某些具有扩散和交错扩散的生态模型
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摘要
应用线性非线性微分方程研究种群生态学和流行病学有非常久远的历史.然而在生态系统中流行病是不可忽略的,因此联合流行病因素研究生态学是有必要的.本文首先研究了两个描述流行病在被捕食者中传播的具有齐次Neumann边界条件的扩散方程组.接着考虑了两个具有交错扩散的捕食模型,其中捕食模型中的交错扩散在生物学上的解释为捕食者追逐猎物(被捕食者),而被捕食者逃离捕食者.这样的交错扩散现象在大部分生态环境中出现.最后研究了一个描述互惠模型的强耦合退化反应扩散方程组解的全局存在性和爆破.本文首先利用半群理论给出了两个描述生态-流行病模型的反应扩散方程组的耗散性,利用拓扑度理论证明了该模型的非常数正稳态解的存在性与分歧.发现对于不同的反应函数,扩散系数对非常数正稳态解的存在性的影响是不同的.然后分析了扩散以及交错扩散在两个捕食模型中对非常数正稳态解的影响.发现当没有交错扩散时常数稳态解是局部(甚至是全局)渐近稳定的,交错扩散的发生可以产生非常数正稳态解.最后利用正则化、作估计、抽子列的方法得到一个描述互惠模型的强耦合退化反应扩散方程组解的局部存在性,通过与常微分方程组比较得出该方程组正解全局存在的一个条件,同时利用反正法得到在互惠大于竞争,并且两物种栖息地充分大的情况下该方程组的解在有限时刻爆破.
In this paper some prey-predator models and eco-epidemiology models arestudied. Effect of diffusion and cross-diffusion on the stability of constantsolutions、existence and non-existence of non-constant steady state solutionsis mainly considered. Global existence and blow-up of positive solutionsfor a strongly coupled and degenerate quasilinear parabolic system for amutualistic model are also studied. This thesis consists of the following fiveparts.
After briefly reviewing the history of the development of biomathematics,especially the history of dynamics model of biological groups、epidemiologymodels and eco-epidemiology models, in the introduction we give the mainresults of this thesis and the direction we will investigate next.
To our knowledge, all the eco-epidemiology models are ODE systems. Wewill study two reaction-diffusion systems for eco-epidemiology models. Inthe first section of Chapter one, we consider the following eco-epidemiologymodel: where d1,d2,d3 are diffusion coeffcients, r,a,k and mi(i = 1···5) are posi- tive constants. We can rewrite (1) as Ut = D U +F(U). The ODE systemof (1) was proposed by J. Chattopadhyay and N. Bairagi in 2001 whenthey studied the relationship of the susceptible Tilapia population, infectedTilapia population and their predator Pelican birds population in Salton seaof California. They gave the dissipation, persistence of the ODE system andthe stability of constant solutions. We consider (1) in a bounded domain∈RN with smooth boundary with homogeneous Neumann boundary con-dition and non-negative initial value. Using analytic semigroup theory, wegive the dissipation of (1). Subsequently, we give some a priori estimatesof upper bound and the Harnack Inequality of the positive steady state so-lution of (1). Using these estimates and Poincar′e Inequality, we have thefollowing theorem:
Theorem 1 Suppose constant d satisfy 0 < d min{d1,d2,d3}, thenthere exist positive constants Cd2 = Cd2(Λ, ,d,d1),Cd3 = Cd3(Λ, ,d,d1,d2)such that (1) has no non-constant positive steady state solution, when d2Cd2 or d3 Cd3, whereΛ= (r,a,k,m1,···,m5).
Since we can’t give the uniformly lower bound, we can not prove theexistence of non-constant steady state solutions by degree theory directly.Here we use the bifurcation method proposed by M. X. Wang to prove thenon-constant steady state solutions can bifurcate from constant solution.Using Sp to denote the positive spectrum of on with the homogeneousNeumann boundary condition, that is, Sp = {μ1,μ2,μ3,···}. Define non-constant steady state solutions of (1).
In this section, we find that non-constant positive steady state solutionsexist when d2 is in a suitable range.
In the second section of Chapter one, we study a eco-epidemiology modelin which the functional response of predator is v/(aw+v), namely, we changethe functional response v/(a+v) of the first section to v/(aw +v). Y. Xiaoand L. Chen studied the systems without di usion. They found that thesystem is rich in boundary dynamics. Here we consider the inner dynamicsof the system (stability of positive constant solution) and the e ect of di u-sion on the existence of non-constant positive steady state solutions. Similarto the first section, we give the dissipation of this system and stability ofthe constant solution of the ODE system. Under some conditions, we givea priori estimates of upper bound and lower bound and Harnack Inequality.Using this estimates, we find that the system has no non-constant steadystate solution when d2 is large enough. Subsequently, using degree theory,we prove that non-constant positive steady state solutions exist when d2,d3satisfy some conditions and d1 is large enough. Finally, using d3 as thebifurcation parameter, we consider the bifurcation of non-constant positivesteady state solutions of the system.
We find that the e ect of di usion on the existence of non-constant pos-itive steady state solution is di erent for di erent functional response.In Chapter two, we discuss the following strongly coupled predator-preysystem: with homogeneous Neumann boundary condition and non-negative initialvalues. The cross-di usion term is that consumers move upward along gra-dients of prey density.
First of all, we consider the case d3 = 0. Using the the comparisonprinciple of parabolic equation, we give a condition of the dissipation andpersistence property of (2). Using the method proposed by M. X. Wang,we prove that the constant solution of (2) is locally asymptotically stablewhen
By constructing a Lyapunov functional, we prove the following global asymp-totically stable theorem:
Theorem 3 hold, then the constantsolution U of (2) is global asymptotically stable. Especially,(2) has nonon-constant positive steady state solution.
Next, we consider the e ect of d3. Some a priori estimates of upper andlower bound independent of d3 are given. Using the estimates and Poincar′eInequality and Young’s inequality withε, we can prove the following theo-rem about non-existence of non-constant positive steady state solution:Theorem 4 Let (a,b,c,α,δ,β)∈(0,∞)6 be given. For any positive con-stantε, there exist positive constants D1,D2 depending on (a,b,c,α,δ,β),εand such that (2) has no non-constant positive steady state solution whend1 D2(d2) and d2 D1.
Finally, using degree theory, we prove that non-constant positive steadystate solutions exist when d1,d3 satisfy some conditions and d2 is largeenough or for arbitrary d2 when d1 satisfy some conditions and d3 is largeenough.
In this chapter, we find that the constant solution is locally asymptoticallystable without cross-diffusion, non-constant steady state solutions can befound when cross-diffusion occurs.
In Chapter three, we study the following strongly coupled prey-predatorsystem with homogeneous Neumann boundary condition and Holling IIfunctional response:
We have the following theorem about stability:
Theorem 5 Let r,s be positive constants, positive constants q,αsatisfyα1, 1+α< q orα> 1, 1+α< qα(α+1)/(αff1), then the positiveconstant solution is asymptotically stable with respect to the dynamics (3).
Theorem 6 If d3 = d4 = 0,q >α+ 1,qα(qα), then the positiveconstant solution of (3) is globally asymptotically stable, this implies that
(3) has no non-constant positive steady state solution.Subsequently, we give some a priori estimates to the positive solutions of
(3) which depend on min{1 + d3,1 + d4}. Denotewhere A11 = . Using a priori estimates and degree theory, wehave the following theorem about the existence of non-constant steady statesolution:Theorem 7 Assume thatα,q satisfy and (5).
(a) Suppose d1,d3,d4 are given such thatΛ2∈(μj,μj+1) for some positiveeven integer j, then there exists a positive constant d2 such that (3) has atleast one non-constant positive steady state solution when d2 > d2 .
(b) Suppose d1 and d3 are given such thatΛ4∈(μj,μj+1) for some positiveeven integer j. Then for any given d2 > 0, then there exists a positiveconstat d 4 such that (3) has at least one non-constant positive steady statesolution when d4 > d4 .
However, we can not use the degree theory to prove the existence of non-constant steady state of (3) when d3 is large enough. At the end of thischapter, we give a condition of existence of non-constant steady state of (3)when d3 is large enough by the singular perturbation theory.
Theorem 8 Let (α,k,q,d2,d4)∈(0,∞)4×[0,∞) be given. Ifhas only zero solution, where F(w) = w + d4w2/(k + w), G(w) =(w/d2)[q/(w+α) 1], then, for every d1 > 0, there exists a positive constantε0 such that (3) has at least one non-constant positive steady state solutionwhen d3ε10.
From Theorem 6 and Theorem 7 we can conclude that the constant solu-tion is globally asymptotically stable without cross-di usion, non-constant steady state solutions can be found when cross-di usion occurs. This resultis stronger than the result we conclude in Chapter two.
In Chapter four, global existence and blow-up of solutions for a degenerateOwing to the degeneracy of (6), we use the method of regularization toconstruct a sequence of approximation solutions to obtain the local existenceof positive classical solution of (6). Let T be the maximal existence timeof the ODE system:
We have the following local existence theorem:Theorem 9 System (6) has a positive classical solution (u,v) with u,v∈C2,1( )×(0,T )∩C(×[0,T )).
Comparing the solution of (6) with the solution of an ODE system, wehave the global existence theorem:
Theorem 10 If b1c2 > b2c1, then System (6) has a global solution (u,v)which is uniformly bounded in×[0,∞). Strongly coupled, homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition and havingabsorption terms b1u2 and c2v2, it is more complex to prove that the solutionof (6) blows up. Generally, the comparison principle no longer holds for thestrongly coupled system, so we can not find a lower solution which blowsup. Here we setwhereλ1 is the first eigenvalue of ?? on ? with homogeneous Dirichletboundary condition, constantθ> 0 satisfies(4 +λ1)θ+ 3θ2 +λ1 < min{(c1 ? b1)/α,a1/(1 ?α),(b2 ? c2)/β,a2/(1 ?β)}.Using reduction to absurdity, we have the following theorem:Theorem 11 If b1 < c1,c2 < b2 andα,β1, then the solution of (6)blows up provided that
This theorem implies that the solution of System (6) blows up when thetwo species are strongly mutualistic and the habitat is large enough.
In this paper some prey-predator models and eco-epidemiology models arestudied. Effect of diffusion and cross-diffusion on the stability of constantsolutions、existence and non-existence of non-constant steady state solutionsis mainly considered. Global existence and blow-up of positive solutionsfor a strongly coupled and degenerate quasilinear parabolic system for amutualistic model are also studied. This thesis consists of the following fiveparts.
After briefly reviewing the history of the development of biomathematics,especially the history of dynamics model of biological groups、epidemiologymodels and eco-epidemiology models, in the introduction we give the mainresults of this thesis and the direction we will investigate next.
To our knowledge, all the eco-epidemiology models are ODE systems. Wewill study two reaction-diffusion systems for eco-epidemiology models. Inthe first section of Chapter one, we consider the following eco-epidemiologymodel: where d1,d2,d3 are diffusion coeffcients, r,a,k and mi(i = 1···5) are posi- tive constants. We can rewrite (1) as Ut = D U +F(U). The ODE systemof (1) was proposed by J. Chattopadhyay and N. Bairagi in 2001 whenthey studied the relationship of the susceptible Tilapia population, infectedTilapia population and their predator Pelican birds population in Salton seaof California. They gave the dissipation, persistence of the ODE system andthe stability of constant solutions. We consider (1) in a bounded domain∈RN with smooth boundary with homogeneous Neumann boundary con-dition and non-negative initial value. Using analytic semigroup theory, wegive the dissipation of (1). Subsequently, we give some a priori estimatesof upper bound and the Harnack Inequality of the positive steady state so-lution of (1). Using these estimates and Poincar′e Inequality, we have thefollowing theorem:
Theorem 1 Suppose constant d satisfy 0 < d min{d1,d2,d3}, thenthere exist positive constants Cd2 = Cd2(Λ, ,d,d1),Cd3 = Cd3(Λ, ,d,d1,d2)such that (1) has no non-constant positive steady state solution, when d2Cd2 or d3 Cd3, whereΛ= (r,a,k,m1,···,m5).
Since we can’t give the uniformly lower bound, we can not prove theexistence of non-constant steady state solutions by degree theory directly.Here we use the bifurcation method proposed by M. X. Wang to prove thenon-constant steady state solutions can bifurcate from constant solution.Using Sp to denote the positive spectrum of on with the homogeneousNeumann boundary condition, that is, Sp = {μ1,μ2,μ3,···}. Define non-constant steady state solutions of (1).
In this section, we find that non-constant positive steady state solutionsexist when d2 is in a suitable range.
In the second section of Chapter one, we study a eco-epidemiology modelin which the functional response of predator is v/(aw+v), namely, we changethe functional response v/(a+v) of the first section to v/(aw +v). Y. Xiaoand L. Chen studied the systems without di usion. They found that thesystem is rich in boundary dynamics. Here we consider the inner dynamicsof the system (stability of positive constant solution) and the e ect of di u-sion on the existence of non-constant positive steady state solutions. Similarto the first section, we give the dissipation of this system and stability ofthe constant solution of the ODE system. Under some conditions, we givea priori estimates of upper bound and lower bound and Harnack Inequality.Using this estimates, we find that the system has no non-constant steadystate solution when d2 is large enough. Subsequently, using degree theory,we prove that non-constant positive steady state solutions exist when d2,d3satisfy some conditions and d1 is large enough. Finally, using d3 as thebifurcation parameter, we consider the bifurcation of non-constant positivesteady state solutions of the system.
We find that the e ect of di usion on the existence of non-constant pos-itive steady state solution is di erent for di erent functional response.In Chapter two, we discuss the following strongly coupled predator-preysystem: with homogeneous Neumann boundary condition and non-negative initialvalues. The cross-di usion term is that consumers move upward along gra-dients of prey density.
First of all, we consider the case d3 = 0. Using the the comparisonprinciple of parabolic equation, we give a condition of the dissipation andpersistence property of (2). Using the method proposed by M. X. Wang,we prove that the constant solution of (2) is locally asymptotically stablewhen
By constructing a Lyapunov functional, we prove the following global asymp-totically stable theorem:
Theorem 3 hold, then the constantsolution U of (2) is global asymptotically stable. Especially,(2) has nonon-constant positive steady state solution.
Next, we consider the e ect of d3. Some a priori estimates of upper andlower bound independent of d3 are given. Using the estimates and Poincar′eInequality and Young’s inequality withε, we can prove the following theo-rem about non-existence of non-constant positive steady state solution:Theorem 4 Let (a,b,c,α,δ,β)∈(0,∞)6 be given. For any positive con-stantε, there exist positive constants D1,D2 depending on (a,b,c,α,δ,β),εand such that (2) has no non-constant positive steady state solution whend1 D2(d2) and d2 D1.
Finally, using degree theory, we prove that non-constant positive steadystate solutions exist when d1,d3 satisfy some conditions and d2 is largeenough or for arbitrary d2 when d1 satisfy some conditions and d3 is largeenough.
In this chapter, we find that the constant solution is locally asymptoticallystable without cross-diffusion, non-constant steady state solutions can befound when cross-diffusion occurs.
In Chapter three, we study the following strongly coupled prey-predatorsystem with homogeneous Neumann boundary condition and Holling IIfunctional response:
We have the following theorem about stability:
Theorem 5 Let r,s be positive constants, positive constants q,αsatisfyα1, 1+α< q orα> 1, 1+α< qα(α+1)/(αff1), then the positiveconstant solution is asymptotically stable with respect to the dynamics (3).
Theorem 6 If d3 = d4 = 0,q >α+ 1,qα(qα), then the positiveconstant solution of (3) is globally asymptotically stable, this implies that
(3) has no non-constant positive steady state solution.Subsequently, we give some a priori estimates to the positive solutions of
(3) which depend on min{1 + d3,1 + d4}. Denotewhere A11 = . Using a priori estimates and degree theory, wehave the following theorem about the existence of non-constant steady statesolution:Theorem 7 Assume thatα,q satisfy and (5).
(a) Suppose d1,d3,d4 are given such thatΛ2∈(μj,μj+1) for some positiveeven integer j, then there exists a positive constant d2 such that (3) has atleast one non-constant positive steady state solution when d2 > d2 .
(b) Suppose d1 and d3 are given such thatΛ4∈(μj,μj+1) for some positiveeven integer j. Then for any given d2 > 0, then there exists a positiveconstat d 4 such that (3) has at least one non-constant positive steady statesolution when d4 > d4 .
However, we can not use the degree theory to prove the existence of non-constant steady state of (3) when d3 is large enough. At the end of thischapter, we give a condition of existence of non-constant steady state of (3)when d3 is large enough by the singular perturbation theory.
Theorem 8 Let (α,k,q,d2,d4)∈(0,∞)4×[0,∞) be given. Ifhas only zero solution, where F(w) = w + d4w2/(k + w), G(w) =(w/d2)[q/(w+α) 1], then, for every d1 > 0, there exists a positive constantε0 such that (3) has at least one non-constant positive steady state solutionwhen d3ε10.
From Theorem 6 and Theorem 7 we can conclude that the constant solu-tion is globally asymptotically stable without cross-di usion, non-constant steady state solutions can be found when cross-di usion occurs. This resultis stronger than the result we conclude in Chapter two.
In Chapter four, global existence and blow-up of solutions for a degenerateOwing to the degeneracy of (6), we use the method of regularization toconstruct a sequence of approximation solutions to obtain the local existenceof positive classical solution of (6). Let T be the maximal existence timeof the ODE system:
We have the following local existence theorem:Theorem 9 System (6) has a positive classical solution (u,v) with u,v∈C2,1( )×(0,T )∩C(×[0,T )).
Comparing the solution of (6) with the solution of an ODE system, wehave the global existence theorem:
Theorem 10 If b1c2 > b2c1, then System (6) has a global solution (u,v)which is uniformly bounded in×[0,∞). Strongly coupled, homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition and havingabsorption terms b1u2 and c2v2, it is more complex to prove that the solutionof (6) blows up. Generally, the comparison principle no longer holds for thestrongly coupled system, so we can not find a lower solution which blowsup. Here we setwhereλ1 is the first eigenvalue of ?? on ? with homogeneous Dirichletboundary condition, constantθ> 0 satisfies(4 +λ1)θ+ 3θ2 +λ1 < min{(c1 ? b1)/α,a1/(1 ?α),(b2 ? c2)/β,a2/(1 ?β)}.Using reduction to absurdity, we have the following theorem:Theorem 11 If b1 < c1,c2 < b2 andα,β1, then the solution of (6)blows up provided that
This theorem implies that the solution of System (6) blows up when thetwo species are strongly mutualistic and the habitat is large enough.
引文
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