表象能力对汉语名词属性分离的影响
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摘要
表象与人们的日常生活关系密切，而视觉表象是人们日常生活应用最多，也是认知心理学中研究最多的一种表象形式。在视觉表象的研究中，记忆表象占有很大的比重。记忆表象出自个体长时记忆中的知识经验，外界客体本身的物理特性的影响很少。表象能力反映的是个体对表象进行加工的能力，心理学家对表象能力的个体差异进行了广泛的研究，普遍认为表象能力的测量应该明确测量类型和测量表象的哪个方面。
词是语言的基本单位，个体获得语言信息的过程都是从词识别开始的。双重编码理论认为，人类认知的语言系统被词语激活，表象系统被物体或物体的形象激活。以词语作为刺激材料进行表象加工时，言语系统和表象系统共同起作用。国外研究人员业已对字词材料的标准化问题进行了大量的研究，建立了多个名词常模，并对名词的属性进行了主观量化评定，这为认知心理学的研究提供了丰富的资料。国外研究虽然证明英语名词的属性可以分离，但没有涉及表象能力对名词属性分离的影响。目前，针对汉语名词的此类系统研究还较缺乏，本研究拟就汉语名词属性分离的可能性及表象能力对其的影响进行探索性研究。
本研究分为两个部分，第一部分通过表象生成、表象保持、表象扫描和表象旋转四个被试内设计的表象能力测量实验，按照Z分数法综合被试在全部实验中的成绩，从60名在校大学生中选出30名作为被试(高表象能力组和低表象能力组被试各15名)进行第五个实验，即汉语名词属性分离实验，考察表象能力对其的影响。
本研究支持以下结论：
1．任务难度与材料复杂性影响反应时和正确率：任务难度越小、材料越简单，反应时间越短，正确率越高；反之，任务难度越大、材料越复杂，则反应时间越长，正确率越低。
2．图形旋转的反应时和正确率与心理旋转的角度差存在线性关系：反应时随着旋转角度的增加而增加，正确率随着旋转角度的增加而降低，180度时反应时最长，正确率最低，以180度为界，曲线两侧的变化趋势是基本对称的。
3．汉语名词的属性可以进行分离，表象能力对其影响显著。
Imagery relates to people's life very closely. Visual imagery is the type of imagery that used most frequently in daily life, and many researches have been carried out to study it. Among all the researches of visual imagery, the emphasis is on memorial imagery. Connected with knowledges and experiences stored in long term memory, memorial imagery is hardly influenced by the physical characteristics of the objects from outside. Imagery ability refers to the ability people have to process imagery. Psychologists have been study imagery ability a lot and it is common accepted that one must determine what test to employ and to what to be examined in terms of the components of imagery.
Word is the basic unit of a language and word recognition is basic skill for people to acquire language information. According to Paivio's Dual Coding Theory, the language system is to be activated by words while the imagery system is activated by images of objects. To process imagery with words as stimuli, the language system and the imagery system function together. Foreign researchers studied a lot on the standardization of words, several norms of word have been established, and the different properties of the words have been rated. All these researches provided sufficient resourses for cognitive researches. Although researches show that it is possible to dissociate properties of nouns in English, the influence of imagery ability was not considered. This study tries to explore the possibility to dissociate the properties of Chinese nouns and inspect the influence of imagery ability to it.
The present research consists of two parts, with the first part to measure the imagery ability of totally 60 subjects' by employing four within-subjects experiments to examin frour components of imagery process, which are imagery generation, imagery maintenance, imagery scanning, imagery rotation. Standard marks are used to analyze performance of all the 60 subjects when they finished all the tasks set in the four experiments. 30 subjects were selected then for the experiment of the second part of this research. They were separated into two groups, high imagery ability group and low imagery ability group, with 15 subjects in each group. The purpose of the fifth experiment, the second, was designed to explore the possibility to dissociate the properties of Chinese nouns and to inspect the influence of imagery on it.
The results of data analysis support conclusions as follows:
1. Tasks difficulty and stimuli complexity influence the reaction time and correct rate. The more difficult the tasks and the more complicated the stimuli are, the longer the reaction time and the lower the correction rate.
2. The present experiments support that the reaction time and the correction rate of the rotated 2D images are in linear with the the angles. The reaction time increases with the growing rotational angles while the the correction rate decreases with them. It reaches the maximum at 180°and the two sides of the curves bounding 180°is almost symmetric.
3. The properties of Chinese nouns can be dissociated; with imagery ability shed significant influences on it.
词是语言的基本单位，个体获得语言信息的过程都是从词识别开始的。双重编码理论认为，人类认知的语言系统被词语激活，表象系统被物体或物体的形象激活。以词语作为刺激材料进行表象加工时，言语系统和表象系统共同起作用。国外研究人员业已对字词材料的标准化问题进行了大量的研究，建立了多个名词常模，并对名词的属性进行了主观量化评定，这为认知心理学的研究提供了丰富的资料。国外研究虽然证明英语名词的属性可以分离，但没有涉及表象能力对名词属性分离的影响。目前，针对汉语名词的此类系统研究还较缺乏，本研究拟就汉语名词属性分离的可能性及表象能力对其的影响进行探索性研究。
本研究分为两个部分，第一部分通过表象生成、表象保持、表象扫描和表象旋转四个被试内设计的表象能力测量实验，按照Z分数法综合被试在全部实验中的成绩，从60名在校大学生中选出30名作为被试(高表象能力组和低表象能力组被试各15名)进行第五个实验，即汉语名词属性分离实验，考察表象能力对其的影响。
本研究支持以下结论：
1．任务难度与材料复杂性影响反应时和正确率：任务难度越小、材料越简单，反应时间越短，正确率越高；反之，任务难度越大、材料越复杂，则反应时间越长，正确率越低。
2．图形旋转的反应时和正确率与心理旋转的角度差存在线性关系：反应时随着旋转角度的增加而增加，正确率随着旋转角度的增加而降低，180度时反应时最长，正确率最低，以180度为界，曲线两侧的变化趋势是基本对称的。
3．汉语名词的属性可以进行分离，表象能力对其影响显著。
Imagery relates to people's life very closely. Visual imagery is the type of imagery that used most frequently in daily life, and many researches have been carried out to study it. Among all the researches of visual imagery, the emphasis is on memorial imagery. Connected with knowledges and experiences stored in long term memory, memorial imagery is hardly influenced by the physical characteristics of the objects from outside. Imagery ability refers to the ability people have to process imagery. Psychologists have been study imagery ability a lot and it is common accepted that one must determine what test to employ and to what to be examined in terms of the components of imagery.
Word is the basic unit of a language and word recognition is basic skill for people to acquire language information. According to Paivio's Dual Coding Theory, the language system is to be activated by words while the imagery system is activated by images of objects. To process imagery with words as stimuli, the language system and the imagery system function together. Foreign researchers studied a lot on the standardization of words, several norms of word have been established, and the different properties of the words have been rated. All these researches provided sufficient resourses for cognitive researches. Although researches show that it is possible to dissociate properties of nouns in English, the influence of imagery ability was not considered. This study tries to explore the possibility to dissociate the properties of Chinese nouns and inspect the influence of imagery ability to it.
The present research consists of two parts, with the first part to measure the imagery ability of totally 60 subjects' by employing four within-subjects experiments to examin frour components of imagery process, which are imagery generation, imagery maintenance, imagery scanning, imagery rotation. Standard marks are used to analyze performance of all the 60 subjects when they finished all the tasks set in the four experiments. 30 subjects were selected then for the experiment of the second part of this research. They were separated into two groups, high imagery ability group and low imagery ability group, with 15 subjects in each group. The purpose of the fifth experiment, the second, was designed to explore the possibility to dissociate the properties of Chinese nouns and to inspect the influence of imagery on it.
The results of data analysis support conclusions as follows:
1. Tasks difficulty and stimuli complexity influence the reaction time and correct rate. The more difficult the tasks and the more complicated the stimuli are, the longer the reaction time and the lower the correction rate.
2. The present experiments support that the reaction time and the correction rate of the rotated 2D images are in linear with the the angles. The reaction time increases with the growing rotational angles while the the correction rate decreases with them. It reaches the maximum at 180°and the two sides of the curves bounding 180°is almost symmetric.
3. The properties of Chinese nouns can be dissociated; with imagery ability shed significant influences on it.
引文
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