中国地区间税收与税源非均衡性问题对策研究
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摘要
分税制虽然对我国的财政税收体制进行了结构性的全面改革,明确划分了中央税、地方税和中央地方共享税。但随着社会主义市场经济的发展,虽然现行分税制财政管理体制和税收制度促进了经济发展和其他社会目标的实现,但是也逐渐显现出一些问题,而且有些问题十分严重,已严重影响了社会的和谐和经济的可持续发展,特别是一个时期以来,由于税制设计、企业跨区经营、资源性初级产品定价和恶性税收竞争等其他一些影响因素,使得在不同地区之间产生了税收转移,形成税收与税源背离,体现地区间税收与税源之间的非均衡性。税收与税源之间的非均衡性一方面导致了地区间产业结构发展的不平衡,产业升级缓慢,另一方面导致了地方政府的公共物品提供出现扭曲,降低了居民的福利水平;但是现有研究对这方面的研究仅仅定性地进行说明和解释,没有从理论层面和实证研究的角度进行定量分析,缺乏理论依据对非均衡所导致问题的指导,现状所进行的解释说服力差,尤其是由于税收竞争所导致的地方基础设施建设投资增长迅速而科教文卫等公共物品提供不足等没有给予阐释;在解决对策方面,现有研究的针对性差,没有针对问题产生的根源有针对性地提出解决措施,在探讨优化税收分配机制的对策方面,上述研究给出的对策过于原则化,有些还流于形式。正是由于这些研究存在的不充分之处,成为本研究继续进行深入研究的切入点。
     本研究以财政分权的理论框架、税收竞争理论和税收公平理论入手对地区间税收转移导致的税收与税源背离问题进行系统的理论分析,以加强制度建设,规范地区间的税收竞争,合理划分地方的事权和税收收入,努力缩小地区间日益显著的税收与税源的非均衡趋势,促进我国的分税体制的科学发展提出相应的建议,以此减少地区间经济利益矛盾,促进不同地区经济和社会的均衡协调发展。本文共分为八个部分。
     第一部分为绪论,介绍了1994年分税制改革以来,地区间由于企业跨区经营、恶性税收竞争、税制设计和其他一些原因,在不同地区之间产生了税收转移,使得各省市的财政增长很不均衡等问题,引出我国目前地区间税收与税源之间非均衡性研究方向及研究方法。
     第二部分对国内外专家学者对相关税收非均衡问题的研究情况进行了简要介绍情况。
     第三部分对税收与税源之间非均衡性、财政分权的基础理论进行了阐述,包括税收转移,财政分权理论、税收竞争和分税制等的类型、工具及相关的经济理论。
     第四部分对我国地区间税收与税源之间非均衡性特点的实证分析,首先根据公共财政的职能在纵向上分析税收收入的变化,然后再对地区间横向税收收入分配的变化做出分析。这一方面是考虑到财政和经济数据便于取得,更主要是我国十五年来不同区域在税收与税源之间非均衡性的特点较为相近,本研究将选取一些有代表性的省份做样本,分析地区间税收与税源之间非均衡性的主要特点和背离程度,对我国地区间税收与税源之间非均衡性问题进行基本评价。
     第五部分在分析了地区间税收与税源之间非均衡性的现状后,考察了这种非均衡性对于实现地方公共财政的职能的效应,主要从两个方面进行分析,首先是公共财政体制确立后地方税收转移的经济效应,这包括经济增长和经济结构的转变,分析税收与税源之间非均衡性对经济发展和地区间产业升级的效应。其次以各地区税收竞争分析由此造成的税源转移对公共物品供给的影响,分析税收竞争适度或过度造成的社会福利增加或损失。这些问题以税收收入的功能结构为主线,采取地区间的横向比较和地区内部的纵向比较相结合的办法。
     第六部分对我国目前阶段形成地区间税收与税源之间非均衡性的原因进行分析,分别对税制设计、企业跨地区经营、恶性税收竞争、资源性初级产品定价等和地区利益等原因形成的表现形式、影响范围、税源背离的数量及程序进行介绍及分析。
     第七部分通过对国际上典型的国家地方税收分配机制的比较,发现不同类型国家地方为缩小地区间税收与税源之间非均衡性采取的相关机制、办法及其优缺点。为我国地方税收分配机制优化和减少地区间税收与税源之间非均衡性提供经验和借鉴。
     第八部分为中国地方税收分配机制优化的对策研究,在分析了我国地区间税收与税源之间非均衡性形成的原因后,本文将给出一些政策建议。首先是清楚界定各级政府的事权及财权,同时加强税收分配的法制化建设,优化税制结构,规范税收竞争和完善征管制度等方面进行详细的阐述,以公平和效率为基本原则,以科学发展观为指导思想,对缩小地区间税收与税源之间非均衡性提供可供借鉴和操作的建议,促进社会经济的均衡及和谐发展。
Although tax distribution system had affected the structural reform of the fiscal andtaxation system in China, and clearly differentiated the central tax, local tax and taxshared by central and local governments, with the development of socialist marketeconomy, a few problems gradually emerged--some of them were very serious--under therealization of economic development and other social goals, which had seriously affectedthe social harmony and the sustainable development of the economy. Especially since aperiod, as a result of the design of tax system, enterprises trans-regional operation,resources of primary product pricing and malignant tax competition and some otherfactors, the tax transfer had been formed in different regions, making deviation andnon-equilibrium between taxation and tax sources, which on one hand, led to thenon-equilibrium of the regional industry structure development and slow upgrading, andon the other hand, led to the distortion of local government provision of public goods,reducing people’s welfare. But the existing research on this aspect of the study is onlyqualitative description and interpretation, not from theoretical and Empirical Study ofquantitative analysis, lacking of the guidance for the theoretical basis for non-equilibriumproblems and strong explanations of persuasion, especially lacking of the explanation forthe countermeasure for the rapid growth in local infrastructure investment and theshortage in health science and education and other public goods provision. The existingstudies of targeted is so poor that it didn’t put forward measures which aimed at thecauses of the problems, besides, on the optimization of tax distribution mechanism thecountermeasure, the study giving countermeasures were too principle, some also becamea mere formality. Since these studies were inadequate, this research need to be continuedto conduct in-depth.
     This study based on the theoretical framework of fiscal decentralization, taxcompetition theory and tax fairness theory, theoretically analyzed the problem about thedeviation between taxation and tax source caused by regional tax revenue transfer, inorder to strengthen the system construction, normative regional tax competition, areasonable division of local governments and tax revenue, to narrow the regionalincreasingly significant tax and the sources of the non-equilibrium trend, to promote our country's tax system of scientific development, to reduce regional economic interestcontradiction, and to promote economic and social equilibrium and coordinateddevelopment. This paper is divided into eight parts.
     The first part is the introduction, which has introduced tax transferring in differentregions as the results of enterprises trans-regional operation, malignant tax competition,the design of tax system and some other reasons since taxation reform in1994, makingunbalanced financial growth in provinces and cities and which led to our country’scurrent regional tax and tax source between non equilibrium research direction andresearch method.
     The second part has briefly introduced the research on taxation non-equilibriumfrom the domestic and foreign experts and scholars.
     The third part has presented the basic theory about non-equilibrium between the taxrevenue and tax source, and fiscal decentralization theory, including tax transferring, thetheory of fiscal decentralization, tax competition and tax system such as the type, toolsand related economic theory.
     The fourth part of the essay deals with the non-equilibrium characteristics of taxrevenues and tax sources of different regions in our country. Based on the functions ofpublic finance, the tax revenue changes and the regional tax income distributive changesare analyzed in both longitudinal and lateral ways. Considering the financial andeconomic data are easy to obtain and the non-equilibrium characteristics of differentareas are similar, this study selects some representative provinces as samples to analyzethe main characteristics and deviation degree and gives the basic evaluation on thenon-equilibrium problems of tax revenues and tax sources of different regions.
     The fifth part will explore how the non-equilibrium influences the functions of thelocal public finance in two aspects. For one thing, after the establishment of publicfinancial system, the local tax revenue transformation which includes the transformationof the economic growth and economic structure will affect the economic developmentand the local industrial upgrading. For another thing, the proper or improper competitionof the tax revenue will lead the social welfare to increase or decrease. Therefore, the taxrevenue competition between regions will have a great effect on the supply of publicproperty. Based on the functional structure of the tax revenue, all the problems areanalyzed by comparing the similarities and differences between regions and inside the regions.
     The sixth part will introduce and analyze the expression forms of reasons, such as,the design of tax system, the enterprises’ management across areas, the malignant taxcompetition, the price of primary resource products, and assess the quantities andprocedures of the affected ranges and the deviation degree of tax sources.
     The seventh part will compare the typical local tax allocation mechanisms ofdifferent countries in the world, discovering the related measures, methods, advantagesand disadvantages to narrow the non-equilibrium of tax revenue and tax sources betweenregions. The analysis will provide rich experience and reference for strengtheningChina's local tax distribution system and reducing the non-equilibrium between regions.
     The eighth part studies countermeasures to optimize the Chinese local tax allocationmechanism. After analyzing of reasons for forming the non-equilibrium of tax revenueand tax source between regions, the paper will give some policy suggestions. The first isto clearly define the authorities of government and property rights at all levels andstrengthen the legal construction of the tax distribution. The second is to optimize the taxstructure, standardize the tax competition and improve the management system and otheraspects in detail, with justice and efficiency as basic principles, the scientific outlook ondevelopment as the guiding ideology. What we achieve can promote the balanced andharmonious development of economy and provide reference and operational suggestionsto narrow the non-equilibrium of tax revenue and tax source between regions.
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