超采漏斗区漏斗填充式地下水库研究
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摘要
平原超采漏斗区是因地下水的长期超量开采,导致区域地下水位持续下降,漏斗面积不断扩展而形成的地下水采补严重失衡区。超采漏斗区的形成引发了地面沉降、地面塌陷、地裂缝以及地下水污染等一系列环境地质问题,致使漏斗区水资源供需矛盾突出,环境问题频发,严重制约了经济、社会的协调发展,其趋势令人担忧。建设地下水库是解决漏斗区因地下水长期超量开采而引发的一系列问题的有效途径,而且其蓄水于地下含水层中,具有许多优于地表水库的显著特点,因而成为近年来国内外研究的热点。许多国家都在实施地下水人工补给,以解决国内水资源短缺带来的环境问题。我国从二十世纪八十年代开始实施地下水库调蓄工程,已有部分成功实例,其类型也有多种(见表1.1)。由表1.1可知,目前所建地下水库大多坐落于山间河谷、滨海平原地区或山区冲洪积扇,且库区主要是利用天然含水层作为储水空间,而对于平原孔隙潜水超采漏斗区这一长期大规模开采形成的疏干空间的利用还没有进行更深入地研究。
区域超采漏斗区,大都地势平缓,具有较厚的含水层,经长期超采而具有较大的疏干空间,而漏斗的形成,已经改变了地下水的天然流向,使地下水集中流向漏斗中心开采区,地下水的动态条件适宜采取补给补源措施;区域四周封闭条件较好,含水层底部有一弱透水层,同时,地下水降落漏斗中心水力梯度低,也可以限制补给水外流,水的贮存条件较好。若得一科学合理配套的地下水回灌工程措施,就可以建设成为一座漏斗填充式的地下水库。
本次研究以济宁～汶上这一平原区大型孔隙潜水超采漏斗为例,收集大量的资料,综合前人的研究成果,从三个方面——建库的必要性、建库条件和建库后的效益——论证该区建设漏斗填充式地下水库的可行性。利用已有的抽水井和观测井资料,在Visual Modflow平台上对研究区地下水位回灌前后变化情况进行可视化模拟。并以Surfer软件为平台,对库区进行库容计算。经过论证得出济宁～汶上漏斗区建设地下水库条件优越,含水层储水、导水能力强,边界条件封闭,水源水质条件良好,具备人工补给条件,适宜修建漏斗填充式地下水库。经过系统的分析与研究,本文得出结论:可在平原孔隙潜水超采漏斗区建设漏斗填充式地下水库,以改善此类地区的水资源和生态环境问题,并为此类地区的经济社会和生态环境的可持续发展提出具有实际价值的建议。
Excess exploited funnel Area in plain is the area where the groundwater's exploitation and retirement out of order. Which is caused by spiral downward of groundwater level and expanding of funnel area because of longtime and excessive mining of ground water. Series of environmental geologic problems were created, such as land subsidence, ground depression, ground fissure and groundwater pollution, and so on. These problems caused demand and supply contradiction of water resources in funnel area was prominent and environmental problems frequent. So they retarded imposed social and economic development and made the development of social and economic disturbing. Building the groundwater reservoir is the effective way to solve these problems. Because saving water in ground aquifer and having a lot of advantages which surface reservoir without, groundwater reservoir became hot off the press of scholars home and abroad. Now, many countries are executing artificial recharge of ground water, to resolve environment problems caused by shortage of water resources. Groundwater storage engineering came into effect in our country from 1980's. There are many successful examples. And the types of groundwater reservoirs as Tablel-1. According to Tablel-1, we can infer, at present, the groundwater reservoirs built mostly located in mountain interval and valley, strand plain and alluvial-proluvial fan of mountain area. The storehouse area built mostly use natural aquifer as water space. Excess exploited, which is the caused by longtime overdraft, are not yet in-depth studied.
Excess exploited funnel area mostly are gently topography and has rather coated aquifer. This aquifer mostly has tremendous unwavering space after excessive mining. Funnels' formations have changed native flow direction of groundwater, made groundwater focus on the flow of funnel center district, so the dynamic condition of groundwater is fit to taking supply measures. Closure conditions around funnel area are good. The bottom of aquifer has acquitted. And the center hydraulic gradients of the funnel area are low, which can restrict runoff water to external flow. So these area have good condition of storage water. If having a scientific and reasonable groundwater recharge engineering, this area can build a packed funnel groundwater reservoir.
This study takes the Jining～Wenshang excess exploited funnel area as example, which is the large funnel area of porous phreatic aquifer in plain. The author gathers a lot of data, synthesizes predecessors research results, demonstrates the feasibility of building a packed funnel groundwater reservoir in this area from three aspects, which are necessity and condition of building groundwater reservoir, and benefits after building groundwater reservoir. Groundwater level history of study area back and forth repletion was visual simulated basing on Visual Modflow, according to pumping well and observation well datas existing. And reservoir capacity was calculated basing on Surfer software. After argumentation, this paper comes to a conclusion that Jining～Wenshang excess exploited funnel area enjoys advantages of building groundwater reservoir and proves up to artificial recharge of ground water. So this area is fit to buiding a packed funnel groundwater reservoir. According to systematically analysis and study, this paper come to a conclusion: buiding packed funnel groundwater reservoirs in the large funnel area of porous phreatic aquifer in plain can improve water shortage and eco-environmental problems, and gives advices having actual value for this area's ecological environment and sustainable economic development.
区域超采漏斗区,大都地势平缓,具有较厚的含水层,经长期超采而具有较大的疏干空间,而漏斗的形成,已经改变了地下水的天然流向,使地下水集中流向漏斗中心开采区,地下水的动态条件适宜采取补给补源措施;区域四周封闭条件较好,含水层底部有一弱透水层,同时,地下水降落漏斗中心水力梯度低,也可以限制补给水外流,水的贮存条件较好。若得一科学合理配套的地下水回灌工程措施,就可以建设成为一座漏斗填充式的地下水库。
本次研究以济宁～汶上这一平原区大型孔隙潜水超采漏斗为例,收集大量的资料,综合前人的研究成果,从三个方面——建库的必要性、建库条件和建库后的效益——论证该区建设漏斗填充式地下水库的可行性。利用已有的抽水井和观测井资料,在Visual Modflow平台上对研究区地下水位回灌前后变化情况进行可视化模拟。并以Surfer软件为平台,对库区进行库容计算。经过论证得出济宁～汶上漏斗区建设地下水库条件优越,含水层储水、导水能力强,边界条件封闭,水源水质条件良好,具备人工补给条件,适宜修建漏斗填充式地下水库。经过系统的分析与研究,本文得出结论:可在平原孔隙潜水超采漏斗区建设漏斗填充式地下水库,以改善此类地区的水资源和生态环境问题,并为此类地区的经济社会和生态环境的可持续发展提出具有实际价值的建议。
Excess exploited funnel Area in plain is the area where the groundwater's exploitation and retirement out of order. Which is caused by spiral downward of groundwater level and expanding of funnel area because of longtime and excessive mining of ground water. Series of environmental geologic problems were created, such as land subsidence, ground depression, ground fissure and groundwater pollution, and so on. These problems caused demand and supply contradiction of water resources in funnel area was prominent and environmental problems frequent. So they retarded imposed social and economic development and made the development of social and economic disturbing. Building the groundwater reservoir is the effective way to solve these problems. Because saving water in ground aquifer and having a lot of advantages which surface reservoir without, groundwater reservoir became hot off the press of scholars home and abroad. Now, many countries are executing artificial recharge of ground water, to resolve environment problems caused by shortage of water resources. Groundwater storage engineering came into effect in our country from 1980's. There are many successful examples. And the types of groundwater reservoirs as Tablel-1. According to Tablel-1, we can infer, at present, the groundwater reservoirs built mostly located in mountain interval and valley, strand plain and alluvial-proluvial fan of mountain area. The storehouse area built mostly use natural aquifer as water space. Excess exploited, which is the caused by longtime overdraft, are not yet in-depth studied.
Excess exploited funnel area mostly are gently topography and has rather coated aquifer. This aquifer mostly has tremendous unwavering space after excessive mining. Funnels' formations have changed native flow direction of groundwater, made groundwater focus on the flow of funnel center district, so the dynamic condition of groundwater is fit to taking supply measures. Closure conditions around funnel area are good. The bottom of aquifer has acquitted. And the center hydraulic gradients of the funnel area are low, which can restrict runoff water to external flow. So these area have good condition of storage water. If having a scientific and reasonable groundwater recharge engineering, this area can build a packed funnel groundwater reservoir.
This study takes the Jining～Wenshang excess exploited funnel area as example, which is the large funnel area of porous phreatic aquifer in plain. The author gathers a lot of data, synthesizes predecessors research results, demonstrates the feasibility of building a packed funnel groundwater reservoir in this area from three aspects, which are necessity and condition of building groundwater reservoir, and benefits after building groundwater reservoir. Groundwater level history of study area back and forth repletion was visual simulated basing on Visual Modflow, according to pumping well and observation well datas existing. And reservoir capacity was calculated basing on Surfer software. After argumentation, this paper comes to a conclusion that Jining～Wenshang excess exploited funnel area enjoys advantages of building groundwater reservoir and proves up to artificial recharge of ground water. So this area is fit to buiding a packed funnel groundwater reservoir. According to systematically analysis and study, this paper come to a conclusion: buiding packed funnel groundwater reservoirs in the large funnel area of porous phreatic aquifer in plain can improve water shortage and eco-environmental problems, and gives advices having actual value for this area's ecological environment and sustainable economic development.
引文
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