船级社侵权责任法律问题研究
|
摘要
船级社在促进船舶安全、海上贸易发展和防止海洋环境污染等公共领域发挥不可替代的作用。各国法院长期以来保留着船级社免责的惯例,然而随着近年来数起特大型船舶油污泄漏造成灾难性的海洋环境污染事件,让国际各界对船级社的免责理由产生质疑。作为航运界不可或缺的组织,船级社侵权责任的研究已成为海商法的前沿课题。本文通过四章进行阐述,主要内容如下：
第一章主要从船级社侵权责任的内涵出发,重点阐述船级社侵权责任的特殊性和涉及的第三方。通过深入分析,指出船级社在法定服务下船级社属于特殊的民事组织；船级社扮演着重要角色但是存在局限性。
第二章阐述船级社侵权责任的归责原则及构成要件以及船级社在法定服务及国际公约下的抗辩事由。通过分析可知,船级社侵权责任的归责原则适用过错责任原则；船级社既不能援引国家豁免权也不能援引国际海事公约的限制或免责条款进行抗辩。
第三章简要分析了英美法院的案例。在大多数船级社侵权案例中,船级社提出的诸如适航义务是承运人的强制性义务及船级社的证书和第三方损失不存在近因等抗辩事由会获得英美法院的完全或部分认可。在特例中,尤其是涉及人命的重大事故中,英美法院往往倾向于船级社承担责任。
第四章运用法经济学的理论分析船级社享有责任限制的理由,同时指出建立国际统一的船级社保护性制度不可取并提出了船级社应当采取的有效措施。
希望本文对船级社侵权责任的探讨,为船级社化解来自第三方诉讼压力有所裨益,并最终推进针对船级社的国内立法。
The classification society plays an irreplaceable role on promoting the ship security, maritime trade development as well as preventing marine environmental pollution and other public areas. Courts in various countries have long recognized the international practice of classification societies' exemption. However, in recent years, several oil spill incidents from large ships causing devastating ecological pollution have made the whole world to question the rationale of classification societies' exemption. As an irreplaceable organization of the shipping world, the classification society tort liability has become the new frontiers in maritime law. The paper is divided into four chapters, and the main contents are as follows:
The first chapter, mainly analyzes the intension of the classification society tort liability, and mainly describes the particularity of the classification society tort liability as well as the third party involved. Through in-depth analysis, we can conclude that classification society acts as a special civil organization under legal service; the classification society plays an important role but exits limitations.
The second chapter describes the principles and components of the classification society tort liability as well as the grounds of defense of the classification society under legal service as well as the international conventions.Through in-depth analysis, we can conclude that the principle of classification society tort liability apply to fault liability principle; classification society cannot quote the right of state immunity as well as the limitation or exemption clause of international maritime conventions to defense.
The third chapter briefly analyzes the cases of British and American courts. In most classification society tort liability cases, the grounds of defense proposed by the classification society, such as seaworthy obligation is the ship carrier's obligatory obligation and the classification certificate and the third party loss does not exist immediate cause, will be approved full or partial by British and American courts. In special cases, especially involving the human life in major accidents, Britain and American courts often tend to let classification society assume the responsibility.
The four chapter analyzes the reasons why the classification society enjoys the limitation by using the method of the economics of the law. It also points out that setting up a unified international protective system of the classification society does not desirable and puts forward the classification society what effective measures should take.
Hope the study of the classification society tort liability will be helpful to dissolve the lawsuit pressure of the classification society from the third party, and finally promote domestic legislation for the classification society.
第一章主要从船级社侵权责任的内涵出发,重点阐述船级社侵权责任的特殊性和涉及的第三方。通过深入分析,指出船级社在法定服务下船级社属于特殊的民事组织；船级社扮演着重要角色但是存在局限性。
第二章阐述船级社侵权责任的归责原则及构成要件以及船级社在法定服务及国际公约下的抗辩事由。通过分析可知,船级社侵权责任的归责原则适用过错责任原则；船级社既不能援引国家豁免权也不能援引国际海事公约的限制或免责条款进行抗辩。
第三章简要分析了英美法院的案例。在大多数船级社侵权案例中,船级社提出的诸如适航义务是承运人的强制性义务及船级社的证书和第三方损失不存在近因等抗辩事由会获得英美法院的完全或部分认可。在特例中,尤其是涉及人命的重大事故中,英美法院往往倾向于船级社承担责任。
第四章运用法经济学的理论分析船级社享有责任限制的理由,同时指出建立国际统一的船级社保护性制度不可取并提出了船级社应当采取的有效措施。
希望本文对船级社侵权责任的探讨,为船级社化解来自第三方诉讼压力有所裨益,并最终推进针对船级社的国内立法。
The classification society plays an irreplaceable role on promoting the ship security, maritime trade development as well as preventing marine environmental pollution and other public areas. Courts in various countries have long recognized the international practice of classification societies' exemption. However, in recent years, several oil spill incidents from large ships causing devastating ecological pollution have made the whole world to question the rationale of classification societies' exemption. As an irreplaceable organization of the shipping world, the classification society tort liability has become the new frontiers in maritime law. The paper is divided into four chapters, and the main contents are as follows:
The first chapter, mainly analyzes the intension of the classification society tort liability, and mainly describes the particularity of the classification society tort liability as well as the third party involved. Through in-depth analysis, we can conclude that classification society acts as a special civil organization under legal service; the classification society plays an important role but exits limitations.
The second chapter describes the principles and components of the classification society tort liability as well as the grounds of defense of the classification society under legal service as well as the international conventions.Through in-depth analysis, we can conclude that the principle of classification society tort liability apply to fault liability principle; classification society cannot quote the right of state immunity as well as the limitation or exemption clause of international maritime conventions to defense.
The third chapter briefly analyzes the cases of British and American courts. In most classification society tort liability cases, the grounds of defense proposed by the classification society, such as seaworthy obligation is the ship carrier's obligatory obligation and the classification certificate and the third party loss does not exist immediate cause, will be approved full or partial by British and American courts. In special cases, especially involving the human life in major accidents, Britain and American courts often tend to let classification society assume the responsibility.
The four chapter analyzes the reasons why the classification society enjoys the limitation by using the method of the economics of the law. It also points out that setting up a unified international protective system of the classification society does not desirable and puts forward the classification society what effective measures should take.
Hope the study of the classification society tort liability will be helpful to dissolve the lawsuit pressure of the classification society from the third party, and finally promote domestic legislation for the classification society.
引文
[1]船级社主要提供入级服务、法定服务和其它工业服务,本文仅讨论“入级船”的停权青仟法律问题
[2]付为民.船级社法律地位及法律责任问题的研究.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2004年
[3]马晶晶.船级社的法律地位及其责任制度思考.(硕士学位论文)上海：上海海事大学,2005年
[5]4a)* The Buyers have inspected and accepted the Vessel's classification records. The Buyers have also inspected the Vessel at/in[..] on [...]and have accepted the Vessel following this inspection and the sale is outright and definite, subject only to the terms and conditions of this Agreement. 4b)* The Buyers shall have the right to inspect the Vessel's classification records and declare whether same are accepted or not within [...]The Sellers shall provide for inspection of the vessel at/in[...] * 4a) and 4B) are alternatives; delete whichever is not applicable. In the absence of deletions, alternative 4a) to apply.
[6]8c) Confirmation of Class issued within 72 hours prior to delivery.
[7]The Vessel with everything belonging to her shall be at the Sellers risk and expenses until she is delivered to the Buyers, but subject to the conditions of this contract, she shall be delivered and taken over as she is at the time of inspection, fair wear and tear excepted. However, the Vessel shall be delivered with her class maintained without condition/recommendation*, free of average damage affecting the Vessel's class, and with her classification certificates and national certificates, as well as all other certificates the Vessel had at the time of inspection, valid and unextended without condition/recommendation* by Class or the relevant authorities at the time of delivery. "Inspection "in this clause 11, shall mean the Buyer's inspection according to Clause 4a) or 4b), if applicable, or the Buyer's inspection prior to signing of this Agreement. If the Vessel is taken over without inspection, the date of this Agreement shall be the relevant date.
[7]承租人是指与船舶所有人签订包括期租、程租和光租等海上货物运输合同的当事人
[8]王利明.民法学.北京：法律出版社,2008,第717-726页.
[9]马里.国际船级社责任制度的发展趋势及我国对策之研究.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2000年
[10]王明慧.船舶油污损害赔偿中船级社第三方责任法律问题研究(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2011年。
[11]《联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约》第2条第1款(b)(三)“国家机构、部门或其他实体,但须它们有权行使而且实际在行使国家的主权权力。
[12]《SOLAS公约》第Ⅱ-1章A-1部分规则3-1规定："In addition to the requirements contained elsewhere in the present regulations, ships shall be designed, constructed and maintained in compliance with the structural, mechanical and electrical requirements of a classification society which is recognized by the Administration in accordance with the provisions of regulation Ⅺ-1/1, or with applicable national standards of the Administration which provide an equivalent level of safety."
[13]根据巴哈马商船法,法定服务下船级社作为政府的代理人享有管辖权豁免权。
[27] Mariola Marine Corporation v. Lloyd's Register of shipping-The Morning Watch, [1990]1Llpyd's Rep.547,561ff.
[28] Sean diederich Durr. An Analysis of The Potential Liability of Classification Societies-Developing Role, Current Disorder & Future Prospects.
[29] Perret v. Collins and others, [1998]2Lloyd's Rep.255 ff.
[30] Jurgen Basedow & Wolfgang Wurmnest. Third-Party Liability of Classification Societies.Springer Press, P.28
[34]Jurgen Basedow &Wolfgang Wurmnest. Third-Party Liability of Classification Societies.Springer Press, P.30
[35]笔者认为公约是各方利益平衡的结果,显然在某次海事事故中某些货主可能获得的赔偿不足以弥补其损失,但是只能支持其在公约范围内的赔偿,否则缔约国船货双方无法分摊风险及达成协议。
[36]罗伯特·考特、托马斯·尤伦.法和经济学(第五版).上海：上海人民出版社,2010：301
[37]王成.侵权损害赔偿的经济分析.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2002：2-3
[38]纳什均衡指某个人不愿意改变或者无法改变的均衡状态,只要其他人不改变他们的行为,就没有一个人能从改变自己的行为中得到好处,从而没有激励去改变目前的均衡。
[39]郭锡年、许瑞雪.关于船级社的法律责任制度之研究.中国海商法年刊,1998(9)：206-219
[40]虽然船东适航疏忽风险与船级社检验疏忽风险不完全相同,但是前者已经涵盖了后者。
[41] Nicolai Lagoni. The liability of Classification Societies. Springer Press, P.304-306
[42] Nicolai Lagoni. The liability of Classification Societies. Springer Press, P.262-263
[1]王利明.民法.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2010.
[2]王利民.民法学.北京：法律出版社,2008.
[3]魏振瀛.民法.北京：北京大学出版社,2010.
[4]王成.侵权法.北京：法律出版社,2008.
[5]张新宝.侵权责任法.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2010.
[6]杨立新.侵权行为法.上海：复旦大学出版社,2005.
[7]杨立新.侵权法论.北京：人民法院出版社,2004.
[8]王成.侵权损害赔偿的经济分析.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2002.
[9]司玉琢.海商法.北京：法律出版社,2007
[10]司玉琢.海商法专论.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2007.
[11]李志文.海上侵权行为法基本理论研究.大连：大连海事大学出版社,2006.
[12]杨立新.侵权责任法.北京：人民法院出版社,2004.
[13]司玉琢,海商法专题研究.大连：大连海事大学出版社,2002.
[14]杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则—英国合约法.北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000.
[15]杨良宜.船舶买卖法律与实务.大连：大连海事大学出版社,2004.
[16]杨良宜.造船合约.大连：大连海事大学出版社,2008.
[17]杨良宜.合约的解释.北京：法律出版社,2007.
[18]杨良宜.海上货物保险.北京：法律出版社,2010.
[19]杨良宜,汪鹏南.英国海上保险条款详论(第二版).大连：大连海事大学出版社,2009.
[20]曼昆.经济学原理(第五版).北京：北京大学出版社,2009.
[21]保罗·萨缪尔森.经济学(第十七版).北京：人民邮电出版社,2004.
[22]罗伯特·考特,托马斯·尤伦.法和经济学(第五版).上海：上海人民出版社,2010.
[23]Nicolai Lagoni.The liability of Classification Societies. Springer Press,2007
[24]Jurgen Basedow, Wolfgang Wurmnest. Third Party Liability of Classification Societies.Springer Press,2005.
[25]Iain Goldrein, Matt Hannaford, Paul Turner. Ship Sale and Purchase.Informa Law Press,2008.
[26]郭锡年,许瑞雪.关于船级社的法律责任制度之研究.中国海商法年刊,1998：206 219.
[27]韩立新,王明慧.警示与挑战：船级社在船舶油污损害赔偿案件中是否负责.中国海商 法年刊,2011(3)：103.
[28]韩立新,包继来.中国船级社法律责任探析.当代法学,2003(4)：158.
[29]Jose M. Alcantara.'“威望号”船事件之后的油污立法.中国海商法年刊,2006：458 467.
[30]吕婕.船级社的侵权责任.商业文化,2008：218.
[31]胡正良,单红军.船级社的行为准则和法律责任.中国海商法年刊,1998(9)：111.
[32]韩立新,于萍.船级社法律责任的最新发展.大连海事大学学报(社会科学版),2006(4)：9.
[33]彭先伟.石油公司应该对船舶油污损害负责吗?—评欧盟法院对Erika轮油污案的裁*.中国海商法年刊,2009(3)：102 108.
[34]张红.行政赔偿责任与民事赔偿责任之关系及其处理.政法论坛,2009(27)：176180.
[35]彭杨.行政授权与行政委托.问题与探讨,3846.
[36]薛刚凌.行政授权与行政委托之探讨.法学杂志,2002(3)：18 20.
[37]徐湘明.行政私法行为的界定与功能.辽宁行政学院学院,2009(4)：40 42.
[38]胡肖华,徐靖.行政主体行政责任与民事责任竞合的数理分析.行政法学研究,2007(2)：1924.
[39]胡建淼,吴恩玉.行政主体责令承担民事责任的法律属性.中国法学,2009(1)：77 87.
[40]刘福生.中国船级社发展的体制和政策环境思考.世界海运,2004(2)：13.
[41]梁锋.论中国船级社法律责任风险.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2011年.
[42]王明慧.船舶油污损害赔偿中船级社第三方责任法律问题研究(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2011年.
[43]马里.国际船级社责任制度的发展趋势及我国对策之研究.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2000年.
[44]马晶晶.船级社的法律地位及其责任制度思考.(硕士学位论文)上海：上海海事大学,2005年.
[45]付为民.船级社法律地位及法律责任问题的研究.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2004年.
[46]蒋伟平.威望号海事分析.(硕士学位论文)上海：上海海事大学,2006年.
[47]李晓刚.建立海事诉讼专家证人制度问题研究.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2006年.
[48]张靖坤.论专业人士的法律责任以专业人士对第三人侵权为核心.(硕士学位论文)西安：西北大学,2007年.
[49]马媛媛.专家的民事责任制度研究.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2007年.
[50]全健.专家侵权救济法律制度研究.(硕士学位论文)长沙：中南大学,2007年.
[51]杜华.专家侵权责任研究.(硕士学位论文)成都：四川大学,2005年.
[52]2003AMC2409.
[53]Sundance Cruises Corp. v. American Bureau of shipping,7 F.3d 1077,1084.
[54]Perret v. Collins and others, [1998]2Lloyd's Rep.255 ff.
[55]Sean diederich Durr. An Analysis of The Potential Liability of Classification Societies Developing Role, Current Disorder &Future Prospects.
[56]Mariola Marine Corporation v. Lloyd's Register of shipping The Morning Watch, [1990]lLloyd's Rep.547,561ff.
[57]Marc Rich&Co. A. G. v. Bishop Rock Marine Co. Ltd. Bethharine Co.Ltd. and Nippon Kaiji Kyoki. [1995]2 Lloyd's LawRep:299.
[58]International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading ("Hague Rules"), and Protocol of Signature.
[59]United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea,1978. ("Hamburg Rules")
[60]Hague Visby Rules.
[61]International Convention Relating to the Limitation of the Liability of the Liability of Owners of Sea Going, And Protocol of Signature. (Brussels,10 October 1957)
[62]Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims,1976. (London,19 November 1976)
[63]International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,1969.
[64]International Convention on the Establishment of An International Fund For Compensation For Oil Pollution Damage. (Brussels,18 December 1971)
[65]International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS).
[66]International convention on civil liability for bunker oil pollution damage, 2001.
[67]International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,1992.
[68]International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS),1974
[69]Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea,1974.
[70]The United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their property.
[71]1969 Vienna Convention.
[72]Attorny, The Potential Liability of Classification society,1994,P.23.
[73]Machale A. Miller. Liability of Classification Societies from the Perspective of United States Law.
[74]Jose M. Alcantara, LL. B. Shipbuilding and Classification of Ships liability to Third Parties.
[75]Barbara Vaughan. The Liability of Classification Societies.
[76]1993年挪威格式(NSF' 93)
[77]船舶检验机构及验船人员工作过错追究办法(2008年修订)
[78]中华人民共和国船舶和海上设施检验条例.
[79]http://www.ccs.org.cn/
[80]http://www.iacs.org.uk/
[81]http://www.imo.org
[2]付为民.船级社法律地位及法律责任问题的研究.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2004年
[3]马晶晶.船级社的法律地位及其责任制度思考.(硕士学位论文)上海：上海海事大学,2005年
[5]4a)* The Buyers have inspected and accepted the Vessel's classification records. The Buyers have also inspected the Vessel at/in[..] on [...]and have accepted the Vessel following this inspection and the sale is outright and definite, subject only to the terms and conditions of this Agreement. 4b)* The Buyers shall have the right to inspect the Vessel's classification records and declare whether same are accepted or not within [...]The Sellers shall provide for inspection of the vessel at/in[...] * 4a) and 4B) are alternatives; delete whichever is not applicable. In the absence of deletions, alternative 4a) to apply.
[6]8c) Confirmation of Class issued within 72 hours prior to delivery.
[7]The Vessel with everything belonging to her shall be at the Sellers risk and expenses until she is delivered to the Buyers, but subject to the conditions of this contract, she shall be delivered and taken over as she is at the time of inspection, fair wear and tear excepted. However, the Vessel shall be delivered with her class maintained without condition/recommendation*, free of average damage affecting the Vessel's class, and with her classification certificates and national certificates, as well as all other certificates the Vessel had at the time of inspection, valid and unextended without condition/recommendation* by Class or the relevant authorities at the time of delivery. "Inspection "in this clause 11, shall mean the Buyer's inspection according to Clause 4a) or 4b), if applicable, or the Buyer's inspection prior to signing of this Agreement. If the Vessel is taken over without inspection, the date of this Agreement shall be the relevant date.
[7]承租人是指与船舶所有人签订包括期租、程租和光租等海上货物运输合同的当事人
[8]王利明.民法学.北京：法律出版社,2008,第717-726页.
[9]马里.国际船级社责任制度的发展趋势及我国对策之研究.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2000年
[10]王明慧.船舶油污损害赔偿中船级社第三方责任法律问题研究(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2011年。
[11]《联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约》第2条第1款(b)(三)“国家机构、部门或其他实体,但须它们有权行使而且实际在行使国家的主权权力。
[12]《SOLAS公约》第Ⅱ-1章A-1部分规则3-1规定："In addition to the requirements contained elsewhere in the present regulations, ships shall be designed, constructed and maintained in compliance with the structural, mechanical and electrical requirements of a classification society which is recognized by the Administration in accordance with the provisions of regulation Ⅺ-1/1, or with applicable national standards of the Administration which provide an equivalent level of safety."
[13]根据巴哈马商船法,法定服务下船级社作为政府的代理人享有管辖权豁免权。
[27] Mariola Marine Corporation v. Lloyd's Register of shipping-The Morning Watch, [1990]1Llpyd's Rep.547,561ff.
[28] Sean diederich Durr. An Analysis of The Potential Liability of Classification Societies-Developing Role, Current Disorder & Future Prospects.
[29] Perret v. Collins and others, [1998]2Lloyd's Rep.255 ff.
[30] Jurgen Basedow & Wolfgang Wurmnest. Third-Party Liability of Classification Societies.Springer Press, P.28
[34]Jurgen Basedow &Wolfgang Wurmnest. Third-Party Liability of Classification Societies.Springer Press, P.30
[35]笔者认为公约是各方利益平衡的结果,显然在某次海事事故中某些货主可能获得的赔偿不足以弥补其损失,但是只能支持其在公约范围内的赔偿,否则缔约国船货双方无法分摊风险及达成协议。
[36]罗伯特·考特、托马斯·尤伦.法和经济学(第五版).上海：上海人民出版社,2010：301
[37]王成.侵权损害赔偿的经济分析.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2002：2-3
[38]纳什均衡指某个人不愿意改变或者无法改变的均衡状态,只要其他人不改变他们的行为,就没有一个人能从改变自己的行为中得到好处,从而没有激励去改变目前的均衡。
[39]郭锡年、许瑞雪.关于船级社的法律责任制度之研究.中国海商法年刊,1998(9)：206-219
[40]虽然船东适航疏忽风险与船级社检验疏忽风险不完全相同,但是前者已经涵盖了后者。
[41] Nicolai Lagoni. The liability of Classification Societies. Springer Press, P.304-306
[42] Nicolai Lagoni. The liability of Classification Societies. Springer Press, P.262-263
[1]王利明.民法.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2010.
[2]王利民.民法学.北京：法律出版社,2008.
[3]魏振瀛.民法.北京：北京大学出版社,2010.
[4]王成.侵权法.北京：法律出版社,2008.
[5]张新宝.侵权责任法.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2010.
[6]杨立新.侵权行为法.上海：复旦大学出版社,2005.
[7]杨立新.侵权法论.北京：人民法院出版社,2004.
[8]王成.侵权损害赔偿的经济分析.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2002.
[9]司玉琢.海商法.北京：法律出版社,2007
[10]司玉琢.海商法专论.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2007.
[11]李志文.海上侵权行为法基本理论研究.大连：大连海事大学出版社,2006.
[12]杨立新.侵权责任法.北京：人民法院出版社,2004.
[13]司玉琢,海商法专题研究.大连：大连海事大学出版社,2002.
[14]杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则—英国合约法.北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000.
[15]杨良宜.船舶买卖法律与实务.大连：大连海事大学出版社,2004.
[16]杨良宜.造船合约.大连：大连海事大学出版社,2008.
[17]杨良宜.合约的解释.北京：法律出版社,2007.
[18]杨良宜.海上货物保险.北京：法律出版社,2010.
[19]杨良宜,汪鹏南.英国海上保险条款详论(第二版).大连：大连海事大学出版社,2009.
[20]曼昆.经济学原理(第五版).北京：北京大学出版社,2009.
[21]保罗·萨缪尔森.经济学(第十七版).北京：人民邮电出版社,2004.
[22]罗伯特·考特,托马斯·尤伦.法和经济学(第五版).上海：上海人民出版社,2010.
[23]Nicolai Lagoni.The liability of Classification Societies. Springer Press,2007
[24]Jurgen Basedow, Wolfgang Wurmnest. Third Party Liability of Classification Societies.Springer Press,2005.
[25]Iain Goldrein, Matt Hannaford, Paul Turner. Ship Sale and Purchase.Informa Law Press,2008.
[26]郭锡年,许瑞雪.关于船级社的法律责任制度之研究.中国海商法年刊,1998：206 219.
[27]韩立新,王明慧.警示与挑战：船级社在船舶油污损害赔偿案件中是否负责.中国海商 法年刊,2011(3)：103.
[28]韩立新,包继来.中国船级社法律责任探析.当代法学,2003(4)：158.
[29]Jose M. Alcantara.'“威望号”船事件之后的油污立法.中国海商法年刊,2006：458 467.
[30]吕婕.船级社的侵权责任.商业文化,2008：218.
[31]胡正良,单红军.船级社的行为准则和法律责任.中国海商法年刊,1998(9)：111.
[32]韩立新,于萍.船级社法律责任的最新发展.大连海事大学学报(社会科学版),2006(4)：9.
[33]彭先伟.石油公司应该对船舶油污损害负责吗?—评欧盟法院对Erika轮油污案的裁*.中国海商法年刊,2009(3)：102 108.
[34]张红.行政赔偿责任与民事赔偿责任之关系及其处理.政法论坛,2009(27)：176180.
[35]彭杨.行政授权与行政委托.问题与探讨,3846.
[36]薛刚凌.行政授权与行政委托之探讨.法学杂志,2002(3)：18 20.
[37]徐湘明.行政私法行为的界定与功能.辽宁行政学院学院,2009(4)：40 42.
[38]胡肖华,徐靖.行政主体行政责任与民事责任竞合的数理分析.行政法学研究,2007(2)：1924.
[39]胡建淼,吴恩玉.行政主体责令承担民事责任的法律属性.中国法学,2009(1)：77 87.
[40]刘福生.中国船级社发展的体制和政策环境思考.世界海运,2004(2)：13.
[41]梁锋.论中国船级社法律责任风险.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2011年.
[42]王明慧.船舶油污损害赔偿中船级社第三方责任法律问题研究(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2011年.
[43]马里.国际船级社责任制度的发展趋势及我国对策之研究.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2000年.
[44]马晶晶.船级社的法律地位及其责任制度思考.(硕士学位论文)上海：上海海事大学,2005年.
[45]付为民.船级社法律地位及法律责任问题的研究.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2004年.
[46]蒋伟平.威望号海事分析.(硕士学位论文)上海：上海海事大学,2006年.
[47]李晓刚.建立海事诉讼专家证人制度问题研究.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2006年.
[48]张靖坤.论专业人士的法律责任以专业人士对第三人侵权为核心.(硕士学位论文)西安：西北大学,2007年.
[49]马媛媛.专家的民事责任制度研究.(硕士学位论文)大连：大连海事大学,2007年.
[50]全健.专家侵权救济法律制度研究.(硕士学位论文)长沙：中南大学,2007年.
[51]杜华.专家侵权责任研究.(硕士学位论文)成都：四川大学,2005年.
[52]2003AMC2409.
[53]Sundance Cruises Corp. v. American Bureau of shipping,7 F.3d 1077,1084.
[54]Perret v. Collins and others, [1998]2Lloyd's Rep.255 ff.
[55]Sean diederich Durr. An Analysis of The Potential Liability of Classification Societies Developing Role, Current Disorder &Future Prospects.
[56]Mariola Marine Corporation v. Lloyd's Register of shipping The Morning Watch, [1990]lLloyd's Rep.547,561ff.
[57]Marc Rich&Co. A. G. v. Bishop Rock Marine Co. Ltd. Bethharine Co.Ltd. and Nippon Kaiji Kyoki. [1995]2 Lloyd's LawRep:299.
[58]International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading ("Hague Rules"), and Protocol of Signature.
[59]United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea,1978. ("Hamburg Rules")
[60]Hague Visby Rules.
[61]International Convention Relating to the Limitation of the Liability of the Liability of Owners of Sea Going, And Protocol of Signature. (Brussels,10 October 1957)
[62]Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims,1976. (London,19 November 1976)
[63]International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,1969.
[64]International Convention on the Establishment of An International Fund For Compensation For Oil Pollution Damage. (Brussels,18 December 1971)
[65]International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS).
[66]International convention on civil liability for bunker oil pollution damage, 2001.
[67]International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage,1992.
[68]International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS),1974
[69]Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea,1974.
[70]The United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their property.
[71]1969 Vienna Convention.
[72]Attorny, The Potential Liability of Classification society,1994,P.23.
[73]Machale A. Miller. Liability of Classification Societies from the Perspective of United States Law.
[74]Jose M. Alcantara, LL. B. Shipbuilding and Classification of Ships liability to Third Parties.
[75]Barbara Vaughan. The Liability of Classification Societies.
[76]1993年挪威格式(NSF' 93)
[77]船舶检验机构及验船人员工作过错追究办法(2008年修订)
[78]中华人民共和国船舶和海上设施检验条例.
[79]http://www.ccs.org.cn/
[80]http://www.iacs.org.uk/
[81]http://www.imo.org