传统游戏（非物质文化遗产）现实空间的保护和利用研究
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摘要
非物质文化遗产又称“无形文化遗产”,是各民族世代相承,与群众生活密切相关的各种文化表现形式和文化空间。它与特定历史发展以及特定文化空间的生活、生产方式甚至信仰息息相关,是对这些生活、生产内涵的表征与延伸。非物质文化遗产与物质文化遗产共同构成中华民族的文化财富,成为全人类文化遗产不可或缺的组成部分。全球化、现代化的快速发展的同时,给文化多样性、传统的文化形态带来一些负面影响。
西安是久负盛名的历史文化名城,有着丰富的历史文化遗产和非物质文化遗产。然而随着全球化和城市化建设的迅猛发展,非物质文化遗产受到猛烈冲击,西安的非物质文化逐渐失去了原有的存在土壤和环境。现代建筑替代了西安的传统民居;洋节日比西安传统节日更受人追捧;传统游戏也有被一些网络游戏和精美的玩具取代的危机。
传统游戏是流行于广大民众中,并成为代代传承的文化传统的游戏。他和传统的建筑空间环境共同承载着传统民族文化。传统游戏在一定程度上反映了社会发展的历史进程,是对历史的记忆和对民族文化的延续。西安的传统游戏由于文化的交流和融合等因素,虽然存在很大的趋同性,但是数千年的文化积淀也使其具有一定的独特性。但是社会的发展,城市化进程的加快,人们生活方式的改变等等,使得传统游戏从人们的生活中逐渐消逝。有效的保护和传承传统游戏就是对文化的传承,不容忽视。论文以西安的传统游戏为例,通过对传统游戏现状及其传承方式的分析,以及传统游戏与传统空间环境之间相互依存的关系,从而提出保护和更新的措施,使之适应新的社会形态,得到更好的传承和发展。进而为我国的非物质文化遗产的保护提出一些理论上的方式方法。
Non-material cultural heritage also known as the "intangible cultural heritage" is passing on by generations of all ethnic groups, which closely related to the life of the masses and the various forms of cultural expression and cultural space. With the specific historical development and the cultural space of life, even faiths is closely related to production, is the life, produced and extend the meaning of the characterization. Non-material cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage of the Chinese nation a common cultural wealth of all mankind become an integral part of cultural heritage. Globalization, the rapid development of the modernization at the same time, to cultural diversity, the traditional cultural patterns brought about some negative impact.
Xi'an is a world-famous historical and cultural city, is rich in historical and cultural heritage and non-material cultural heritage. However, with globalization and the rapid urban construction and development, non-material cultural heritage by the fierce impact, Xian's non-material culture gradually lose the existence of the original soil and the environment. Xi'an replaced by modern architecture of traditional houses; foreign festivals are aspired much more than the traditional festivals in Xi'an by the people; traditional games have been a number of online games and toys to replace the exquisite crisis.
Traditional games are popular in the vast number of people and become a tradition from generation to generation in the cultural traditions of the game. They and traditional architectural space environment jointly carry forward the traditional culture. Traditional games to a certain extent, reflected the historical process of social development, is of historical memory and the continuity of national culture. Xi'an traditional games, with the factors of cultural exchanges and integration, although a lot of convergence, several thousand years of cultural accumulation also to have a certain unique. However, the development of society, to speed up the process of urbanization, lifestyle changes in people and so on, traditional games from the people's life gradually fades away. Effective protection of traditional heritage and culture of the game is to pass on, can not be ignored. In the paper, such as the traditional game, through the traditional game of the status quo and its transmission mode of analysis, as well as traditional games and the space environment between the traditional relationship of interdependence, the protection and update the measures, so as to adapt to the new social patterns, better heritage and development. Then for China's intangible cultural heritage protection theory, put forward a number of ways.
西安是久负盛名的历史文化名城,有着丰富的历史文化遗产和非物质文化遗产。然而随着全球化和城市化建设的迅猛发展,非物质文化遗产受到猛烈冲击,西安的非物质文化逐渐失去了原有的存在土壤和环境。现代建筑替代了西安的传统民居;洋节日比西安传统节日更受人追捧;传统游戏也有被一些网络游戏和精美的玩具取代的危机。
传统游戏是流行于广大民众中,并成为代代传承的文化传统的游戏。他和传统的建筑空间环境共同承载着传统民族文化。传统游戏在一定程度上反映了社会发展的历史进程,是对历史的记忆和对民族文化的延续。西安的传统游戏由于文化的交流和融合等因素,虽然存在很大的趋同性,但是数千年的文化积淀也使其具有一定的独特性。但是社会的发展,城市化进程的加快,人们生活方式的改变等等,使得传统游戏从人们的生活中逐渐消逝。有效的保护和传承传统游戏就是对文化的传承,不容忽视。论文以西安的传统游戏为例,通过对传统游戏现状及其传承方式的分析,以及传统游戏与传统空间环境之间相互依存的关系,从而提出保护和更新的措施,使之适应新的社会形态,得到更好的传承和发展。进而为我国的非物质文化遗产的保护提出一些理论上的方式方法。
Non-material cultural heritage also known as the "intangible cultural heritage" is passing on by generations of all ethnic groups, which closely related to the life of the masses and the various forms of cultural expression and cultural space. With the specific historical development and the cultural space of life, even faiths is closely related to production, is the life, produced and extend the meaning of the characterization. Non-material cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage of the Chinese nation a common cultural wealth of all mankind become an integral part of cultural heritage. Globalization, the rapid development of the modernization at the same time, to cultural diversity, the traditional cultural patterns brought about some negative impact.
Xi'an is a world-famous historical and cultural city, is rich in historical and cultural heritage and non-material cultural heritage. However, with globalization and the rapid urban construction and development, non-material cultural heritage by the fierce impact, Xian's non-material culture gradually lose the existence of the original soil and the environment. Xi'an replaced by modern architecture of traditional houses; foreign festivals are aspired much more than the traditional festivals in Xi'an by the people; traditional games have been a number of online games and toys to replace the exquisite crisis.
Traditional games are popular in the vast number of people and become a tradition from generation to generation in the cultural traditions of the game. They and traditional architectural space environment jointly carry forward the traditional culture. Traditional games to a certain extent, reflected the historical process of social development, is of historical memory and the continuity of national culture. Xi'an traditional games, with the factors of cultural exchanges and integration, although a lot of convergence, several thousand years of cultural accumulation also to have a certain unique. However, the development of society, to speed up the process of urbanization, lifestyle changes in people and so on, traditional games from the people's life gradually fades away. Effective protection of traditional heritage and culture of the game is to pass on, can not be ignored. In the paper, such as the traditional game, through the traditional game of the status quo and its transmission mode of analysis, as well as traditional games and the space environment between the traditional relationship of interdependence, the protection and update the measures, so as to adapt to the new social patterns, better heritage and development. Then for China's intangible cultural heritage protection theory, put forward a number of ways.
引文
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[4]约翰赫伊津哈:《游戏的人》,中国美术学院出版社1998年版,第6页
[5]乌丙安:《中国民俗学》,辽宁大学出版社,第17页
[9]杨豪中.张蔚萍,卢渊:非物质与物质文化遗产整体性保护研究
[10]何星亮,《非物质文化遗产学论集》,学苑出版社2006年,第91页
11 麻国钧:《中华传统游戏大伞》农村读物出版社1990年版,第30页
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[4]杨·盖尔.交往与空间[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
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[7]王永平.唐代游艺[M].西安:西北大学出版社,1995.
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中国美术学院出版社,1998.
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[11]刘焱.幼儿园以游戏为基本活动的理论思考[M].学前教育论文集,北京师范大学教育系学前教研室编,1992.
[12]中国民族民间文化保护工程·普查工作手册[M].北京:文化艺术出版社,2005.
[13]张亮采.中国风俗史[M].北京:东方出版社,1996.
[14]蔡丰明.游戏史[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1997.
[15]张莉.儿童发展心理学[M].上海:华东师范出版社,1987.
[16]杨荫深.中国游艺研究[M].上海文艺出版社,1990.
[17]朱利民,陈雪华,田军.《浅议构建西安非物质文化遗产保护体系》[J].西安文理学院学报(社科版)2006,9(4):27-29
[18]田连冕.“非物质文化遗产”保护的悖论与新路径[J].艺术设计论坛,2005,14
[19]宋俊华.非物质文化遗产特征当议[J].江西社会科学,2006,1
[20]王文宝.中国民俗研究史[M].黑龙江人民出版社,2003,64
[21]丁海东.论儿童游戏的生活本质[J].山东师范大学学报,2003,48
[22]毛曙阳.儿童游戏观刍议[M].学前教育研究,1997
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[24]郭旃.<西安宣言>—文化遗产保护新准则,中国文化遗产,2005.6
[25]陈勤建.民间文化遗产保护和开发的若干问题[J].江西社会科学,2005.2
[26]李露露.图说中国传统玩具与游戏[M].世界图书出版社,2006.5
[27]蒋蓝.正在消失的游戏[M].中华工商联合出版社,2003
[28]王江萍,姚时章.城市居住外环境设计[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2000.1
[29]杨仪.非物质文化遗产概念的缘起、状况及相关问题.文物世界,2003.2
[30]乔晓光.活态文化:中国非物质文化遗产初探[M].太原:山系人民山出版社2004
[31]Daniel Nordman Fontieres de France De I' espace auterritoire ⅩⅥ"-ⅪⅩ" Siecle.Paris Gallimard,Gibliotheque des histories,1998
[32]Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.Paris,2003
[33]Some consideration on the protection of the intangible heritage:Clamis and remedies.Lyndel v.prott.
[34]Ecomuseums and the Democratisation of Japanese Musedgy.Peter Davis.International Journal of Heritage studies.Volume 10,Number 1.March 2004.pp.93-110(18),Routledge part of the Taylor & Francis Group.
[35]Intangible Heritage as Metacultural production.Barbara Krishenblatt -Gimblett.
[3]陈连山:《游戏》,中央民族大学出版社2000年版,第4页
[4]约翰赫伊津哈:《游戏的人》,中国美术学院出版社1998年版,第6页
[5]乌丙安:《中国民俗学》,辽宁大学出版社,第17页
[9]杨豪中.张蔚萍,卢渊:非物质与物质文化遗产整体性保护研究
[10]何星亮,《非物质文化遗产学论集》,学苑出版社2006年,第91页
11 麻国钧:《中华传统游戏大伞》农村读物出版社1990年版,第30页
[1]乔晓光.中国非物质文化遗产初探[M].山西人民出版社,2004.
[2]王文章.非物质文化遗产概论[M].北京:文化艺术出版社,2006.
[3]陶立璠.非物质文化遗产学论集[M].北京:学院出版社,2006.
[4]杨·盖尔.交往与空间[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[5]贾平凹.老西安[M].江苏:江苏美术出版社,1995.
[6]胡武功.西安记忆[M].西安:陕西人民美术出版社,2002.
[7]王永平.唐代游艺[M].西安:西北大学出版社,1995.
[8][荷兰]约翰·赫伊津哈著.游戏的人:关于文化的游戏成分的研究[M].北京:
中国美术学院出版社,1998.
[9][美]约翰逊等.游戏与儿童早期发展[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2006.
[10]刘焱.儿童游戏的当代理论与研究[M].成都:四川教育出版社,1988.
[11]刘焱.幼儿园以游戏为基本活动的理论思考[M].学前教育论文集,北京师范大学教育系学前教研室编,1992.
[12]中国民族民间文化保护工程·普查工作手册[M].北京:文化艺术出版社,2005.
[13]张亮采.中国风俗史[M].北京:东方出版社,1996.
[14]蔡丰明.游戏史[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1997.
[15]张莉.儿童发展心理学[M].上海:华东师范出版社,1987.
[16]杨荫深.中国游艺研究[M].上海文艺出版社,1990.
[17]朱利民,陈雪华,田军.《浅议构建西安非物质文化遗产保护体系》[J].西安文理学院学报(社科版)2006,9(4):27-29
[18]田连冕.“非物质文化遗产”保护的悖论与新路径[J].艺术设计论坛,2005,14
[19]宋俊华.非物质文化遗产特征当议[J].江西社会科学,2006,1
[20]王文宝.中国民俗研究史[M].黑龙江人民出版社,2003,64
[21]丁海东.论儿童游戏的生活本质[J].山东师范大学学报,2003,48
[22]毛曙阳.儿童游戏观刍议[M].学前教育研究,1997
[23]曹中平.儿童游戏论[M].银川:宁夏人民出版社,1999.
[24]郭旃.<西安宣言>—文化遗产保护新准则,中国文化遗产,2005.6
[25]陈勤建.民间文化遗产保护和开发的若干问题[J].江西社会科学,2005.2
[26]李露露.图说中国传统玩具与游戏[M].世界图书出版社,2006.5
[27]蒋蓝.正在消失的游戏[M].中华工商联合出版社,2003
[28]王江萍,姚时章.城市居住外环境设计[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2000.1
[29]杨仪.非物质文化遗产概念的缘起、状况及相关问题.文物世界,2003.2
[30]乔晓光.活态文化:中国非物质文化遗产初探[M].太原:山系人民山出版社2004
[31]Daniel Nordman Fontieres de France De I' espace auterritoire ⅩⅥ"-ⅪⅩ" Siecle.Paris Gallimard,Gibliotheque des histories,1998
[32]Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.Paris,2003
[33]Some consideration on the protection of the intangible heritage:Clamis and remedies.Lyndel v.prott.
[34]Ecomuseums and the Democratisation of Japanese Musedgy.Peter Davis.International Journal of Heritage studies.Volume 10,Number 1.March 2004.pp.93-110(18),Routledge part of the Taylor & Francis Group.
[35]Intangible Heritage as Metacultural production.Barbara Krishenblatt -Gimblett.