带附加空气室空气弹簧动态特性的实验研究
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摘要
空气弹簧作为钢板弹簧、螺旋弹簧的替代弹性元件，以其优良的减振性能在高速列车、汽车，甚至国外某些拖拉机的悬挂系统中得到越来越广泛的应用。为了更好地掌握空气弹簧的力学特性，使其更好地与车辆系统匹配，以获得更为优良的行驶平顺性，本文在总结前人研究成果的基础上，以美国凡士通产的1T15M-2型空气弹簧为母体，设计了带附加空气室的空气弹簧，在附加空气室与空气弹簧之间设有节流孔。由于空气弹簧的力学特性涉及到材料非线性、几何非线性、复杂气体动力学，很难通过计算的方法获得精确的空气弹簧刚度特性，工程实际中一般均是通过试验的方法获得。因而，本文采用试验的方法，在专门研制的机械式振动台上对所设计的带附加空气室的空气弹簧动态特性及阻尼特性进行了试验研究，主要研究了有无附加空气室及节流孔孔口大小对空气弹簧动态特性的影响。
研究结果表明：空气弹簧动态特性与节流孔孔口大小有着明显的关系。在相同内部气压条件下，对于所实验的各种节流孔孔口，任一激励频率时空气弹簧动比值随节流孔孔口变大而变小，当节流孔孔口大到一定程度时空气弹簧动比值不再随孔口大小的改变而变化；空气弹簧的等效粘性阻尼系数则随着节流孔孔口变大出现先增大后减小的现象，当节流孔大到一定程度时阻尼系数不再变化且与无附加空气室时空气弹簧的阻尼系数相当。
本文对带附加空气室空气弹簧动态特性进行了探索性的研究，为今后进一步研究空气悬架提供了一定的参考依据。
As the replacement for leaf spring and helical spring, air spring has been widely used in the suspension on high-speed trains , automobiles and even on some tractors in foreign countries for its ascendant characteristics. In order to match the air spring better with vehicles, it is necessary for us to know the unique characteristics of the air spring better. In this article an air spring with auxiliary chamber is designed based on 1T15M-2 type air spring made by Firestone Industrial Products Company. And a variable size throttle orifice is set between air spring and the auxiliary chamber. Because the characteristics of air spring are related to the non-linear material, non-linear geometry and aerodynamics, it is difficult to calculate the stiffness accurately, which is the main characteristic of air spring. In practice, the stiffness is always obtained by test. So, in this article, the author researched the dynamic characteristics of the air spring by test. The air spring with auxiliary chamber was tested on a mechanical vibration generator. The effect of the size of the on the dynamic characteristics is studied.
The result showed that the dynamic characteristics of the air spring with auxiliary chamber are interrelated observably to the size of the throttle orifice. Under the same inner pressure, for every tested throttle orifice, at each frequency the dynamic ratio of the air spring decreases as the size of throttle orifice increases, and it keeps the same when the throttle orifice is greater than about 25mm. The damping of the air spring increases at first. And then decreases as the size of throttle orifice increases. When the throttle orifice is greater than about 15mm, the damping is as the same as that without auxiliary chamber.
This article has probed into the dynamic characteristic of the air spring with auxiliary chamber. The research results could be reference and guide for further study in the future.
研究结果表明：空气弹簧动态特性与节流孔孔口大小有着明显的关系。在相同内部气压条件下，对于所实验的各种节流孔孔口，任一激励频率时空气弹簧动比值随节流孔孔口变大而变小，当节流孔孔口大到一定程度时空气弹簧动比值不再随孔口大小的改变而变化；空气弹簧的等效粘性阻尼系数则随着节流孔孔口变大出现先增大后减小的现象，当节流孔大到一定程度时阻尼系数不再变化且与无附加空气室时空气弹簧的阻尼系数相当。
本文对带附加空气室空气弹簧动态特性进行了探索性的研究，为今后进一步研究空气悬架提供了一定的参考依据。
As the replacement for leaf spring and helical spring, air spring has been widely used in the suspension on high-speed trains , automobiles and even on some tractors in foreign countries for its ascendant characteristics. In order to match the air spring better with vehicles, it is necessary for us to know the unique characteristics of the air spring better. In this article an air spring with auxiliary chamber is designed based on 1T15M-2 type air spring made by Firestone Industrial Products Company. And a variable size throttle orifice is set between air spring and the auxiliary chamber. Because the characteristics of air spring are related to the non-linear material, non-linear geometry and aerodynamics, it is difficult to calculate the stiffness accurately, which is the main characteristic of air spring. In practice, the stiffness is always obtained by test. So, in this article, the author researched the dynamic characteristics of the air spring by test. The air spring with auxiliary chamber was tested on a mechanical vibration generator. The effect of the size of the on the dynamic characteristics is studied.
The result showed that the dynamic characteristics of the air spring with auxiliary chamber are interrelated observably to the size of the throttle orifice. Under the same inner pressure, for every tested throttle orifice, at each frequency the dynamic ratio of the air spring decreases as the size of throttle orifice increases, and it keeps the same when the throttle orifice is greater than about 25mm. The damping of the air spring increases at first. And then decreases as the size of throttle orifice increases. When the throttle orifice is greater than about 15mm, the damping is as the same as that without auxiliary chamber.
This article has probed into the dynamic characteristic of the air spring with auxiliary chamber. The research results could be reference and guide for further study in the future.
引文
1，余志生著．汽车理论(第三版)[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2000．
2，庄继德著．汽车电子控制系统工程．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1998．
3，余强，郑慕侨．汽车悬架控制技术的发展．汽车技术，1994(9)．
4，王忠会．凌志LS400半主动悬架的减振特性及电控机理分析．西安公路交通大学学报，1999(4)．
5，陈志林，金达峰等．油气主动悬架非线性模型的建立、仿真与试验验证．汽车工程，2000(Vol．22)No．3．
6，刘小英，王凌等．汽车磁悬浮减振系统的结构分析与模型研究．武汉汽车工业大学学报2000．6．
7, Kazuo Ogawa, Kunihito Satoh, Takaaki Enomoto. Development of damping control system for air suspension. JSAE Review 17(1996) 314-324.
8, Benjamin Bell, Pneumatic Spring, U.S.Patent No.971583, 4 Oct. 1910.
9, Jack Gieck Riding on Air: a history of air suspension SAE, Inc, 1999.
10, Giuseppe Quaglia, Massimo Rorli, Air Suspension Dimensionless Analysis and Design Procedure, Vehicle System Dynamic, 35(2001), 443-475.
11, Katsuya Toyofuku、Chuuji Yamada、Toshiharu Kagawa、Toshinori Fujita. Study on dynamic characteristic analysis of air spring with auxiliary chamber. JSAE Review 20(1999) 349-355.
12，丁良旭等．空气弹簧悬挂特性计算机模拟．中国公路学报，1997(1)．
13，马越、吴诰珪、吴湘燕．空气悬挂大客车振动传递特性．暨南大学学报(自然科学版)，1996(5)．
14，喻凡等．汽车空气悬架的现状及发展趋势．汽车技术，2001(8)．
15，赵轶才、陶家念．汽车悬挂用空气弹簧的设计研究．汽车运输，1992(3)．
16，何辉，段敏．等厚断面渐变刚度钢板弹簧的优化设计计算．汽车技术，2000(4)．
17，秦志敏．渐变刚度钢板弹簧的设计计算．汽车工程，1994(第15卷)第4期．
18，张启应，勒晓雄等．非线性弹簧悬架及其实现的方法．上海汽车，2003(9)．
19，祁宏钟．变刚度钢板弹簧的设计方法和精确建模初探．中国机械工程，2002，7(上)．
20，李辉，何锃．磁悬浮减振器的研究．汽车工艺与材料，1999(5)．
21，李世民，吕振华．汽车简式液阻减振器技术的发展．汽车技术2001(8)．
22, Stanway R, et al. Variable Suspension Damping Using Electro-Rheological Fluids. Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1989.
23, Petek N K et al. Demonstration of am Automotive Semi-Active Suspension Using Electrorheological Fluid. SAE Paper 950586.
24, Park W C et al. Material Characteristics of an ER Fluid and Its Influence of an ER
Damper Part Ⅱ: Damping Forces. Material and Design, 1999.
25，张建文，庄德军等．汽车用空气弹簧悬架系统综述．公路交通科技，2002(12)．
26，赵轶才，陶家念．汽车悬挂用空气弹簧的设计．汽车运输，1992(3)．
27，朱德库著．空气弹簧及其控制系统．济南：山东科学技术出版社，1989．
28, Engineering Manual & Design Guide. FIRESTONE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS COMPANY.
29，刘鸿文．材料力学(第三版上册)．高等教育出版社，1997，12．
30，奚德昌，赵钦淼．振动台及振动试验．北京：机械工业出版社，1985，10．
31，别符兹聂尔等著．汽车振动的试验与研究．北京：机械工业出版社，1987，1．
32，宋国明．虚拟仪器测试技术应用综述．航空计测技术，2002，22(5)．
33，杨乐平，李海涛等．LabVIEW程序设计及应用．电子工业出版社，2001，7．
34，陈敏．虚拟仪器软件LabVIEW与数据采集．小型微型计算机系统，2001，22(4)．
35, LabVIEW Data Acquisition Basics Manual[M]. National Instruments Corporation, 1996.
36, LabVIEW User Manual[M]. National Instruments Corporation, 1996.
37, LabVIEW Tutorial, National Instruments Corporation, 1996.
38，马名建，周长城．数据采集与处理技术．陕西：西安交通大学出版社，1998，176-177．
39，瞿曌，刘文彦等．接地抗干扰技术的讨论．电工技术杂志，2003，4．
40，卢文祥，杜润生．工程测试与信息处理(第二版)．武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2002，4．
41，屈维德．机械振动手册．机械工业出版社，1992，8，(2-22～2-23)．
42，皇甫鉴等．现代汽车电子技术与装置．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1999．
43，景山克三．汽车的性能与试验．北京：人民交通出版社，1985．
44，庄继德．汽车电子控制系统工程．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1998．
45，J．厄尔贾维克、R．沙尔夫．汽车构造与检修．北京：机械工业出版社，1999．
46，张英会．弹簧手册．北京：机械工业出版社，1997．
2，庄继德著．汽车电子控制系统工程．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1998．
3，余强，郑慕侨．汽车悬架控制技术的发展．汽车技术，1994(9)．
4，王忠会．凌志LS400半主动悬架的减振特性及电控机理分析．西安公路交通大学学报，1999(4)．
5，陈志林，金达峰等．油气主动悬架非线性模型的建立、仿真与试验验证．汽车工程，2000(Vol．22)No．3．
6，刘小英，王凌等．汽车磁悬浮减振系统的结构分析与模型研究．武汉汽车工业大学学报2000．6．
7, Kazuo Ogawa, Kunihito Satoh, Takaaki Enomoto. Development of damping control system for air suspension. JSAE Review 17(1996) 314-324.
8, Benjamin Bell, Pneumatic Spring, U.S.Patent No.971583, 4 Oct. 1910.
9, Jack Gieck Riding on Air: a history of air suspension SAE, Inc, 1999.
10, Giuseppe Quaglia, Massimo Rorli, Air Suspension Dimensionless Analysis and Design Procedure, Vehicle System Dynamic, 35(2001), 443-475.
11, Katsuya Toyofuku、Chuuji Yamada、Toshiharu Kagawa、Toshinori Fujita. Study on dynamic characteristic analysis of air spring with auxiliary chamber. JSAE Review 20(1999) 349-355.
12，丁良旭等．空气弹簧悬挂特性计算机模拟．中国公路学报，1997(1)．
13，马越、吴诰珪、吴湘燕．空气悬挂大客车振动传递特性．暨南大学学报(自然科学版)，1996(5)．
14，喻凡等．汽车空气悬架的现状及发展趋势．汽车技术，2001(8)．
15，赵轶才、陶家念．汽车悬挂用空气弹簧的设计研究．汽车运输，1992(3)．
16，何辉，段敏．等厚断面渐变刚度钢板弹簧的优化设计计算．汽车技术，2000(4)．
17，秦志敏．渐变刚度钢板弹簧的设计计算．汽车工程，1994(第15卷)第4期．
18，张启应，勒晓雄等．非线性弹簧悬架及其实现的方法．上海汽车，2003(9)．
19，祁宏钟．变刚度钢板弹簧的设计方法和精确建模初探．中国机械工程，2002，7(上)．
20，李辉，何锃．磁悬浮减振器的研究．汽车工艺与材料，1999(5)．
21，李世民，吕振华．汽车简式液阻减振器技术的发展．汽车技术2001(8)．
22, Stanway R, et al. Variable Suspension Damping Using Electro-Rheological Fluids. Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1989.
23, Petek N K et al. Demonstration of am Automotive Semi-Active Suspension Using Electrorheological Fluid. SAE Paper 950586.
24, Park W C et al. Material Characteristics of an ER Fluid and Its Influence of an ER
Damper Part Ⅱ: Damping Forces. Material and Design, 1999.
25，张建文，庄德军等．汽车用空气弹簧悬架系统综述．公路交通科技，2002(12)．
26，赵轶才，陶家念．汽车悬挂用空气弹簧的设计．汽车运输，1992(3)．
27，朱德库著．空气弹簧及其控制系统．济南：山东科学技术出版社，1989．
28, Engineering Manual & Design Guide. FIRESTONE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS COMPANY.
29，刘鸿文．材料力学(第三版上册)．高等教育出版社，1997，12．
30，奚德昌，赵钦淼．振动台及振动试验．北京：机械工业出版社，1985，10．
31，别符兹聂尔等著．汽车振动的试验与研究．北京：机械工业出版社，1987，1．
32，宋国明．虚拟仪器测试技术应用综述．航空计测技术，2002，22(5)．
33，杨乐平，李海涛等．LabVIEW程序设计及应用．电子工业出版社，2001，7．
34，陈敏．虚拟仪器软件LabVIEW与数据采集．小型微型计算机系统，2001，22(4)．
35, LabVIEW Data Acquisition Basics Manual[M]. National Instruments Corporation, 1996.
36, LabVIEW User Manual[M]. National Instruments Corporation, 1996.
37, LabVIEW Tutorial, National Instruments Corporation, 1996.
38，马名建，周长城．数据采集与处理技术．陕西：西安交通大学出版社，1998，176-177．
39，瞿曌，刘文彦等．接地抗干扰技术的讨论．电工技术杂志，2003，4．
40，卢文祥，杜润生．工程测试与信息处理(第二版)．武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2002，4．
41，屈维德．机械振动手册．机械工业出版社，1992，8，(2-22～2-23)．
42，皇甫鉴等．现代汽车电子技术与装置．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1999．
43，景山克三．汽车的性能与试验．北京：人民交通出版社，1985．
44，庄继德．汽车电子控制系统工程．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1998．
45，J．厄尔贾维克、R．沙尔夫．汽车构造与检修．北京：机械工业出版社，1999．
46，张英会．弹簧手册．北京：机械工业出版社，1997．