烟酸和烟酸铬在生产实践中的应用提供理论依据。
试验Ⅰ：用36头泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛按配对原则等数分为对照组、烟酸组和烟酸铬组。对照组为基础日粮，烟酸组在基础日粮中添加800mg／kg的烟酸，烟酸铬组在基础日粮中添加10mg／kg的烟酸铬。试验期60天。结果表明：在热应激条件下，烟酸和烟酸铬可以提高奶牛的粗饲料采食量和减缓产奶量下降；使用烟酸铬、烟酸，试验组奶牛产奶量比对照组分别提高12.02％(p＜0.05)、4.86％；在日粮中添加烟酸铬，可以提高乳脂5％、乳蛋白2.8％、非脂固形物1.8％；可提高血清PRL、T_3、T_4激素水平(p＜0.05)，可降低皮质醇8.8％(p＜0.05)，对胰高血糖素影响不明显(p＞0.05)。在日粮中添加烟酸，T_3、T_4水平分别比对照组提高22.22％(p＜0.05)和11.46％，PRL水平比对照组提高14.27％(p＜0.05)，皮质醇激素水平与对照组、烟酸铬组都差异不显著(p＞0.05)，胰高血糖素水平比对照组提高了3.12％。
试验Ⅱ：选择2～4胎次泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛15头，按照配对原则分为对照组、烟酸组和烟酸铬组。对照组为基础日粮，烟酸和烟酸铬的添加剂量和添加方式同试验Ⅰ。具体分为两个试验：试验A是烟酸组和烟酸铬组的自身对照试验；试验B是三组配对饲养试验，试验期75天。试验A的结果表明：日粮中添加烟酸对乳酸度、柠檬酸含量、总固形物试期比试前分别提高9.1％、28.6％、4.7％，烟酸铬使乳酸度、柠檬酸含量、总固形
物试期比试前分别提高7．3％、30．8％、4．2％；而对生产性能、血液生化和
免疫指标影响不明显O功刀5）试验B的结果显示：（）日粮中添加烟酸和
烟酸铬试验牛粗料采食量明显比不添加分别提高0．4％、1．2％；Q）日粮中
添加烟酸、烟酸铬使奶牛在炎热天气下体温上升幅度相对较小，而对皮温
影响不显著中功刀5入 同时烟酸铬还可以在奶牛热应激状态下保持其正常
的呼吸率；3）日粮中添加烟酸和烟酸铬则使产奶量下降幅度较小，烟酸
铬可以减缓炎热天气下奶牛的乳脂下降趋势，与对照组，烟酸组相比效果
显著厂叼．05＼烟酸和烟酸铬可以减缓炎热大气下奶牛的乳蛋白下降趋势；
烟酸使乳酸度、柠檬酸含量试期比试前分别提高1．2％、6．3％；烟酸铬则使
乳酸度、柠檬酸含量试期比试前分别提高5．2％、23％。而对照组乳酸度、
柠檬酸含量试验前后无变化；使用烟酸J酸铬使乳中挥发性脂肪酸与对照
组相比显著提高中叼刀5人N）烟酸和烟酸铬维持热应激下奶牛血清T卜
T4、COR、PRL水平的基本恒定，从而减缓热应激对奶牛的影响；u）烟
酸和烟酸铬对血清葡萄糖水平无影响中列刀5人 显著降低因高温而上升的
尿素氮和胆固醇水平中叼刀5人 同时使甘油三脂水平试期比试前分别下降
11％、3二％；历）烟酸和烟酸铬显著提高血液中白细胞数目中＜0刀5人 同
时，烟酸铬也显著提高淋巴细胞百分比中＜0刀5人而对血液中其它细胞无
显著影响（p＞0刀5）。
试验＊：选用三月龄断奶荷斯坦犊牛 3 0头，将其等分为三组，对照组
为基础日粮，烟酸组和烟酸铬组分别在基础日粮中添加 400mg／kg的烟酸和
6．4呐的烟酸铬。结果表明：烟酸和烟酸铬在前 10天对犊牛的增重影响
不明显中＞0刀5人 20刁0天，烟酸组和烟酸铬组的平均日增重比对照组分
二
别提高 5％和 27石％；30一0天，烟酸组和烟酸铬组的平均日增重比对照组
分别提高 12．8％和 18．11％；而最后一个阶段，烟酸组和烟酸铬组的平均日
增重比对照组分别提高8．9％和 7．45％。试验期间，烟酸铬组与对照组相比
－提高 T卜 T4、生长激素、胰高血糖素水平分别为 25石8％中＜0．05人 17·31％、
6．73O、9．03o；烟酸组与对照组相比提高 T3、T4水平分别为 11．5O、12．7％。
The purpose of this study is to discuss the effects of niacin and chromium nicotinate on the heat-stressed dairy cows and weanling-stressed calves ,the mechanisms were also concerned.
In experiment I, 36 Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into control group, niacin group and chromium nicotinate group according to their parturition numbers, milk yield and lactation period. The test lasted 60 days, the concentrate of niacin group was added with 800mg/kg Niacin, the chromium nicotinate group was 10mg/kg chromium nicotinate while there was no addition in the control group.The results showed feeding niacin and chromium nicotinate could lessen the decline tendency of milk yield which were raised respectively by 12.02% (p < 0.05) and 4.86%, compared with the control group and increase the roughage intake of heat-stressed dairy cows to some extent; The milkfat percentage, lactoprotein, SNF were raised respectively by 5%, 2.8%, 1.8% by feeding chromium nicotinate. PRL, T3, T4 levels of the serum were all significantly increased (p < 0.05 ) and COR level of the serum was significantly dropped by 8.80% (p < 0.05) by feeding chromium nicotinare; PRI^ TS> T4> GLUlevels of the serum were raised
by 14.27% (p < 0.05) , 22.22% (p < 0.05), 11.46%, 3.12% respectively and the COR level of serum was not significantly dropped by niacin addition, compared with the control.
In experiment II, 15 Holstein dairy cows which parturition numbers was from 2 to 4 were randomly divided into control, niacin, chromium nicotinate groups according to their parturition numbers, milk yield and lactation period. There were 5 dairy cows in every group. The niacin group was added with 800mg/kg Niacin, the chromium nicotinate group was added with lOmg/kg chromium nicotinate while there was nothing addition in the control. This experiment which was divided into test A and test B lasted 75 days.
In test A, feeding niacin could raised acidity and CitraAcid and TS content of milk by 9.1%> 28.6%> 4.7% in the testing anaphase, compared with the testing prophase. Feeding chromium nicotinate could raised acidity and CitraAcid and TS content of milk by 7.3%^ 30.8%> 4.2% in the testing anaphase, compared with the testing prophase. However, there were no effects on the other by niacin and chromium nicotinate .
In test B, (1) Feeding niacin and chromium nicotinate could raise the roughage intake by 0.4%, 1.2%, compared with the control group. (2) Increasing tendency of rectal temperature were alleviated by niacin and chromium nicotinate, however, there were no effects on temperature of body surface; Feeding chromium nicotinate kept respiratory rate comparatively stable on heat-stress dairy cows. (3) Feeding niacin and chromium nicotinate lessened the decline tendency of milk yield and lactoprotein; Acidity of milk was raised by 1.2%, 5.2% respectively; CitrAcid content of milk was raised by 6.3%, 23% respectively in the testing anaphase, compared with the testing prophase; Acidity and CitraAcid content of
milk of the control had no changes in the testing period; FFA of milk was evidently raised (p<0.05), compared with the control group. Mlikfat percent was markedly dropped(p<0.05) by feeding chromium nicotinate. (4) The levels of T3, PEL in serum were markedly raised (p<0.05) and the level of COR in serum was markedly dropped (p<0.05) in the niacin and chromium nicotinate groups, compared with the control. (5) There was no effect on serum glucose (p>0.05), but serum urea nitrogen, cholesterol decreased (p<0.05) significantly and serum triglyceride decreased by 11%> 3.1% in the niacin and chromium niotinate groups respectively as compared to the control. (6) Feeding chromium nicotinate evidently raised leucocyte numbers and lymphocyte percent of blood (p<0.05); Leucocyte numbers of blood were evidently raised hi the niacin group as compared to the control group (p<0.05);
In experiment III, 30 Holstein weanling calves in similar body weight were divided into the control group, niacin, chromium nicotinate groups. Effects of niacin and chromium nicoti
试验Ⅰ：用36头泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛按配对原则等数分为对照组、烟酸组和烟酸铬组。对照组为基础日粮，烟酸组在基础日粮中添加800mg／kg的烟酸，烟酸铬组在基础日粮中添加10mg／kg的烟酸铬。试验期60天。结果表明：在热应激条件下，烟酸和烟酸铬可以提高奶牛的粗饲料采食量和减缓产奶量下降；使用烟酸铬、烟酸，试验组奶牛产奶量比对照组分别提高12.02％(p＜0.05)、4.86％；在日粮中添加烟酸铬，可以提高乳脂5％、乳蛋白2.8％、非脂固形物1.8％；可提高血清PRL、T_3、T_4激素水平(p＜0.05)，可降低皮质醇8.8％(p＜0.05)，对胰高血糖素影响不明显(p＞0.05)。在日粮中添加烟酸，T_3、T_4水平分别比对照组提高22.22％(p＜0.05)和11.46％，PRL水平比对照组提高14.27％(p＜0.05)，皮质醇激素水平与对照组、烟酸铬组都差异不显著(p＞0.05)，胰高血糖素水平比对照组提高了3.12％。
试验Ⅱ：选择2～4胎次泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛15头，按照配对原则分为对照组、烟酸组和烟酸铬组。对照组为基础日粮，烟酸和烟酸铬的添加剂量和添加方式同试验Ⅰ。具体分为两个试验：试验A是烟酸组和烟酸铬组的自身对照试验；试验B是三组配对饲养试验，试验期75天。试验A的结果表明：日粮中添加烟酸对乳酸度、柠檬酸含量、总固形物试期比试前分别提高9.1％、28.6％、4.7％，烟酸铬使乳酸度、柠檬酸含量、总固形
物试期比试前分别提高7．3％、30．8％、4．2％；而对生产性能、血液生化和
免疫指标影响不明显O功刀5）试验B的结果显示：（）日粮中添加烟酸和
烟酸铬试验牛粗料采食量明显比不添加分别提高0．4％、1．2％；Q）日粮中
添加烟酸、烟酸铬使奶牛在炎热天气下体温上升幅度相对较小，而对皮温
影响不显著中功刀5入 同时烟酸铬还可以在奶牛热应激状态下保持其正常
的呼吸率；3）日粮中添加烟酸和烟酸铬则使产奶量下降幅度较小，烟酸
铬可以减缓炎热天气下奶牛的乳脂下降趋势，与对照组，烟酸组相比效果
显著厂叼．05＼烟酸和烟酸铬可以减缓炎热大气下奶牛的乳蛋白下降趋势；
烟酸使乳酸度、柠檬酸含量试期比试前分别提高1．2％、6．3％；烟酸铬则使
乳酸度、柠檬酸含量试期比试前分别提高5．2％、23％。而对照组乳酸度、
柠檬酸含量试验前后无变化；使用烟酸J酸铬使乳中挥发性脂肪酸与对照
组相比显著提高中叼刀5人N）烟酸和烟酸铬维持热应激下奶牛血清T卜
T4、COR、PRL水平的基本恒定，从而减缓热应激对奶牛的影响；u）烟
酸和烟酸铬对血清葡萄糖水平无影响中列刀5人 显著降低因高温而上升的
尿素氮和胆固醇水平中叼刀5人 同时使甘油三脂水平试期比试前分别下降
11％、3二％；历）烟酸和烟酸铬显著提高血液中白细胞数目中＜0刀5人 同
时，烟酸铬也显著提高淋巴细胞百分比中＜0刀5人而对血液中其它细胞无
显著影响（p＞0刀5）。
试验＊：选用三月龄断奶荷斯坦犊牛 3 0头，将其等分为三组，对照组
为基础日粮，烟酸组和烟酸铬组分别在基础日粮中添加 400mg／kg的烟酸和
6．4呐的烟酸铬。结果表明：烟酸和烟酸铬在前 10天对犊牛的增重影响
不明显中＞0刀5人 20刁0天，烟酸组和烟酸铬组的平均日增重比对照组分
二
别提高 5％和 27石％；30一0天，烟酸组和烟酸铬组的平均日增重比对照组
分别提高 12．8％和 18．11％；而最后一个阶段，烟酸组和烟酸铬组的平均日
增重比对照组分别提高8．9％和 7．45％。试验期间，烟酸铬组与对照组相比
－提高 T卜 T4、生长激素、胰高血糖素水平分别为 25石8％中＜0．05人 17·31％、
6．73O、9．03o；烟酸组与对照组相比提高 T3、T4水平分别为 11．5O、12．7％。
The purpose of this study is to discuss the effects of niacin and chromium nicotinate on the heat-stressed dairy cows and weanling-stressed calves ,the mechanisms were also concerned.
In experiment I, 36 Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into control group, niacin group and chromium nicotinate group according to their parturition numbers, milk yield and lactation period. The test lasted 60 days, the concentrate of niacin group was added with 800mg/kg Niacin, the chromium nicotinate group was 10mg/kg chromium nicotinate while there was no addition in the control group.The results showed feeding niacin and chromium nicotinate could lessen the decline tendency of milk yield which were raised respectively by 12.02% (p < 0.05) and 4.86%, compared with the control group and increase the roughage intake of heat-stressed dairy cows to some extent; The milkfat percentage, lactoprotein, SNF were raised respectively by 5%, 2.8%, 1.8% by feeding chromium nicotinate. PRL, T3, T4 levels of the serum were all significantly increased (p < 0.05 ) and COR level of the serum was significantly dropped by 8.80% (p < 0.05) by feeding chromium nicotinare; PRI^ TS> T4> GLUlevels of the serum were raised
by 14.27% (p < 0.05) , 22.22% (p < 0.05), 11.46%, 3.12% respectively and the COR level of serum was not significantly dropped by niacin addition, compared with the control.
In experiment II, 15 Holstein dairy cows which parturition numbers was from 2 to 4 were randomly divided into control, niacin, chromium nicotinate groups according to their parturition numbers, milk yield and lactation period. There were 5 dairy cows in every group. The niacin group was added with 800mg/kg Niacin, the chromium nicotinate group was added with lOmg/kg chromium nicotinate while there was nothing addition in the control. This experiment which was divided into test A and test B lasted 75 days.
In test A, feeding niacin could raised acidity and CitraAcid and TS content of milk by 9.1%> 28.6%> 4.7% in the testing anaphase, compared with the testing prophase. Feeding chromium nicotinate could raised acidity and CitraAcid and TS content of milk by 7.3%^ 30.8%> 4.2% in the testing anaphase, compared with the testing prophase. However, there were no effects on the other by niacin and chromium nicotinate .
In test B, (1) Feeding niacin and chromium nicotinate could raise the roughage intake by 0.4%, 1.2%, compared with the control group. (2) Increasing tendency of rectal temperature were alleviated by niacin and chromium nicotinate, however, there were no effects on temperature of body surface; Feeding chromium nicotinate kept respiratory rate comparatively stable on heat-stress dairy cows. (3) Feeding niacin and chromium nicotinate lessened the decline tendency of milk yield and lactoprotein; Acidity of milk was raised by 1.2%, 5.2% respectively; CitrAcid content of milk was raised by 6.3%, 23% respectively in the testing anaphase, compared with the testing prophase; Acidity and CitraAcid content of
milk of the control had no changes in the testing period; FFA of milk was evidently raised (p<0.05), compared with the control group. Mlikfat percent was markedly dropped(p<0.05) by feeding chromium nicotinate. (4) The levels of T3, PEL in serum were markedly raised (p<0.05) and the level of COR in serum was markedly dropped (p<0.05) in the niacin and chromium nicotinate groups, compared with the control. (5) There was no effect on serum glucose (p>0.05), but serum urea nitrogen, cholesterol decreased (p<0.05) significantly and serum triglyceride decreased by 11%> 3.1% in the niacin and chromium niotinate groups respectively as compared to the control. (6) Feeding chromium nicotinate evidently raised leucocyte numbers and lymphocyte percent of blood (p<0.05); Leucocyte numbers of blood were evidently raised hi the niacin group as compared to the control group (p<0.05);
In experiment III, 30 Holstein weanling calves in similar body weight were divided into the control group, niacin, chromium nicotinate groups. Effects of niacin and chromium nicoti
引文
1 吴妙宗，蔡辉益，烟酸的作用与需要量，中国饲料，2001，14：16～18。
2 麻益良，何瑞国，维生素烟酸营养研究进展，山东家禽，1997，(4)：32～34。
3 刘学剑，烟酸的营养作用及其在奶牛生产中的应用，中国奶牛，1998，(1)：27～28。
4 韩永利，李秋凤，李建国，烟酸对奶牛的营养作用，饲料博览，2002，(3)：33～34。
5 孙国君，等，不同水平烟酸对青贮饲料营养成分在瘤胃内降解率影响的研究，石河子大学学报(自然科学版)，2000，4(1)
6 Fronk T.J. and Schultz L.H. Oral nicotinic acid as a treatment for ketosis.J Dairy Sci, 1979, 62:1804～1807.
7 Riddell D.O., Bartley E.E., and Dayton A.D. Effect of nicotinic acid on microbial protein synthesis in vitro and on dairy cattle growth and milk production. J Dairy Sci., 1981,64:782～791.
8 Jaster E.H., G.F. Rakes and M.F. Hutjens. Feeding supplemental niacin for milk production in six dairy herds. J Dairy Sci: 1983a, 66:1046.
9 王菊花，卢德勋等，烟酸在反刍家畜饲养中的研究进展，动物营养学报，1999，11(12)：76～83。
10 Dufva G.S., Bartley E.E, Dayton A.D, and Riddell D.O. Effect of niacin supplementation milk production and ketosis of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci., 1983, 66:2329～2336.
11 Muller L.D., Heinrichs A.J., Cooper J.B., Atkin Y.H. Supplemental niacin for lactating cows during summer feeding. J Dairy Sci., 1986, 69:1416～1420.
12 Todd C.S., Grummer R.R., Dentine M.R., and Stauffacher R.H. Seasonal effects of prepatum and post-partum fat and niacin feeding on lactation performance and lipid metabolism. J Dairy Sci, 1989, 72:2028～2038.
13 Zimmerman C.A., Rakes A.H, Daniel T.E., and Hopkins B.A. Influence of dietary protein and supplemental niacin on lactational perfomance of cows fed normal and low fiber diets. J Dairy Sci, 1992, 75:1965～1978.
14 Campbell M.M., M.R.Murphy., R.A.Christensen and T.R.Overton. Kinetics of niacin supplements in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 1994, 77:566～575.
15 Bernard J.K. et al. Supplemental niacin and heat-treated whole soybeans for Tersey cows during early lactation. J Dairy Sci., 1995, 78:2016～2023.
16 田文儒，等，烟酸和胆碱对防治奶牛围产期脂肪肝和提高繁殖力的效果，黑龙江畜牧兽医，1994，(9)：3～6。
17 Bartley E.E. et al. Effect of monensin or lasalocid, with or without niacin or amicloral, on rumen fermentation and feed efficiency. J Dairy Sci. 1979, 49:1066～1075.
18 Flachowsky G. Niacin in dairy and beef cattle nutrition. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 1993, 43:195～213.
19 Horner J.L. et al. Effects of whole Cottonseed, niacin and nicotinamide on invitro fermentation and lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci., 1988, 71:3334～3344.
20 Riddell D.O. et al. Effect of nicotinic acid on rumen fermentation in vitro and in vivo. 1980, 63:1429～1436.
21 Riddell D.O. et al. Effect of nicotinic acid on microbial protein synthesis in vitro and on dairy cattle growth and milk production. J Dairy Sci. 1981, 64:782～791.
22 Brent B.E.,and E.E.Bartley. Thiamin and miacin in the rumen. J Anim. Sci, 1984, 59:813.
23 李义海，烟酸在反刍家畜饲养中应用，饲料博览，1998，(3)：39
24 Schwarx K, W. Mertz. Impaired glucose tolerance as an early sign of dietary necrotic liver degeneration. Arch, Biochem, Biophys., 1955, 58:504.
25 Schwarx K, W. Mertz, A glucose tolerance factor and its differentiation factor 3. Arch. Biochem Biophys.,1957.72:515.
26 Schwarx K, W. Mertz, Chromium (Ⅲ)and the glucose tolerance factor. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1959. 85:292.
27 Mertz W., E.V. Tepher, E.E.Roginsid, and M.M.Polansky. Present knowledge of the role of chromium. Fed. Proc., 1974, 33:2275.
28 Toepher E.W., W. Mertz et al. Preparation of chromium—containing material of glucose tolerance factor activity from brewer's yeast extracts and by synthesis. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1977.25(Ⅰ):162.
29 Anderson R.A., and W. Mertz., Glucose tolerance factor: an essential dietary agent. Trends Biochem. Sci, 1977. 2:277.
30 Mooradian A.D.,and J.E.Morley,. Micronutrient status in diaberes mellitus.Am.J.Clin. Nutri., 1987, 45:877-95.
31 Chen N.C.S. et al, Chromium metabolism in the rats: A Review. J. Nutri., 1973, 103:1182.
32 Mertz W. Chromium occurrence and function in biological systems. Physiological Reviews. 1969,49(2): 163-239.
33 Roginski D.E.and W. Mertz, Effects of trivalent chromium(Ⅲ) supplementation on glucose and amino acid metabolism in rats fed a low protein diets. J.Nutrition, 1969. 97:525-530.
34 Wayne W. et al. Exercise training and dietary chromium effects on glycogen synthase, phosphorylase and total protein in rats. J. Nutri., 1988. 119:653.
35 Rosebrough R.W, and N.C.Steele, Effect of supplemental dietary chromium or nicotinic acid on carbohydrate metabolism during basal, starvation, and refeeding periods in poults,Poultry Science, 1981.60:407-417.
36 Abraham A.S.et al, The effects of chromium supplementation on serum glucose and lipids in patients with and without non-insulin-dependent diabetes, Metabolism, 1992. 41(7):768-71
37 Press R.L.,J.Geller, and G.W. Evans, The effect of chromium on serum cholesterol and apolipopprotein fractions in human subjects.West J.Med.,1990. 152:41.
38 Page T. G. et al, Effects of chromium picolinate on growth and serum snd carcass traits of growing—finishing pigs. J. Anim Sci., 1993. 71:656.
39 Kim Y.H. et al. Effects of dietary levels of chromium picolinate on growth performance, carcass quality and serum traits in broilers chicks. Asian-Australasian. J. Anim. Sci. 1996, 9:341-7.
40 Kim S.W. et al. Effects of chromium picolinate on growth performance, carcass composition and serum traits of broilers fed dietary different levels of prude protein. Asian-Australasian. J. Anim. Sci., 1995, 8:463-70.
41 Lindemann M.D et al. Futher assessment of the effects of supplementation of chromium from chromium picolinate on fecundity in swine. J. Anim. Sci., 1995, 73(Suppl. 1): 185(Abstracts).
42 Kornegay E.T., Z.Wang, C.M.Wood, and M.D.Lindemann. Supplemental chromium picolinate influences nitrogen balance, dry matter digestibility, and carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 1997, 75:1319-23.
43 Okadn S., H. Ohba, and M. Tezuda, Alterations in ribonucleic acid synthesis by chromium. J. Lnorg. Biochem, 1981. 233/223.
44 Okaba S., M.Taniyama and H. Okada, Mode of enhancement in ribonucleic acid synthesis directed by chromium—bound deoxyribonucleic acid. J.Inorg. Biochem., 1982, 17:41.
45 Okada S., M. Suzuki, and H.Ohba, Enhancement of ribonucleic acid synthesis by chromium in mouse liver. J. lnorg. Biochem, 1983.19:95.
46 Okada S., H. Tsukada, and H. Ohba, Enhancement of nucleolar RNA synthesis by chromium in regenerating rat liver. J. lnorg. Biochem, 1984. 21:113.
47 Ohda H.S., Y. Suketa, and S. Okada, Enhancement of in vitro ribonucleic acid synthesis on chromium—bound chromatin. J. lnorg. Biochem. 1986, 27:179.
48 Okada S., H. Tsukada, and M.Tezuka, Effects of chromium on nucleolar RNA synthesis. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 1989.21:35.
49 Gulanoswki B.S., J.Swiatek, and H.Kozlowski. Impact of chromium ions on nucleoside triphosphates and nucleic acids.J. Inorg.Biochem., 1992, 48:289.
50 Horecker B.L, E.Stotz, and T.R..Hogness, The promoting effect of chromium and the rare earths in the succinic dehydrogenase cytochrone system. J. Biol. Chem, 1939, 128:251-256.
51 Stickland L.H. Activation of phosphoglucomutase by metals ions. Biochem.J.,1949. 44:190-197.
52 Henry R. J., and E.C.Smith. Use of sulfuric acid dichromate mixture in cleaning glassware. Science,1946, 104:426.
53 Fernley H.N. Effects of some heavy metal ions on purified mammalian beta gluconidase. Boichem. J., 1963, 82:500.
53 Speck J.F., The effects of cation on the decarboxylation of oxalacetic acids. J.Bill. Chem., 1949. 178:315
54 Mowat D.N., X. chang, and .W.Z Yang. Levels of supplemental chromium on performance, serum constituents and immune status of stressed feeder calves .J. Anim .sci., 1993a 71:232.
54 Mowat D.N., X. chang, and .W.Z Yang,. Chelated chromium for stressed feeder calves. Ca. J. Anim .sci., 1993b, 73:49.
54 Mowat D.N., X. chang, and .W.Z Yang, Chromium may improve immunity of stressed calves. Can. J .Anim. Sci., 1993c, 73:49-55.
55 Moonsie-Shageer S.,and D.N.Mowat,.Effect of level of supplemental chromium on performance,serum constituents, and immune status of stressed feeder calves. J.Anim. Sci., 1993, 71:232-8.
56 Page T. G. et al, Effect of chromium picolinate on carcass traits and on pork quality. J. Anim. Sci., 1992a. 70(Suppl.1):218(Abstracts).
56 Page T. G. et al, Effect of chromium picolinate on growth, serum and carcass traits, and organ weight of growing—finishing pigs from different anceshal. J. Anim. Sci. 1992b. 70(Suppl.1):235(Abstracts).
57 刘彩霓，呙于明，涂荣秀，酵母铬对肉仔鸡脂类代谢及生产性能的研究，动物营养学报，1997，4：24-30。
58 Lindemann M.D et al. Chromium picolinate additions to diets of growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 1993, 71(Suppl. 1): 14(Abstracts).
59 Mooney K.W., and G.L.Cromwell,.Effects of chromium performance, carcass compssition and tessue accretion in growing-finishing pigs. Proc.Amer. Soc.Anim. Sci.Mt(Abstr.). 1993.
60 Ward T.L., Li. Southern, and S.S.Boleman. Effect of dietary chromium picolinate on growth, nitrogen balance and body composition of growing broiler chicks. Poult Sci., 1993. 72(SuppL.1):37.
61 Boleman S.L., S.J.Boleman, and T.D.Bidner et al. Effect of chromium picolinate on growth, body composition, and tissue accretion in pigs. J.Anim. Sci., 1995, 73:2033～42.
62 Evock-Clover C.M. et al. Dietary chromium supplementation with or without somatotropin treatment alters serum hormones and metabolites in growing pigs without affecting growth performance. J. Nutrition, 1993,123:1504-1512.
63 Goihl J., Effects of supplemental chromium on carcass composition reviewed. Feedstuffs, 1997,69:52.
64 Mooney K.W., and G.L.Cromwell. Efficacy of chromium picolinate and chromium chloride as potential carcass modifiers in swine.J.Anim, Sci., 1997, 75:2261-2671.
65 Choi Y. J. et al, Effects of chromium picolinate on In Vitro lipogenesis and lipolysis in adipose and Protein synthesis in liver tissue of pigs. Asin-Australasian. J. Anim. Sci., 1998,11(4):428.
66 Mowat D.N., Supplemental organic chromium reiviewed for cattle.feedstuffs, 1997, Octo.20,P12.
67 Seaborn C.D., N.Cheng, B.Adeleye, F. Owens,and B.J.Stoecher, Chromium and chronic ascorbic acid depletion effects on tissue ascorbate, manganese and ~(14)C retention from ~(14)C-ascorbate in guinea pigs. Bio. Trace Elem.Res.,1994.41:279.
68 Close W.H., The role of trace mineral proteinates in pig nutrition. In :passport to the year 2000,Allteth 12th Annual Asia Pacific Lecture Tour (Ede. By Lyons T.P.), 1998,P85.
69 Schrauzer G.N..K.P. Shrestha, T. B. Molenaar, and S. Mead, Effects of chromium supplementation on feed energy utilization and the trace element composition in the liver and heart of glucose exposed young mice.Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 1986, 9:79.
70 Orr C.L., D.P. Hutchetson, and R.B. Grainger et al, Serum copper, Zinc, calcium and phosphorus concentrations of calves stressed by bovine respiratory disease and infectious bovine rhinotrecheitis. J.Anim., 1990. 68:2893—2900.
71 Chang X., D.N. Mowat, and W.Z. Yang, Carcass characteristics and tissue-mineral contents of steers fed supplemental chromium. Can. J. Anim Sci., 1992b. 72:663-9.
72 Subiyatno A., D.N.Mowat, and W.Z.Yang. Metabolite and hormonal responses to glucose or propionate infusions in periparturient dairy cows supplemental with chromium. I. Dairy Sci., 1996. 79:1436—1445.
73 张敏红，动物铬的营养研究进展，动物营养学报，1996，(8)：56～58。
74 呙于明，刘彩霓等，高温应激对肉仔鸡的影响及补铬的效果研究，畜牧兽医学报，1998，29(4)：339-344。
75 Doisy R. J.et al. Metabolism of chromium 51 in human subjects. In: Newer Trace Elements in Nutrition, W. Mertz and W.E.Cornatzer(Ed),Marcel Dekker, New York, 1971, 155.
76 Burton J. L, B. A.Mallard, and D. N.Mowat, Effects of supplemental chromium on immune responses of periparturient and early lactation diary cows. J. Anim. Sci, 1993a, 71:1532-9.
77 Burton J. L, X. Chang, D.N. Mowat. Effect of supplemental chromium on response of newly weaned beef to IBR/PI3 vaccination. Can. J.Vet. Res, 1993b,58:148.
78 Burton J. L, B. A.Mallard, and D.N.Mowat. Effects of supplemental dietary chromium on immune responses profiles of periparturient and diary cows. Vet. Immunol. Immunopath. 1993C, 35(suppl.):PS12.2.
79 Chang X, B.A. Mallard, and D. N. Mowat, Effects of chromium on health status, blood neutrophil phagocytosis and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis of dairy cows. Vet. Immunol. Immunopath, 1996a. 52:37-52.
80 Kegley E.B., J.W. Spears, and T.T. Brown. Immune responses and disease resistance of calves fed chromium nicotinic acid complex or chromium chloride. J. Dairy. Sci,, 1996, 79:1278-83.
81 Chang X, B.A. Mallard, D.N. Mowat, and G. F. Gallo, Effects of supplemental chromium on antibody responses of newly arrived feeder calves to vaccines and ovalbumin. Can. J. Vet Res. 1996b, 60:140.
82 Wright A.J., B.A.Mallard, and D.N.Mowat, The influence of supplemental chromium and Vaccines
on the acute phase response of newly arrived feeder calves. Can. J.Vet. Res. 1995.59:311.
83 Chang X., D.N. Mowat, and B. A. Mallard, Supplemental organic and inorganic chromium with niacin for stressed feeder calves. J. Anita. Sci., 1994b.72(Suppl.1).
84 Chang X., D.N. Mowat, and B. A. Mallard, Supplemental chromium and niacin for stressed feeder calves. Can, J..Anim Sci., 1995.75:351-8.
85 Burton J. L, Supplemental chromium: its benefits to the bovine immune system. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech, 1995, 53:117.
86 Myers M,J., Effect of growth hormone or chromium picolinate on swine metabolism and inflammatory cytokine production after endotoxin challenge exposure, Am.J.vet Res, 1997 58(6):594-600
87 Arthington J.D., L.R.Corch, and J.E.Minton et al. Supplemental dietary chromium does not influence ACTH, cortisol, or immune responses in young calves inoculated with bovine Herpesvius-I. J.Anim. Sci. 1997, 75:317～323.
88 Heugten E.V. and J.W. Spear, Immune response and growth of stressed weanling pigs supplemented with organic or inorganic forms of chromium. J. Anita. Sci., 1994, 72(Suppl.1): 274.(Abstr.).
89 Kegley E.B., J.W. Spears, and T.T. Brown. Effects of shipping and chromium supplementation on performance, immune responses, and disease resistance of steers. J. Anim. sci., 1997, 75:1956-64.
90 Vernon R.G. The partition of nutrients during the lactation cycle. In: Nutrition and Lactation in the Dairy Cow. (P. C.Gamsworthy, Ed.) Butterworths, Toronto, Ontario, 1988. p32.
91 Chang Z, Mowat D N. Supplemental chromium for stressed and growing feeder calves. J Anim Sci, 1992,70:559.
92 Mowat D N, Chang X, Yang W Z. Chelated chromium for stressed feeder calves. Can J Anim Sci, 1993:49
93 Pagen J. D., S. G. Jackson, and S. E. Duren, The effect of chromium supplementation on metabolic response to exercise in thoroughbred horses. In:proceedings of the 11th Alltech's Symposium(P. Lyons Ed.), 1995 p249.
94 Mowat D.N., Chromium: deficiency in the first parity cows .in: proceedings of the 11th alltechs Annual symposium (P. Lyons ED.). Nottinggham university press, loughborough, U.K, 1995, p309.
95 Page T. G. et al. Chromium supplementation of com—soybean meal diets for finishing swine. J.Anim. Sci., 68(Suppl.1):39(Abstracts).
96 Wright A.J. et al. Supplemental chromium and bovine respiratory disease vaccines for stressed calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 1994.74(2):287-95.
97 Liptrap R.M., D.N.Mowat, and W.Z.Wang.. Effect of supplemental chromium on adrenal cortical and pituitary response to stimulation testing in Holstein Heifers. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 1995, 75(4):658.
98 Mowat D.N., Organic chromium: A new nutrient for stressed animals, in: proceedings of the 10th alltechs Annual symposium (P. Lyons ED.). 1994, P118
99 Lien T.F., Y.M.Horng, and K.H.Yang. performance, serum characteristics, carcass traits and lipid metabolism of broilers as affected by supplement of chromium picolinate. British Poulty Science. 1999, 40:357.
100 Gardner G.E., J.W. Pethick, and G. Smith. Effect of chromium chelative supplementation of the metabolism of glycogen and lipid in adult Merino sheep.Austr. J.Agric. Res., 1998, 49:137.
101 康世良，应激对动物营养与健康的影响，饲料博览，1994，(5)，16～18。
102 刘加邦，奶牛热应激的原因及预防措施，天津农业科学，1997，3(4)：37～38。
103 杨红建，冯仰廉，热应激与反刍动物营养，饲料研究，1999，(10)：1～3。
104 李建国，桑润滋，张正姗等，热应激对母牛内分泌及繁殖机能的影响，中国奶牛，1998，(3)：31～32。
105 李如治，奶牛热应激研究现状，中国奶牛，1995，(4)：38～40。
106 李震钟主编，家畜环境生理学，北京，中国农业出版社，1999，31～32。
107 唐俊英，热应激对奶牛生产力的影响，中国奶牛，2000，2：27～28。
108 李绍钰，魏风仙，吴胜耀，张遂平，有机铬改善高温季节下奶牛生产性能的研究，中国奶牛，1999，(5)：18～19。
109 张敏红，张卫红等，补铬对高温环境下猪的铬代谢、生理生化反应和生产性能的影响，畜牧兽医学报，2000，31(1)：1～8。
110 史清河，张文颖，有机铬对应激牛的营养作用效果，饲料工业，1998，7：28～41。
111 林祥霖，微量元素铬在动物营养上的作用及其作用机制(续)，福建畜牧兽医，1996，4：17～18。
112 李海峰，龚启斌，蛋鸡生产期日粮补铬试验研究，饲料研究，1999，10：28～30。
113 王立常，烟酸铬饲养肉鸭的试验报告，中国禽业导刊，2000，17(6)：15～16。
114 李善花，金政等，烟酸铬对四氧嘧啶性糖尿病小鼠肝糖原含量的影响，微量元素与健康研究，
115 陈强，蔡春标，李建生等，添加烟酸铬对生长育肥猪的生长性能、代谢及组织学的影响，福建农业大学学报，2000，29(4)：502～507。
116 陈义勇，必需微量元素铬的研究，生理科学进展，1990，21(4)：349。
117 史清河，张颖，有机铬对应激牛免疫功能的影响，中国兽医杂志，1998，24(12)：39～41。
118 孟庆翔[主译]，奶牛营养需要，中国农业大学出版社，2001(7)
119 顾有方(摘译)，添加铬和烟酸对应激肥育犊牛的影响[J]，国外畜牧学—饲料，1997(2)：6～11。
120 张敏红，张卫红等，持续日变高温对猪的铬代谢及血液生化指标的影响，畜牧兽医学报，1998，29(2)：112～120。
121 傅同禄，新型饲料添加剂有机铬，饲料工业，1996，(17)：44～45。
122 袁宗辉[主编]，饲料药物学，中国农业出版社，2001，341～343。
123 吴永胜等，铬营养研究进展，动物营养学报，2000，(1)：8～11。2001，18(4)：5～6。
124 邓益锋，王小龙，铬对动物健康的影响及其在畜牧生产中的应用，中国兽医杂，2000，26(4)：42～44。
125 呙于明[编]，家禽营养与饲料，中国农业出版社，1998，156。
126 李德发[编]，猪的营养，中国农业出版社，1995，151～154。
2 麻益良，何瑞国，维生素烟酸营养研究进展，山东家禽，1997，(4)：32～34。
3 刘学剑，烟酸的营养作用及其在奶牛生产中的应用，中国奶牛，1998，(1)：27～28。
4 韩永利，李秋凤，李建国，烟酸对奶牛的营养作用，饲料博览，2002，(3)：33～34。
5 孙国君，等，不同水平烟酸对青贮饲料营养成分在瘤胃内降解率影响的研究，石河子大学学报(自然科学版)，2000，4(1)
6 Fronk T.J. and Schultz L.H. Oral nicotinic acid as a treatment for ketosis.J Dairy Sci, 1979, 62:1804～1807.
7 Riddell D.O., Bartley E.E., and Dayton A.D. Effect of nicotinic acid on microbial protein synthesis in vitro and on dairy cattle growth and milk production. J Dairy Sci., 1981,64:782～791.
8 Jaster E.H., G.F. Rakes and M.F. Hutjens. Feeding supplemental niacin for milk production in six dairy herds. J Dairy Sci: 1983a, 66:1046.
9 王菊花，卢德勋等，烟酸在反刍家畜饲养中的研究进展，动物营养学报，1999，11(12)：76～83。
10 Dufva G.S., Bartley E.E, Dayton A.D, and Riddell D.O. Effect of niacin supplementation milk production and ketosis of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci., 1983, 66:2329～2336.
11 Muller L.D., Heinrichs A.J., Cooper J.B., Atkin Y.H. Supplemental niacin for lactating cows during summer feeding. J Dairy Sci., 1986, 69:1416～1420.
12 Todd C.S., Grummer R.R., Dentine M.R., and Stauffacher R.H. Seasonal effects of prepatum and post-partum fat and niacin feeding on lactation performance and lipid metabolism. J Dairy Sci, 1989, 72:2028～2038.
13 Zimmerman C.A., Rakes A.H, Daniel T.E., and Hopkins B.A. Influence of dietary protein and supplemental niacin on lactational perfomance of cows fed normal and low fiber diets. J Dairy Sci, 1992, 75:1965～1978.
14 Campbell M.M., M.R.Murphy., R.A.Christensen and T.R.Overton. Kinetics of niacin supplements in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 1994, 77:566～575.
15 Bernard J.K. et al. Supplemental niacin and heat-treated whole soybeans for Tersey cows during early lactation. J Dairy Sci., 1995, 78:2016～2023.
16 田文儒，等，烟酸和胆碱对防治奶牛围产期脂肪肝和提高繁殖力的效果，黑龙江畜牧兽医，1994，(9)：3～6。
17 Bartley E.E. et al. Effect of monensin or lasalocid, with or without niacin or amicloral, on rumen fermentation and feed efficiency. J Dairy Sci. 1979, 49:1066～1075.
18 Flachowsky G. Niacin in dairy and beef cattle nutrition. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 1993, 43:195～213.
19 Horner J.L. et al. Effects of whole Cottonseed, niacin and nicotinamide on invitro fermentation and lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci., 1988, 71:3334～3344.
20 Riddell D.O. et al. Effect of nicotinic acid on rumen fermentation in vitro and in vivo. 1980, 63:1429～1436.
21 Riddell D.O. et al. Effect of nicotinic acid on microbial protein synthesis in vitro and on dairy cattle growth and milk production. J Dairy Sci. 1981, 64:782～791.
22 Brent B.E.,and E.E.Bartley. Thiamin and miacin in the rumen. J Anim. Sci, 1984, 59:813.
23 李义海，烟酸在反刍家畜饲养中应用，饲料博览，1998，(3)：39
24 Schwarx K, W. Mertz. Impaired glucose tolerance as an early sign of dietary necrotic liver degeneration. Arch, Biochem, Biophys., 1955, 58:504.
25 Schwarx K, W. Mertz, A glucose tolerance factor and its differentiation factor 3. Arch. Biochem Biophys.,1957.72:515.
26 Schwarx K, W. Mertz, Chromium (Ⅲ)and the glucose tolerance factor. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1959. 85:292.
27 Mertz W., E.V. Tepher, E.E.Roginsid, and M.M.Polansky. Present knowledge of the role of chromium. Fed. Proc., 1974, 33:2275.
28 Toepher E.W., W. Mertz et al. Preparation of chromium—containing material of glucose tolerance factor activity from brewer's yeast extracts and by synthesis. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1977.25(Ⅰ):162.
29 Anderson R.A., and W. Mertz., Glucose tolerance factor: an essential dietary agent. Trends Biochem. Sci, 1977. 2:277.
30 Mooradian A.D.,and J.E.Morley,. Micronutrient status in diaberes mellitus.Am.J.Clin. Nutri., 1987, 45:877-95.
31 Chen N.C.S. et al, Chromium metabolism in the rats: A Review. J. Nutri., 1973, 103:1182.
32 Mertz W. Chromium occurrence and function in biological systems. Physiological Reviews. 1969,49(2): 163-239.
33 Roginski D.E.and W. Mertz, Effects of trivalent chromium(Ⅲ) supplementation on glucose and amino acid metabolism in rats fed a low protein diets. J.Nutrition, 1969. 97:525-530.
34 Wayne W. et al. Exercise training and dietary chromium effects on glycogen synthase, phosphorylase and total protein in rats. J. Nutri., 1988. 119:653.
35 Rosebrough R.W, and N.C.Steele, Effect of supplemental dietary chromium or nicotinic acid on carbohydrate metabolism during basal, starvation, and refeeding periods in poults,Poultry Science, 1981.60:407-417.
36 Abraham A.S.et al, The effects of chromium supplementation on serum glucose and lipids in patients with and without non-insulin-dependent diabetes, Metabolism, 1992. 41(7):768-71
37 Press R.L.,J.Geller, and G.W. Evans, The effect of chromium on serum cholesterol and apolipopprotein fractions in human subjects.West J.Med.,1990. 152:41.
38 Page T. G. et al, Effects of chromium picolinate on growth and serum snd carcass traits of growing—finishing pigs. J. Anim Sci., 1993. 71:656.
39 Kim Y.H. et al. Effects of dietary levels of chromium picolinate on growth performance, carcass quality and serum traits in broilers chicks. Asian-Australasian. J. Anim. Sci. 1996, 9:341-7.
40 Kim S.W. et al. Effects of chromium picolinate on growth performance, carcass composition and serum traits of broilers fed dietary different levels of prude protein. Asian-Australasian. J. Anim. Sci., 1995, 8:463-70.
41 Lindemann M.D et al. Futher assessment of the effects of supplementation of chromium from chromium picolinate on fecundity in swine. J. Anim. Sci., 1995, 73(Suppl. 1): 185(Abstracts).
42 Kornegay E.T., Z.Wang, C.M.Wood, and M.D.Lindemann. Supplemental chromium picolinate influences nitrogen balance, dry matter digestibility, and carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 1997, 75:1319-23.
43 Okadn S., H. Ohba, and M. Tezuda, Alterations in ribonucleic acid synthesis by chromium. J. Lnorg. Biochem, 1981. 233/223.
44 Okaba S., M.Taniyama and H. Okada, Mode of enhancement in ribonucleic acid synthesis directed by chromium—bound deoxyribonucleic acid. J.Inorg. Biochem., 1982, 17:41.
45 Okada S., M. Suzuki, and H.Ohba, Enhancement of ribonucleic acid synthesis by chromium in mouse liver. J. lnorg. Biochem, 1983.19:95.
46 Okada S., H. Tsukada, and H. Ohba, Enhancement of nucleolar RNA synthesis by chromium in regenerating rat liver. J. lnorg. Biochem, 1984. 21:113.
47 Ohda H.S., Y. Suketa, and S. Okada, Enhancement of in vitro ribonucleic acid synthesis on chromium—bound chromatin. J. lnorg. Biochem. 1986, 27:179.
48 Okada S., H. Tsukada, and M.Tezuka, Effects of chromium on nucleolar RNA synthesis. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 1989.21:35.
49 Gulanoswki B.S., J.Swiatek, and H.Kozlowski. Impact of chromium ions on nucleoside triphosphates and nucleic acids.J. Inorg.Biochem., 1992, 48:289.
50 Horecker B.L, E.Stotz, and T.R..Hogness, The promoting effect of chromium and the rare earths in the succinic dehydrogenase cytochrone system. J. Biol. Chem, 1939, 128:251-256.
51 Stickland L.H. Activation of phosphoglucomutase by metals ions. Biochem.J.,1949. 44:190-197.
52 Henry R. J., and E.C.Smith. Use of sulfuric acid dichromate mixture in cleaning glassware. Science,1946, 104:426.
53 Fernley H.N. Effects of some heavy metal ions on purified mammalian beta gluconidase. Boichem. J., 1963, 82:500.
53 Speck J.F., The effects of cation on the decarboxylation of oxalacetic acids. J.Bill. Chem., 1949. 178:315
54 Mowat D.N., X. chang, and .W.Z Yang. Levels of supplemental chromium on performance, serum constituents and immune status of stressed feeder calves .J. Anim .sci., 1993a 71:232.
54 Mowat D.N., X. chang, and .W.Z Yang,. Chelated chromium for stressed feeder calves. Ca. J. Anim .sci., 1993b, 73:49.
54 Mowat D.N., X. chang, and .W.Z Yang, Chromium may improve immunity of stressed calves. Can. J .Anim. Sci., 1993c, 73:49-55.
55 Moonsie-Shageer S.,and D.N.Mowat,.Effect of level of supplemental chromium on performance,serum constituents, and immune status of stressed feeder calves. J.Anim. Sci., 1993, 71:232-8.
56 Page T. G. et al, Effect of chromium picolinate on carcass traits and on pork quality. J. Anim. Sci., 1992a. 70(Suppl.1):218(Abstracts).
56 Page T. G. et al, Effect of chromium picolinate on growth, serum and carcass traits, and organ weight of growing—finishing pigs from different anceshal. J. Anim. Sci. 1992b. 70(Suppl.1):235(Abstracts).
57 刘彩霓，呙于明，涂荣秀，酵母铬对肉仔鸡脂类代谢及生产性能的研究，动物营养学报，1997，4：24-30。
58 Lindemann M.D et al. Chromium picolinate additions to diets of growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 1993, 71(Suppl. 1): 14(Abstracts).
59 Mooney K.W., and G.L.Cromwell,.Effects of chromium performance, carcass compssition and tessue accretion in growing-finishing pigs. Proc.Amer. Soc.Anim. Sci.Mt(Abstr.). 1993.
60 Ward T.L., Li. Southern, and S.S.Boleman. Effect of dietary chromium picolinate on growth, nitrogen balance and body composition of growing broiler chicks. Poult Sci., 1993. 72(SuppL.1):37.
61 Boleman S.L., S.J.Boleman, and T.D.Bidner et al. Effect of chromium picolinate on growth, body composition, and tissue accretion in pigs. J.Anim. Sci., 1995, 73:2033～42.
62 Evock-Clover C.M. et al. Dietary chromium supplementation with or without somatotropin treatment alters serum hormones and metabolites in growing pigs without affecting growth performance. J. Nutrition, 1993,123:1504-1512.
63 Goihl J., Effects of supplemental chromium on carcass composition reviewed. Feedstuffs, 1997,69:52.
64 Mooney K.W., and G.L.Cromwell. Efficacy of chromium picolinate and chromium chloride as potential carcass modifiers in swine.J.Anim, Sci., 1997, 75:2261-2671.
65 Choi Y. J. et al, Effects of chromium picolinate on In Vitro lipogenesis and lipolysis in adipose and Protein synthesis in liver tissue of pigs. Asin-Australasian. J. Anim. Sci., 1998,11(4):428.
66 Mowat D.N., Supplemental organic chromium reiviewed for cattle.feedstuffs, 1997, Octo.20,P12.
67 Seaborn C.D., N.Cheng, B.Adeleye, F. Owens,and B.J.Stoecher, Chromium and chronic ascorbic acid depletion effects on tissue ascorbate, manganese and ~(14)C retention from ~(14)C-ascorbate in guinea pigs. Bio. Trace Elem.Res.,1994.41:279.
68 Close W.H., The role of trace mineral proteinates in pig nutrition. In :passport to the year 2000,Allteth 12th Annual Asia Pacific Lecture Tour (Ede. By Lyons T.P.), 1998,P85.
69 Schrauzer G.N..K.P. Shrestha, T. B. Molenaar, and S. Mead, Effects of chromium supplementation on feed energy utilization and the trace element composition in the liver and heart of glucose exposed young mice.Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 1986, 9:79.
70 Orr C.L., D.P. Hutchetson, and R.B. Grainger et al, Serum copper, Zinc, calcium and phosphorus concentrations of calves stressed by bovine respiratory disease and infectious bovine rhinotrecheitis. J.Anim., 1990. 68:2893—2900.
71 Chang X., D.N. Mowat, and W.Z. Yang, Carcass characteristics and tissue-mineral contents of steers fed supplemental chromium. Can. J. Anim Sci., 1992b. 72:663-9.
72 Subiyatno A., D.N.Mowat, and W.Z.Yang. Metabolite and hormonal responses to glucose or propionate infusions in periparturient dairy cows supplemental with chromium. I. Dairy Sci., 1996. 79:1436—1445.
73 张敏红，动物铬的营养研究进展，动物营养学报，1996，(8)：56～58。
74 呙于明，刘彩霓等，高温应激对肉仔鸡的影响及补铬的效果研究，畜牧兽医学报，1998，29(4)：339-344。
75 Doisy R. J.et al. Metabolism of chromium 51 in human subjects. In: Newer Trace Elements in Nutrition, W. Mertz and W.E.Cornatzer(Ed),Marcel Dekker, New York, 1971, 155.
76 Burton J. L, B. A.Mallard, and D. N.Mowat, Effects of supplemental chromium on immune responses of periparturient and early lactation diary cows. J. Anim. Sci, 1993a, 71:1532-9.
77 Burton J. L, X. Chang, D.N. Mowat. Effect of supplemental chromium on response of newly weaned beef to IBR/PI3 vaccination. Can. J.Vet. Res, 1993b,58:148.
78 Burton J. L, B. A.Mallard, and D.N.Mowat. Effects of supplemental dietary chromium on immune responses profiles of periparturient and diary cows. Vet. Immunol. Immunopath. 1993C, 35(suppl.):PS12.2.
79 Chang X, B.A. Mallard, and D. N. Mowat, Effects of chromium on health status, blood neutrophil phagocytosis and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis of dairy cows. Vet. Immunol. Immunopath, 1996a. 52:37-52.
80 Kegley E.B., J.W. Spears, and T.T. Brown. Immune responses and disease resistance of calves fed chromium nicotinic acid complex or chromium chloride. J. Dairy. Sci,, 1996, 79:1278-83.
81 Chang X, B.A. Mallard, D.N. Mowat, and G. F. Gallo, Effects of supplemental chromium on antibody responses of newly arrived feeder calves to vaccines and ovalbumin. Can. J. Vet Res. 1996b, 60:140.
82 Wright A.J., B.A.Mallard, and D.N.Mowat, The influence of supplemental chromium and Vaccines
on the acute phase response of newly arrived feeder calves. Can. J.Vet. Res. 1995.59:311.
83 Chang X., D.N. Mowat, and B. A. Mallard, Supplemental organic and inorganic chromium with niacin for stressed feeder calves. J. Anita. Sci., 1994b.72(Suppl.1).
84 Chang X., D.N. Mowat, and B. A. Mallard, Supplemental chromium and niacin for stressed feeder calves. Can, J..Anim Sci., 1995.75:351-8.
85 Burton J. L, Supplemental chromium: its benefits to the bovine immune system. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech, 1995, 53:117.
86 Myers M,J., Effect of growth hormone or chromium picolinate on swine metabolism and inflammatory cytokine production after endotoxin challenge exposure, Am.J.vet Res, 1997 58(6):594-600
87 Arthington J.D., L.R.Corch, and J.E.Minton et al. Supplemental dietary chromium does not influence ACTH, cortisol, or immune responses in young calves inoculated with bovine Herpesvius-I. J.Anim. Sci. 1997, 75:317～323.
88 Heugten E.V. and J.W. Spear, Immune response and growth of stressed weanling pigs supplemented with organic or inorganic forms of chromium. J. Anita. Sci., 1994, 72(Suppl.1): 274.(Abstr.).
89 Kegley E.B., J.W. Spears, and T.T. Brown. Effects of shipping and chromium supplementation on performance, immune responses, and disease resistance of steers. J. Anim. sci., 1997, 75:1956-64.
90 Vernon R.G. The partition of nutrients during the lactation cycle. In: Nutrition and Lactation in the Dairy Cow. (P. C.Gamsworthy, Ed.) Butterworths, Toronto, Ontario, 1988. p32.
91 Chang Z, Mowat D N. Supplemental chromium for stressed and growing feeder calves. J Anim Sci, 1992,70:559.
92 Mowat D N, Chang X, Yang W Z. Chelated chromium for stressed feeder calves. Can J Anim Sci, 1993:49
93 Pagen J. D., S. G. Jackson, and S. E. Duren, The effect of chromium supplementation on metabolic response to exercise in thoroughbred horses. In:proceedings of the 11th Alltech's Symposium(P. Lyons Ed.), 1995 p249.
94 Mowat D.N., Chromium: deficiency in the first parity cows .in: proceedings of the 11th alltechs Annual symposium (P. Lyons ED.). Nottinggham university press, loughborough, U.K, 1995, p309.
95 Page T. G. et al. Chromium supplementation of com—soybean meal diets for finishing swine. J.Anim. Sci., 68(Suppl.1):39(Abstracts).
96 Wright A.J. et al. Supplemental chromium and bovine respiratory disease vaccines for stressed calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 1994.74(2):287-95.
97 Liptrap R.M., D.N.Mowat, and W.Z.Wang.. Effect of supplemental chromium on adrenal cortical and pituitary response to stimulation testing in Holstein Heifers. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 1995, 75(4):658.
98 Mowat D.N., Organic chromium: A new nutrient for stressed animals, in: proceedings of the 10th alltechs Annual symposium (P. Lyons ED.). 1994, P118
99 Lien T.F., Y.M.Horng, and K.H.Yang. performance, serum characteristics, carcass traits and lipid metabolism of broilers as affected by supplement of chromium picolinate. British Poulty Science. 1999, 40:357.
100 Gardner G.E., J.W. Pethick, and G. Smith. Effect of chromium chelative supplementation of the metabolism of glycogen and lipid in adult Merino sheep.Austr. J.Agric. Res., 1998, 49:137.
101 康世良，应激对动物营养与健康的影响，饲料博览，1994，(5)，16～18。
102 刘加邦，奶牛热应激的原因及预防措施，天津农业科学，1997，3(4)：37～38。
103 杨红建，冯仰廉，热应激与反刍动物营养，饲料研究，1999，(10)：1～3。
104 李建国，桑润滋，张正姗等，热应激对母牛内分泌及繁殖机能的影响，中国奶牛，1998，(3)：31～32。
105 李如治，奶牛热应激研究现状，中国奶牛，1995，(4)：38～40。
106 李震钟主编，家畜环境生理学，北京，中国农业出版社，1999，31～32。
107 唐俊英，热应激对奶牛生产力的影响，中国奶牛，2000，2：27～28。
108 李绍钰，魏风仙，吴胜耀，张遂平，有机铬改善高温季节下奶牛生产性能的研究，中国奶牛，1999，(5)：18～19。
109 张敏红，张卫红等，补铬对高温环境下猪的铬代谢、生理生化反应和生产性能的影响，畜牧兽医学报，2000，31(1)：1～8。
110 史清河，张文颖，有机铬对应激牛的营养作用效果，饲料工业，1998，7：28～41。
111 林祥霖，微量元素铬在动物营养上的作用及其作用机制(续)，福建畜牧兽医，1996，4：17～18。
112 李海峰，龚启斌，蛋鸡生产期日粮补铬试验研究，饲料研究，1999，10：28～30。
113 王立常，烟酸铬饲养肉鸭的试验报告，中国禽业导刊，2000，17(6)：15～16。
114 李善花，金政等，烟酸铬对四氧嘧啶性糖尿病小鼠肝糖原含量的影响，微量元素与健康研究，
115 陈强，蔡春标，李建生等，添加烟酸铬对生长育肥猪的生长性能、代谢及组织学的影响，福建农业大学学报，2000，29(4)：502～507。
116 陈义勇，必需微量元素铬的研究，生理科学进展，1990，21(4)：349。
117 史清河，张颖，有机铬对应激牛免疫功能的影响，中国兽医杂志，1998，24(12)：39～41。
118 孟庆翔[主译]，奶牛营养需要，中国农业大学出版社，2001(7)
119 顾有方(摘译)，添加铬和烟酸对应激肥育犊牛的影响[J]，国外畜牧学—饲料，1997(2)：6～11。
120 张敏红，张卫红等，持续日变高温对猪的铬代谢及血液生化指标的影响，畜牧兽医学报，1998，29(2)：112～120。
121 傅同禄，新型饲料添加剂有机铬，饲料工业，1996，(17)：44～45。
122 袁宗辉[主编]，饲料药物学，中国农业出版社，2001，341～343。
123 吴永胜等，铬营养研究进展，动物营养学报，2000，(1)：8～11。2001，18(4)：5～6。
124 邓益锋，王小龙，铬对动物健康的影响及其在畜牧生产中的应用，中国兽医杂，2000，26(4)：42～44。
125 呙于明[编]，家禽营养与饲料，中国农业出版社，1998，156。
126 李德发[编]，猪的营养，中国农业出版社，1995，151～154。